EXPERIMENT NO: 2 (A)

Aim :- To study and implement commands under Data Definition

Language and apply different types of constraints.
Syntax:
CREATE TABLE <relation_name/table_name >
(field_1data_type(size),field_2data_type(size),);

Example:
create table student12(
name char (25),
marks int,
email_id char (25));
Output:

The TRUNCATE
Syntax:
TRUNCATE TABLE <Table_name>

Example
TRUNCATE TABLE student12;
Output
DROP TABLE
Syntax:
DROP TABLE relation_name;

Example: DROP TABLE student12;

Output:

CONSTRAINTS

NOT NULL
Syntax:
CREATE TABLE Table_Name (column_name data_type (size) NOT
NULL, );

Example:
CREATE TABLE student12(
name char (25) NOT NULL
);
Output:

UNIQUE
Syntax:
CREATE TABLE Table_Name(
column_name data_type(size) UNIQUE, ….);
Example:
CREATE TABLE student11 (name char(25) UNIQUE);

Output:

PRIMARY KEY: A field which is used to identify a record

uniquely.
Syntax:
CREATE TABLE Table_Name(column_name data_type(size)
PRIMARY KEY,
….);

Example:
CREATE TABLE student101(
name char(25) PRIMARY KEY
);

Output:

Conclusion: Successfully studied and implemented commands under

Data Definition Language and Implemented different types of
constraints in sql.
 EXPERIMENT NO :2(B)

AIM: To study and implement commands under Data Manipulation

Language.

INSERT INTO: This is used to add records into a relation. These are
three type of
INSERT INTO queries which are as

a) Inserting a single record

Syntax:
INSERT INTO <relation/table name>
(field_1,field_2……field_n)VALUES
(data_1,data_2,........data_n);

Example:Insert into student112(name,marks,email_id)

Values('Raj',21,'raj20@gmail.com');
Insert into student112 (name,marks,email_id)
Values(‘Rohn',54,'rohn21@gmail.com');
Insert into student112 (name,marks,email_id)
Values('Abhay’,23,'abhay4116@gmail.com');
Output:

UPDATE-SET-WHERE:
Syntax:
SQL>UPDATE relation name SET
Field_name1=data,field_name2=data,
WHERE field_name=data;

Example: update student52 set marks=80;

Output:

To Retrieve data from one or more tables.

SELECT FROM

Syntax: SELECT a set of fields FROM relation_name;

Example: select name,marks from student52;

Output:

SELECT - FROM -WHERE

Syntax: SELECT a set of fields FROM relation_name WHERE
condition;

Example: select * from student72 where marks=54;

Output:

Conclusion: Successfully studied and implemented sql commands

under Data Manipulation language
 EXPERIMENT NO: 3

AIM: To study and implement Set Operations, string function and

operators.

Example of UNION:

The First table,

ID Name
1 abhi
2 adam

The Second table,

ID Name
2 adam
3 Chester

Syntax:
select * from First
UNION
select * from second

Output:

Union All

Example of Union All

The First table,

ID NAME
1 abhi
2 adam

The Second table,

ID NAME
2 adam
3 Chester

Union All query will be like,

select * from First

UNION ALL
select * from second

Output:

COMPARISON OPERATORS:

TABLE CODE

create table suppliers (

supplier_idnumber(10),

supplier_name char(100),

city char(100),
state char(100));

INSERT INTO suppliers VALUES

(100,'Microsoft','Redmond','Washington');

INSERT INTO suppliers VALUES (200,'Google','Mountain

View','California');

INSERT INTO suppliers VALUES (300,'Oracle','Redwood

City','California');

INSERT INTO suppliers VALUES (400,'Kimberly-

Clark','Irving','Texas');

Output:

Equality Operator (=)

SELECT *
FROM suppliers
WHERE supplier_name = 'Microsoft';

Output:

Inequality Operator ( !=/ <>)

SELECT *
FROM suppliers
WHERE supplier_name != 'Microsoft';
Output:

LOGICAL OPERATORS:
TABLE CODE:-
CREATE TABLE EMPLOYEE (
emp_id number(20),
emp_name char(20),
Email char(100),
Address char(200));

INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE values( 1 , 'ravi'

,'ravisharma@gmail.com' , ' bea avenue ');

INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE values( 2 , 'raj' , 'rajsangvi@gmail.com'

, 'twenth street');

INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE values( 3 , 'ankit'

,'ankitsangvi@gmail.com' , 'holam street');

INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE values( 4 , 'ankush'

,'ankushsawnani@gmail.com' , 'wall street');

Output:
AND Operator:
SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE
WHERE emp_id = 2 AND Address = 'twenth street';

Output:

NOT Operator

SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE

WHERE NOT emp_id = 1;

Output:

SPECIAL OPERATOR:
BETWEEN

Syntax:
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name BETWEEN value1 AND value2

Example:

SELECT EMP_ID

FROM EMPLOYEE

WHERE EMP_ID BETWEEN 2 AND 4

Output:

LIKE Operator:

‘r%’

SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE

WHERE emp_name LIKE ‘r%’;

Output:

Conclusion: Successfully implemented Set Operations, string function

and operators.
 EXPERIMENT NO: 4(A)

AIM: To implement Join Queries.

Syntax:
SELECT column 1, column 2, column 3...
FROM table_name1, table_name2

Simple Join(INNER JOIN)

Syntax
SELECT columns
FROM table1
INNER JOIN table2
ON table1.column = table2.column;
TABLE CODE: Ceate table suppliers1(

suppliers_id int,suppliers_name varchar(200));

insert into suppliers1 values(10000,'IBM');

insert into suppliers1 values(10001,'INTEL');

insert into suppliers1 values(10002,'MiCRO');

insert into suppliers1 values(10003,'VICTUS');

Output:

create table orders2 ( order_id int,supplier_id int,order_date int );

insert into orders2 values(500125,10000,2003/05/12);
insert into orders2 values(500126,10001,2003/05/13);
insert into orders2 values(500127,10004,2003/05/14);
Output:

Inner join:
SELECT suppliers1.supplier_id, suppliers1.supplier_name,
orders2.order_date
FROM suppliers1
INNER JOIN orders2
ON suppliers1.supplier_id = orders2.supplier_id;
Output:

Left outer join:

SELECT suppliers1.supplier_id, suppliers1.supplier_name,

orders2.order_date
FROM suppliers1
LEFT OUTER JOIN orders2
ON suppliers1.supplier_id = orders2.supplier_id
Output:

Right outer join:

SELECT orders2.order_id, orders2.order_date,
suppliers1.supplier_name
FROM suppliers1
RIGHT OUTER JOIN orders2
ON suppliers1.supplier_id = orders2.supplier_id;
Output:

Full outer join:

SELECT suppliers1.supplier_id, suppliers1.supplier_name,
orders2.order_date
FROM suppliers1
FULL OUTER JOIN orders2
ON suppliers1.supplier_id = orders2.supplier_id;
Output:

Conclusion: Successfully implemented Join Queries.

 EXPERIMENT NO: 4(B)

AIM: To Implement Basic and Nested complex SQL queries.

Sub query
Syntax:
operandcomparison_operator ANY (subquery)
operand IN (subquery)
operandcomparison_operator SOME (subquery)
Where comparison_operator is one of these operators: = ><>= <= <>
!=
OUTPUT:-

TABLE CODE
CREATE TABLE student (StudentID Varchar(10),Name char(20));
CREATE TABLE marks (StudentID Varchar(10),Total_marks
number(20));

INSERT INTO student VALUES('V001','Abe');

INSERT INTO student VALUES('V002','Abhay');
INSERT INTO student VALUES('V003','Acelin');
INSERT INTO student VALUES('V004','Adelphos');
INSERT INTO marks VALUES ('V001',95);
INSERT INTO marks VALUES ('V002',80);
INSERT INTO marks VALUES ('V003',74);
INSERT INTO marks VALUES ('V004',81);

SUBQUERY
SELECT a.studentid, a.name, b.total_marks
FROM student a, marks b
WHERE a.studentid = b.studentid AND b.total_marks >
(SELECT total_marks
FROM marks
WHERE studentid = 'V002');
Output:
Conclusion: Successfully Implemented Nested & Complex Queries
 EXPERIMENT NO: 5

AIM: Implementation of different types of Aggregation Functions,

Group by, Order by & Having Clause

CREATE TABLE:
create table Student ( Student_Id int, Name char(20), Marks int, Subject
char(20));
insert into Student values(1,'Ravi',35, 'DBMS');
insert into Student values(2,'Taraka',32,'DSA');
insert into Student values(3,'Priyanka',40, 'DBMS');

AGGREGATION FUNCTIONS
Count.

Syntax: COUNT (Column name)

Example: SELECT COUNT(Subject) FROM Student WHERE

Subject = 'DBMS';
Output:

MIN
Syntax: MIN (Column name)
Example: SELECT MIN(Marks) FROM Student;
Output:

GROUP BY-HAVING:
Syntax:
SELECT column_name, aggregate_function(column_name) FROM
table_name
WHERE column_name operator value
GROUP BY column_name
HAVING aggregate_function(column_name) operator value;

Example:
SELECT COUNT (Marks) FROM Student GROUP BY Marks
HAVING Marks > 10;
Output:

Conclusion: Successfully Implemented different types of

Aggregation Functions, Group by, Order by & Having Clause.
 EXPERIMENT NO: 6

AIM: To Study & Implements The VIEW & Trigger

View
Syntax: CREATE VIEW <view_name> AS SELECT <set of fields>
FROM relation_name WHERE (Condition)
Example: Create view MY_VIEW as select name , age from
customers where age>=25 with check option;
Output:

Updating a view
Syntax : CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW view_name AS
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
WHERE condition

Example: Update customers_view set age=35 where name=’Ramesh’;

Output:

Creating Triggers

Syntax:

CREATE [OR REPLACE ] TRIGGER trigger_name

{BEFORE | AFTER | INSTEAD OF }
{INSERT [OR] | UPDATE [OR] | DELETE}
[OF col_name]
ON table_name
[REFERENCING OLD AS o NEW AS n]
[FOR EACH ROW]
WHEN (condition)
DECLARE
Declaration-statements
BEGIN
Executable-statements
EXCEPTION
Exception-handling-statements
END;

Example:

Triggering a Trigger
Example:
INSERT INTO CUSTOMERS
(ID,NAME,AGE,ADDRESS,SALARY)
VALUES (7, 'Kriti', 22, 'HP', 7500.00 );

UPDATE customers
SET salary = salary + 500
WHERE id = 2;

When a record is updated in CUSTOMERS table, above create trigger

display_salary_changes will be fired and it will display the following
result:

Old salary: 1500

New salary: 2000
Salary difference: 500

Output:-

CREATE VIEW

CREATE VIEW CUSTOMERS_VIEW AS SELECT name, age

FROM CUSTOMERS;

Output:

DELETE VIEW
DELETE FROM CUSTOMERS_VIEW
WHERE age = 22;
Output:

Conclusion: Successfully Studied and Implemented View & Trigger.

 EXPERIMENT NO:7(A)

AIM: To implement Database Connectivity.