CHAPTER II

Review of Related Literature

This chapter presents the related literatures and studies. The literatures of the
study come from online journals, citations, electronic materials such as PDF or E-Books
and other existing thesis and dissertations that are believed to be useful for the success
and in the advancement of awareness concerning the study.

Modular Distance Learning is the use of Modules made by teachers with different
tasks and learning activities based on the essential learning competencies (Anzaldo,
2021). Modular learning is the most popular type of Distance Learning. In the
Philippines, this learning modality is currently used by all public schools because
according to a survey conducted by the Department of Education (DepEd), learning
through printed and digital modules emerged as the most preferred distance learning
method of parents with children who are enrolled this academic year (Bernardo, J). This
is also in consideration of the learners in rural areas where internet is not accessible for
online learning.

The use of modules encourages independent study. One of the benefits of using
modules for instruction is the acquisition of better self-study or learning skills among
students. Students engage themselves in learning the concepts presented in the
module. They develop a sense of responsibility in accomplishing the tasks provided in
the module. With little or no assistance from others, the learners progress on their own.
They are learning how to learn; they are empowered (Nardo, M.T.B, 2017).

Senior High School learners are the ones heavily affected by school closures
amid COVID-19. The hallmark of TVL – its focus on practical skills and work-readiness
– makes distance learning particularly challenging. Practical skills are often acquired
through learning-by-doing, which occurs in school-based workshops and laboratories or
through hands-on experience through work immersion. Distance learning approaches
are now seen as a weak substitute for practical exercises when they require the use of
equipment or materials not usually found inside the home (Galias, JF.,2021).

According to Saro J., et al (2022) It is possible to surmise that there

is a significant difference in the students' performance and experiences when
participating in traditional learning and new normal learning. Some claim that
because they are more accessible and provide students more freedom to manage
their own time, the new normal classes are beneficial for them. Some people,
however, vehemently disputed the notion that new, routine education or classes may
be beneficial. Instead, they made note of how unproductive they had become prior
to the introduction of the new learning environment. According to their responses, it
may be inferred that the students preferred the traditional educational setting.

One of TVL's Industrial Arts strand specializations requires solid fundamental

skills in Electrical Installations and Maintenance or EIM. Teaching EIM subjects requires
a teacher's demonstration or model of the teacher's skills. As a result, to support the
learners' skill development, the instructor should have extensive knowledge and abilities
in the subject area. However, the COVID-19 outbreak made education considerably
more challenging. Because of the pandemic, the DepEd chose distant learning as a
mode of instruction to comply with the regulations set by the Inter-Agency Taskforce on
Immerging Infectious Diseases to prevent the spread of the virus. (Grustan, KJ. and
Buniel JM., 2022)

The teachers needed to deliver quality education to the students. One of the
challenges is how to provide the skills necessary for training to those who have chosen
modular distance learning, especially the TVL students. In the modular learning
modality, the teachers need to provide a hard copy of the lesson to distribute to the
students who chose the modular distance learning modality. The schedules of the
retrieval and distribution of modules are also a concern of the teachers (Nebrida, J.,
et.al 2022).