GROUPNAME:TEAM C

GROUPTOPI
C:

GROUPLEADER:

GROUPMEMBERS:

YAM (
DIOSCOREASPP)
.

Yam,
aswemayal
readyknow,
isr
ootandt
uber
.Yam i
sar
ichsour
ceofwat
er,
Car
bohy
drat
e,
v
itami
nBcompl
ex,
vit
ami
nC,
Cal
cium,
Phosphor
us,
Pot
assi
um,
Manganese,
Essent
ial
ami
no
aci
dsuchasPheny
lal
ani
neandb.

Yam ar
awmat
eri
alt
oot
herf
oodpr
oduct
scanbesour
cedi
nlar
gequant
it
iesf
rom t
he
f
oll
owi
ngst
atesi
nNi
ger
ia:
Benue,
Niger
,Tar
aba,
Nasar
awa,
Kogi
,Oy
o,Ondo,
andDel
ta.

i
samul
ti
-speci
escr
opt
hator
igi
nat
edpr
inci
pal
l
yfr
om Af
ri
caandAsi
abef
orespr
eadi
ngt
o
ot
herpar
tsoft
hewor
ld(
Hahnetal
.,
1987)
.Itbel
ongst
othef
ami
l
yofdi
oscor
eaewi
thi
nthe
genusdi
oscor
eaandser
vesasast
apl
ecr
opi
nwestAf
ri
ca.
(Asi
eduetal
.
,1992)
.Ther
ear
e
manycul
ti
var
sofy
am,
thoughonl
ysi
xar
eimpor
tantasst
apl
efoodsi
nthet
ropi
cs.

Yam t
uber
swhi
chi
sthemosti
mpor
tantpar
toft
hepl
ant
scanbest
oredl
ongert
hanot
her
r
ootandt
ubercr
ops.Thi
sensur
esf
oodsecur
it
yev
eni
nti
mesofgener
alscar
cit
y.Yam i
sthe
t
hir
dmosti
mpor
tantt
ropi
cal
rootandt
ubercr
opaf
tercassav
aandsweetpot
ato(
fuetal
.
,
2005)
.WestAf
ri
cai
sthel
eadi
ngpr
oducerofy
am andgr
owsov
er90%oft
hewor
ldwi
de
pr
oduct
ion(
40t
onnesf
resht
uber
/year
)fol
l
owedbyt
hewestI
ndi
answher
eJamai
cai
sthe
l
eadi
ngpr
oducer(
FAOSTAT,
2004)
.Ni
ger
iai
sthewor
ld’
slar
gestpr
oducerofy
amsf
oll
owed
byGhana,
ivor
ycoastandt
ogo(
FAO,
2003)
.Bot
hfr
esht
uber
sandy
am f
lourar
enowexpor
ted
f
rom GhanaandNi
ger
iat
odev
elopedcount
ri
essuchasuni
tedki
ngdom anduni
tedst
atesof
Amer
ica.

Yamsar
ehi
ghi
nvi
tami
nC,
diet
aryf
iber
,vi
tami
nB6,
pot
assi
um,
andmanganese;
whi
l
ebei
ng
l
owi
nsat
urat
edf
atandsodi
um.

Wor
ldwi
dey
am pr
oduct
ioni
n2007amount
edt
o52mi
l
li
ont
ons,
ofwhi
chAf
ri
capr
oduced
96%.Mostoft
hewor
ld’
spr
oduct
ioncomesf
rom WestAf
ri
car
epr
esent
ing94%,
wit
hNi
ger
ia
al
onepr
oduci
ng71%,
equal
i
ngmor
ethan37mi
l
li
ont
ons.Thoughy
amscanbest
oredupt
o
si
xmont
hswi
thoutr
efr
iger
ati
onmostoft
hey
ear
lypr
oduct
ioni
slostt
hroughspoi
l
age
becauseofl
ackofpost
-har
vestf
aci
l
ityi
nthecount
ry.

Ther
ear
evar
iousv
ari
eti
esofy
am,
thepopul
arspeci
esi
nNi
ger
iaar
e:

Whi
tey
am (
Dioscor
ear
otundat
a)

Wat
ery
am (
Dioscor
eaal
ata)

Yel
l
owy
am (
Dioscor
eacay
ensi
s)

Bi
tt
ery
am(
Dioscor
eadumet
orum)
.

YAM FLOUR

Yam f
lour(
off
-whi
tef
inef
lour
)al
soknownasEl
uboi
susedt
opr
epar
eAmal
a.Amal
ais
most
lyconsumedbyt
heYor
ubapeopl
efr
om t
hesout
h-westofNi
ger
ia.I
kokor
oandwhi
te
y
am ar
ethemaj
orv
ari
eti
esofy
am usedi
nyam f
lourpr
oduct
ion.Phy
sical
l
ydamagedy
ams
canal
sobeusedt
opr
eventf
oodwast
age/
foodl
oss.

Yam f
louri
spr
oducedbygr
indi
ngdr
iedy
amsi
ntopowder
.Ay
am i
shear
tyt
uberdoesnot
hav
ethesweett
ast
eofsweetpot
ato,
buti
nst
eadmayhav
efl
avor
sthatr
angef
rom bl
andt
o
ear
thl
y,sl
i
ght
lysmokyi
ntast
e,ornut
tyandonl
ymoder
atel
ysweet
.

Themachi
ner
yandequi
pmentneededt
opr
ocessy
am f
lourcanbesour
cedl
ocal
l
yorf
rom
abr
oad,
andt
heyi
ncl
ude;

(
a)Yam Peel
er(
coul
dbedonemanual
l
y)

(
b)Boi
l
er

(
c)Dr
yer

(
d)I
nter
nat
ional
Standar
dScal
e

(
e)Aut
omat
icSeal
i
ngMachi
ne

(
g)Packagi
ngMachi
ne

Themachi
ner
yandequi
pmentr
equi
redf
orpr
oduct
ioncanbesour
cedl
ocal
l
yorf
rom abr
oad,
andt
heyi
ncl
ude;

Al
ltheabov
emachi
nesandpr
ocessi
ngt
echnol
ogycanbeobt
ainedl
ocal
l
y.Themachi
nes
canaswel
lbei
mpor
ted.Theaddr
essesofwher
etoobt
ainbot
hlocal
l
ymademachi
nesand
i
mpor
tedoneswi
l
lbegi
vent
opr
ospect
ivei
nvest
orsonr
eachi
ngt
othewr
it
er.

THEPRODUCTI
ONPROCESSI
SHI
GHLI
GHTEDBELOW;

Yam sel
ect
ion:
freshhar
vest
edy
am got
tenf
rom t
hef
arm ar
esor
tedt
osel
ectwhol
e-some
t
uber
sthatar
esui
tabl
efort
hepr
oduct
ionofi
nst
antpoundedy
am f
lour
.Usual
l
ythemat
ure
whi
tev
ari
eti
esofy
am ar
emostsui
tabl
e.

Wei
ghi
ng;
thesel
ect
edy
am ar
ewei
ghedpr
oper
ly

Washi
ng;
they
am t
uber
sar
ewashedpr
oper
lyi
nor
dert
ogetr
idofsandandot
her
ext
raneousmat
eri
als.

Peel
i
ngandsl
i
cing;
thewashedy
am t
uber
sar
epeel
edandt
hensl
i
cedt
odesi
redt
hickness.

Par
boi
l
ing;
thesl
i
cedy
am ar
ethenputi
ntoboi
l
ingwat
erov
eraper
iodoft
imedependi
ngon
t
het
hicknessoft
hesl
i
ces.
Dr
ying;
thepar
boi
l
edy
am sl
i
cesar
edr
iedi
nadr
yerataspeci
fi
eddr
yingt
emper
atur
eand
t
ime.

Mi
l
li
ng;
thedr
iedy
am sl
i
cesar
emi
l
leddi
rect
lyi
ntof
lourofuni
for
m par
ti
clesi
ze.

Packagi
ng;
thei
nst
antpoundedy
am f
louri
sthef
inal
l
ypackagedi
nmoi
stur
epr
oofny
lon
bags.

YAM FLOURPRODUCTI
ONFLOW CHART

Cl
eani
ng:
Cl
eant
oremov
esandanddi
rt

Peel
i
ng:
Peel
manual
l
yusi
ngkni
ves

Sl
i
cing:
Sli
cepeel
edy
am t
uber
sint
ouni
for
m si
zechi
ps.Thi
sist
oenabl
ethechi
pst
odr
y
f
ast
eratt
hesamet
imeandt
emper
atur
e.

Cl
eani
ng:
Clean/
Rinsechi
pswi
thwat
er

Dr
ying:
Dryy
am chi
psi
nacabi
netdr
yer
.Ensur
eyam chi
psar
epr
oper
lydr
ied.

Mi
l
li
ng:
Mil
ldr
iedchi
psi
ntoaf
inef
lourusi
ngahammermi
l
l

Cool
i
ng:
Cool
mil
l
edf
lourbef
orepackagi
ngt
oreducet
heheatgener
atedasar
esul
tof
mi
l
li
ng

Si
evi
ng:
Siev
etor
emov
epar
ti
cles

Packagi
ng:
Packagey
am f
louri
ndi
ff
erentsi
zes(
1kg,
2kg,
5kg,
and10kg)seal
andl
abel
 MARKETFORYAM FLOUR

Themar
keti
sbot
hlocal
andi
nter
nat
ional
.Thel
atershoul
dbet
arget
edwher
ether
eis
pr
eponder
anceofi
nhabi
tant
sofAf
ri
cansi
nEur
ope,
Amer
icaandAsi
ancount
ri
es.Basedon
r
esear
ch,
somemar
ket
ingpoi
ntsi
nter
nat
ional
l
yhav
ebeenest
abl
i
shedandwoul
dbegi
vent
o
pr
ospect
ivei
nvest
ors.