THEORITICAL FUNDAMENTALS
OF NURSING KNIGHTS OF ST. LAZARUS
PERIOD 1 OF INTUITIVE NURSING/MEDIEVAL
PERIOD
 NURSING- “untaught” and instinctive.
No care training is evident it was based on
experience and observation.
 PREMITIVE MEN- believed that illness was
caused by invasion of the victims body of
evil spirits.
 They Believed that Shaman or Witch doctor
power to heal by using white magic,
hypnosis, charms etc.
 TREPHINING (6500 BC)- drilling a hole in
the skull with a rock without anesthesia.
SICKNESS IS DUE TO ACTIVE INTERVENTION
OF.
 HUMAN- caused by witchcraft
 NON-HUMAN- caused by ghost
 SUPERHUMAN BEINGS- superstitious and
believes in magic.
II. PERIOD OF APPRENTICE NURSING/MIDDLE
AGES/ RENAISSANCE
 Care was done my crusaders, prisoners,
religious orders.
 Nursing was performed without any formal
education (on the job training).
 Developed by religious orders of the
Christian church.
 Nursing went down to the lowest level (dark
period nursing 17th to 19th century)
 Nurses fled their lives, soon there was
shortage of people to care for the sick.
 Pastor THEODORE FLIEDNER and his
wife, FREDIRIKA established the
Keirserswerth Institute.
 Keirserswerth Institute- 1st formal training
school for nursing. Where Florence
Nightingale 3 month course of study in
nursing.
KNIGHTS OF ST. JOHN OF JERUSALEM
 Known as Knights Hospitallers
 1st founded the hospital
 Established a standard among hospitals in
Europe.
 Took care of clients with skin problems like
leprosy.
III. PERIOD OF EDUCATED NURSING/
NIGHTINGALE ERA 19TH to 20TH century/
MODERN NURSING
 Trends resulting from war ( Crimean, civil
war)
 Increased educational opportunities offered
to women.
 Arousal of social consciousness
 Emancipation of women
FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE
 Lady of the lamp
 Fav dictum, “ DO THE PATIENT NO
HARM”
 English lady from wealthy family during
Victorian era.
 Environmental theory- Increase the
wellness of the patient.
NIGHTINGALE TRAINING SCHOOL OF NURSES
 Nursing was more on developing the
profession within hospital
 1st school both theory- based knowledge
and clinical skill building.
 Nursing as an art and science
 Nursing Service Begun
CONTEMPORARY NURSING PERIOD
 Nursing is offered in College Universities.
Includes scientific and technological
development. Social changes occurring
after the war.
DEVELOPMENT OF TRENDS
 World Health Organization (WHO) is the
Mother of health information
 Health related laws
  Primary Health Care – Nurses involvement conclusion. It involves moving from the broader to
in CHN the more specific.

WEEK 2 INDUCTIVE REASONING- is a logical process

RATIONALISM EMPIRICISM
“KNOWLEDGE” “EXPERIENCE”
Knowledge- is derived All knowledge begins with
from “REASON” “Experience” the mind is
like a “blank sheet”
 (Rational or
(Tabula Rasa)
insight)
 (freewill/ Human person fills with
intellect) ideas as she experiences
the world through her/his
Use of reasoning- main five external senses
purpose of knowing  Smell
the harm and benefits  Touch
of an act to an  Taste
individual.  Sight
 Hearing
Deductive logic
reasoning- “Cause and “INNER EXPERIENCE”
effect”
Uses Objective and
tangible data (sensory
THEORY - THEN – experience) to observe
RESEARCH and collect data.
APPROACH
Inductive reasoning-
Scientific truth through
generalizing observed
facts in the natural world.
RESEARCH – THEN –
THEORY APPROACH
where you start with specific observations or data
and use them to form a general, probabilistic
conclusion. It involves moving from the specific to
the broader.
EARLY 20TH CENTURY VIEWS OF SCIENCE
AND THEORY
 Minimal interest in the history of science
 Philosophers focused on analysis theory
structure. POSITIVISM emerged in the
modern science
 Objective truth exist independently and the
task of science is to discover(inductive
method)
 NURSES- vital role in the maintenance of
health and survival of the sick and dying in
collaboration with other health care
professional.
PROFESSIONAL ROLES OF NURSES
CARE PROVIDER (Caregiver)- Caring the needs
of the patient physically, emotionally and spiritually.
COMMUNICATOR- communication skill to
establish and maintain good relationship with our
patients in all ages and in any setting.

EDUCATOR- nurses help clients learn help

RATIONALISM EMPIRICISM therapies to alleviate their conditions and provide
Based on Based on “experience” advantages and disadvantages of the actions to be
“knowledge” done to them.
“Do not believe in
Believes in intuition” COUNSELOR- giving advise and facilitates the
“intuition” patients problem solving and decision making
“The individuals have no
“Individuals have innate knowledge” LEADER- the assertive self confident practice of
innate knowledge or nursing when providing care.
concept”
CHANGE AGENT- identifies the problem, asseses
patient motivation to change determine alternatives,
DEDUCTIVE REASONING- is a logical process assesses resources.
where you start with a general statement or
premise and use it to reach a specific, certain
MANAGER- involves planning, giving direction,
developing staff, monitoring operations, giving
rewards fairly.

RESEARCH- conducting research to increase

knowledge in nursing and improve nursing care.

EXPANDED NURSING ROLES

ROLES FUNCTION

Nurse Generalist Has a mastery in certain

practice of nursing. Ex.
ER, MS,NICU,CHN,
PSHYCHE nurse.

Nurse Clinician Perform direct nursing

action in specialty areas.
Should be RN

Nurse Practitioner Requires advance

educational nursing
practices. Post Grad
RN.

Nurse Specialist Nurse with mater

degree/RN