CBC 2

HLNLU @YADZL USLDGAGNIUSL

_itb Fgasip
Hlnlt
@uadsl Urldgagnitrl

Drb`lf `uadsl trldgagnitrl

_iadirtlba Hlnlt Nihbhul _iadbnbtba Drb`lf @uadsl

_inbmbnba Zijbrb Latulsl Hlnlt Urldgagnitrl

Niayihisblfba Hlnlt @uadsl Urldgagnitrl

Sunus ebsbr Hlnlt @uadsl Urldgagnitrl Nitgei

Niayieirmbabfba

Nitgei Zucstltusl Hbadsuad

Eba _in`bftgrba

Fbtb Fuajl ;

Drb`f @uadsl Urldgagnitrl, Ei`alsl Hlnlt Urldgagnitrl, Nitgei Zucstusl, _inbftgrba

ebaNiayieirmbabfba

2 | Nbtinbfb _inlabtba ZNB/NB Fihbs ]LL

 CBC 2

HLNLU@YADZLUSLDGAGNIUSL

Nbtirl
NbslmFgnpitiaslladbtfbmEsbrba ei`lalsl ybad tihbm elpihbkbrlFidlta _incihbkbrbaebhbn
_incihbkbrba
wbklc fihbs ] 7 Hlnlt subtu
eb nbtinbtlfb
`uadsl bhkbcbr. Hlnlt `uadsl 
:.2 Niakihbsfba Niajirnb dbncbr ybad
eba Urldgagnitrl cirfbltba eiadba hlnlt
Hlnlt `uadsl; niaiatufba `uadsl trldgagnitrl.
hlnlt  Niayihisblfba nbsbhbm Zubtu hlnlt `(x) elfbtbfba
`uadsl ybadcirfbltbaeiadba niaeifbtl b {`(x), b} sicbdbl
trldga gnitrl hlnlt`uadsl subtu hlnlt.
 trldgagnitrl.
5.2
Clhb x niaeifbtl b {x ↓ b},
Niairbpfba hlnlt
Niayihisblfb `uadsl Elagtbslfba Hln @(x) > H
a nbsbhbm trldgagnitrl Hlnlt `uadsl cbdlba ebrl
cirfbltba ebhbnpinijbmba
eiadbahlnlt  nbsbhbm. piadbatbr fbhfuhus (mltuadba
`uadsl Ninprisiatbslfba dbncbr el`iriaslbh eba latidrbh),
trldga gnitrl ybad cirfbltba eiadba
hlnlt`uadsl trldgagnit a b n u a ebsbr fbhfuhs ybad
 Ninprisiatbslfba elsi`lalslfba Budustla-Hguls
pinijbmba nbsbhbm Jbujmy 24=<-
ybad cirfbltba eiadba 2=94) cirficbadsbba prbajls
hlnlt `uadsl trldgagnitrl
 Ninprisiatbslfba
piairbpb hlnlt
`uadsl
Beb eub nbjbn jbrb uatuf ninbmbnltrldgagnitrlebhbnpiadirba
hlnlt `uadsl el subtu f,
ybltu ; _iadbnbtba drb`f el sifltbr f ybad el akbu. Ebpbt elsisfrlpslfba
2)
niadduabfba bhbt pirbdb eub cubm pgtgadba fbwbt eba sbtu hincbr hn pls. @lhn lal
eltinpbtfba virfbh/tidbf hurus tirmbebp suncu x eiadba brbm pirnufbbbaayb
niadmbebp fi fbaba eba fi flrl.
3) _irmltuadba alhbl-alhbl uadsl el sifltbr f ybad elakbu. Ebpbt elpbmbnl eiadba
jbrb niadmltuad alhbl-alhbl `uadsl el sifltbr f ybad elakbu.
_beb pgfgf cbmbsba lal fltb bfba nincljbrbfba jbrb Hlnlt `uadsl trldgagnitrl
tirutbnb niakihbsfba, niaiatufba eba niayihisblfba hlnlt `uadsl trldgagnitrl. Fbnl
niadbaddbp pincbjb tihbm niadiabh trldgagnitrl eba bfrb` eiadba eialsl `uadsl
trldgagnitrl ybad cirebsbrfba sueut eba sidldb slfu-slfu.
Niadladbt piadayb ninbmbnl hlnlt trldgagnitrl bhbadfbm cblfayb fltb
eladladbtfba fincbhl eiadba sl`bt-sl`bt ebsbr slaus eba jgslaus sirtb drbf `uadsl
trldgagnitrl cirlfut lal;
 sla(x  3 )  sla x , jgs(x  3 )  jgs x
 sla(x)  sla x , jgs(x)  jgs x


 sla(  x) jgs x , jgs(  x) sla x
3  3 
B. Drb`f @uadsl Urldgagnitrl

Zfitsb drbf `uadsl trldgagnitrl y > `(x). _bsbadba-pbsbadba (x, `(x)) nirupbfba fggrelabt
f-f ybad elhbhul ghim drbf `uadsl `. Fggrelabt f-f ybad elpirghim elmucuadfba
simladdb tirciatuf furvb nuhus.

Cirlfut lal bebhbm drbf `uadsl el cbwbm lal uatuf sybrbt ? ≥ x ≥ :0?g!
b. y > sla x c. y > jgs x j. y > tba x

_iayihisblba ;

b. y > sla x

Dbncbr 2.2

c. y > jgs x

Dbncbr 2.3

j. y > tba x

D b n c b r 2.:

Cbmfba eiadba piadbnbtba siflhbs sbkb fltb ebpbt nihlmbt inpbt mbh tiatbad drbf-drbf lal;
Zla x eba jgs x fieubayb cirflsbr batbrb -2 eba 2
Fieub drbf ciruhbad eiadba siaelrlayb pbeb sihbad ybad cirebnpladba sipbakbad 3Ϗ.
Drbf y > sla x slnitrls tirmbebp f bsbh, y > jgs x slnitrls tirmbebp suncu y

5) Drbf y > sla x sbnb sipir y > jgs x, titbpl eldisirsbtuba3 fi fbaba
 C. _iadirba Hlnlt @uadsl Nihbhul _iadbnbtba Drb`f @uadsl

_irjgcbba sicubm hn pls eltinpbtfba tidbf hurus (virfbh) tirmbebp suncu x eiadba
brbm pirnufbba niadmbebp fifbaba eba fiflrl. Fbwbt 2 cirbeb elsicihbm flrl hn eba fbwbt 3
cirbeb elsicihbm fbaba hn. Fieub fbwbt lal eldirbfba virfbh fi btbs eba fi cbwbm btbu
mgrlzgatbh fi fbaba eba fi flrl niaeifb hn, sipir dbncbr cirlfut lal;

b) hln` (x) H2 , hln ` (x) H 3 eba H2  H3 c) hln ` (x)  H2 , ` (x) H3 & H2  H3

  hln 
x b xb x b xb

Dbncbr
piakihbsba 2.5
pglat ;
b. nbfb hlnlt `uadsl `(x) uatuf x niaeifb b beb eba alhbl hlnlt ltu sbnb eiadba H
c. nbfb hlnlt `uadsl `(x) uatuf x niaeifb b ebf beb

hln
xb

xb
` (x) ebf beb nbfb hlnlt `uadsl `(x) uatuf x niaeifb b ebf beb
Dbncbr 2.9

hln xb
xb ` (x) ebf beb, titbpl hln
` (x)
H3
nbfb
hlnlt
`uadsl
`(x)
uatuf
x
niae
ifb
b
ebf
beb

Db
nc
br
2.0
 hln
xb ` (x) ebf beb, titbpl xhln
b
` (x) ebf beb nbfb hlnlt `(x) uatuf x niaeifb b ebf beb


Dbncbr 2.4
Zubtu sififb f ukuad fbwbt niaybtufba hn, simladdb ebpbt elpirflrbfba
cirbpb addl f ukuad fbwbt tirmbebp suncu x. Yatuf ninpirflrbfba fiaddlba ltu,
ciatuf fbwbt ebpbt elbaddbp sicbdbl drbf `uadsl y > ` (x) ebhbn ebirbm bsbh x 8 b, x 1b
eba pgslsl hn sicbdbl dbrls tidbf eiadba pirsbnbba x > b.
Ebhbn nbtinbfb, pirflrbba fiaddlba ukuad fbwbt tirmbebp suncu x el
ujbpfba sicbdbl hlnlt `uadsl `(x) uatuf x niaeifb b ebrl brbm fbaba nbupua flrl
(tirdbatuad f ukuad fbwbt yd eldirbfba ebrl brbm nbab). Nlsbhfba cbmwb fiaddlba
ybad elpirflrbfba ltu bebhbm H2 eba H3 , nbfb agtbsl sladfbt hlnlt ebpbt elrbadfun eiadba
ebbr sipir elpirhlmbtfba pbeb tbcih 2.2 cirlfut lal;

Fidlbtba 2.2
Niakihbsfba eiadba niajirnb dbncbrba cirfbltba eiadba hlnlt
Ubcih 2.2 Mbslh _iadbnbtba drbf elbtbs ebpbt elrbadfun pbeb tbcih 2.2 cirlfut ;
Ag Hlnlt flrl hln ` Hlnlt Fbaba hln ` hln ` (x)
Dbncbr (x) xb
 (x) xb
 xb

2.5 b Beb, alhbl H2 Beb, alhbl H3 Beb alhbl H ,fbriab H2  H3  H

2.5 c Beb, alhbl H2 Beb, alhbl H3 ..............., H  H
2 3
2.9 b,c Beb, alhbl H2 ............... ...............
2.0 b,c ............... Beb, alhbl H3 ...............
2.4b,c,j,e ............... ............... ...............
Cirebsbrfba eisfrlpsl el btbs, beb btbu ebf bebayb alhbl hlnlt subtu `uadsl el subtu f
clhb piucbmayb niaeifb f ltu ebpbt eleialslfba eiadba niadduabfba fgasip hlnlt
flrl hln ` (x) eba hlnlt fbaba hln ` (x) sicbdbl cirlfut.
xb xb

Ei`alsl ;
Zubtu uadsl (x) el ei`alslfba uatuf x el sifltbr b, nbfb hln  H klfb eba mbayb
` (x) xb
klfb hln ` (x)  hln ` (x) 
xb H
xb
 J. _inbmbnba Zijbrb Latulsl Hlnlt @uadsl Urldgagnitrl Nihbhul _irmltuadba

_iadirba hlnlt `uadsl trldgagnitrl el subtu f ebpbt puhb el pbmbnl eiadba jbrb
niamltuad alhbl-alhbl `uadsl el sifltbr f ybad elakbu. Nlsbh subtu `uadsl ` (x), bfba eltiatufba
alhbl hlnlt `uadsl `(x) uatuf x niaeifb b. _irmltuadba ebpbt elhbfufba eiadba jbrb
nincubt ebbr alhbl-alhbl `uadsl `(x) uatuf alhbl-alhbl x niaeifb b. _irmbfba
 sgbh cirlfut lal;
Fidlbtba 2.3
Niaiatufba eba niakihbsfba hlnlt uadsl trldgagnitrl el sifltbr f
Uiatufba alhbl hlnlt `uadsl trldgagnitrl sgbh elcbwbm lal;
sla x
2) Jbrl hln  ...
x ? x
_iayihisblba ;
Ulebf beb nushlmbt bhkbcbr ybad bfba niayieirmbabfba piayihisblba pirsbnbba lal, tiatu
sbkb fltb ebf clsb niajgrit x. Fbhfuhbtgr bfba niaghgad fltb ninpirghim dbdbsba tiatbad hlnlt
ltu, Duabfba fbhfuhbtgr baeb (ngei rbelba) uatuf ninirlfsb alhbl-alhbl pbeb tbcih 2.3cirlfut
lal;
] 2 ?,9 ?,2 ?,?2 ↓ ? ↟ -?,?2 -?,2 -?,9 -2
sla x
... ... ... ... ... 7 ... ?,<<<<= ?,<<=:: ?,<9==9 ?,=5254
x

sla x
Fislnpuhba ybad elpirghim cbmwb ;  ....
hln x
x ?

Uiraybtb fibebba ebf sinuebm bpb ybad fihlmbtba. Fbhfuhbtgr nuadfla niadijgm fltb,
einlflba kudb eiadba latulsl fltb. _irmbfba jgatgm cirlfut ;

 3 jgs x 
Jbrl hln x  2?.???  ...
3) 
x ?

_iayihisblba ;
Eiadba niadfu prgsieur sicihunayb , fltb susua tbcih ybad elpirhlmbtfba pbeb tbcih
elcbwbm lal. Fislnpuhba ybad elsbrbafba bebhbm cbmwb hlnlt ybad elladlafba bebhbm ?. Uitbpl ltu
sbhbm, Klfb
fltb ladbt fincbhl drbf y > jgs x, fltb sbebrl cbmwb jgs x niaeifb 2 uatuf x niaeifb ?. Kbel
alhbl hlnlt `uadsl trldgagnitrl ebpbt elhlmbt pbeb tbcih 2.: cirlfut lal;
x ²2 ²?,9 ²?,2 ²?,?2 ↓ ?
 jgs x 
3  7
x ?,<<<<9 ?,35<<2 ?,??<<<? ?,????????9 ...
2?.???  
Fislnpuhba ybad elpirghim cbmwb ;
hlnx  jgs x  hln .... 3 hln .... ...
3 x ?   x ?
x  ?
2?.??? 
.....
_irmbfba jgatgm cirlfut lal ybad niaditiadbmfba pirtbaybba runlt tiatbad hlnlt.
Baeb el nlatb niaiatufba piayihisblba hlnlt `uadsl trldgagnitrl eiadba niaiatufba alhbl-alhbl
x ybad niaeifb ? (duabfba fbhfuhbtgr.
2
:) Jbrl hln sla   ...
x ?  x
_iayihisblba ;
 2
Eiadba niadfu prgsieur sicihunayb , fltb susua tbcih uatuf niadmltuad alhbl sla( ) pbeb
x
sinub alhbl x pbeb tbcih 2.5 ybad elpirhlmbtfbacirlfut lal;
] 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
↓ ?
  3 : 5 9 0 4 =
sla 2
 2 ? -2 ? ... ... ... ... ... 7
 x
Cirebs
 brfba
tbcih
niaua
kufba
c b m wb
alhbl
sihbhu
ciruhb
ad
batbrb
-2 eba
2
cbaybf
sifbhl
sijbrb  2 
tbf
cirmla
ddb.
Kihbs
sla
 ebfx
cirbeb
eifbt
subtu
clhbadb
a ualf
H
clhbnb
ab x
niaei
fb ?.

 2 
Fisln
puhbaa
yb hln
sla
 ....
x ?

x

Niay
ihisbl
fba Hlnlt @uadsl Urldgagnitrl
_irmbfba jgatgm hlnlt-hlalt `uadsl ybad tihbm elpihbkbrl sicihunayb ;
hlnsla 
x  ...    2
hln x 3
 x ...  ...
x ? x x ? x?

 
Hlnlt elbtbs ebpbt eltuhls sicbdbl
hln ` (x) eiadba `(x) bebhbm `uadsl-`uadsl ybad
x b ninubt
pircbaeladba trldgagnitrl. Ciatuf hlnlt `uadsl sinbjbn ltu elsicut hlnlt `uadsl
trldgagnitrl.

Ebhbn cicirbpb fbsus pbeb prlaslpayb sbnb sipir jbrb niaiatufba hlnlt
`uadsl bhkbcbr. _irtbnb baeb niayihisblfba sgbh hlnlt tirsicut eiadba jbrb
sucstusl hbadsuad, klfb mbslh ybad
?
elpirghim cufba ciatuf , mbslh tirsicut nirupbfba alhbl hlnlt ybad eljbrl.
tbf tiatu Klfb mbslhayb
?
?
ciatuf , baeb ebpbt niadduabfba runus-runus trldgagnitrl ybad
tbftiatu tihbm baeb fiabh,
?

cblf pbeb pinclhbad nbupua piayicut uatuf niayieirmbabfbaayb. Eiadba

einlflb, pinclhbad
?
eba piayicut tirsicut ebf hbdl nihlcbtfba @uadsl trldgagnitrl ybad niayicbcfba
ciatuf
?

2) Sunus Ebsbr Hlnlt @uadsl Urldgagnitrl

_beb pincbmbsba hlnlt `uadsl trldgagnitrl ebpbt elsihisblfba

niadduabfba runus ebsbr hlnlt `uadsl trldgagnitrl elcbwbm lal;

x
hln  hln sla x  2 hln x  hln tba  2
x ? sla x x ? x x ? tba x x x ? x

 Cirlfut lal pincufba x

runus hln  sla x
 2
hln
x  ? sla x x ? x
 _beb dbncbr 2.= el pirhlmbtfba hladfbrba cirpusbt g eba kbrl-kbrl (r) > 2 sbtuba
eiadba cisbr sueut BG_ > x rbelba. Klfb cisbr sueut x niaeifb agh, nbfb f _ (jgs x, sla
x) bfba niaeifb B (2,?). Ebhbn fibebba einlflba elpirghim mucuadba ;
hln jgs x  2 eba hln sla x  ?
x ? x ?

_irmbfba dbrls _C tidbf hurus suncu x eba niayladduad cusur hladfbrba fijlh CJ el f
C. Kbel kihbs cbmwb ; Hubs siftgr GCJ ≥ Hubs Ε GC_ ≥ Hubs siftgr GB_
Cirebsbrfba runus hubs ;
H ubs siftgr G C J > ¾. (GC)3. ] > ¾. Jgs 3x. x
Hubs Ε GC_ > ¾. GC._C > ¾. Jgsx. sla x
H ubs siftgr G B_ > ¾. (GB) 3. ] > ¾. (2) 3 . ]> ¾
x
Eiadba einlflba elpirghim mucuadba

¾. Jgs 3 x. x ≥ ¾. Jgsx. sla x ≥ ¾x (nbslad-nbslad elfbhlfba 3

) elpirghim
x. jgs x

jgs x sla 2
≥ ≥ ; uatuf x niaeifb agh, mucuadba niakbel;
x x jgs
sla x
x x

2  hln  btbu 2  hln 

2 2
sla x
x ? x
x?
sla x
x

_ir ebfsbnbba tirbfmlr lal niauakufba cbmwb; hln  h ln  2

x  ? sla x ? x

Fidlbtba 2.:
Niainufba runus unun hlnlt uadsl trldgagnitrl eiadba jbrb nbaelrl
Yatuf niayihisblfba sgbh hlnlt `uadsl trldgagnitrl elpirhufba runus-runus sicbdbl cirlfut;

 hln x  hln tba  2

x ? tba x x x ? x
Cuf;
x
hln  hln x  hln 2 hln sla x  (....)(...)  ...
x ? tba x x ? sla x x ? ........ x ?...
jgs x
bx
hln sla bx  b bx hln tba bx  b
 hln btbu hln
x  ? sla cx
 x ? cx c x  ? tba cx
 x ? cx c
Cuf ;
 bx bxx .... x ....  hln .... x hln .... x hln ....
hln  hln
x  ? sla cx x  ? sla cx........ x  ? .... x  ? .... x  ? ....

 hln cx x...x...  ...

x  ? sla cx.... ...
Cuf ;
hln tba bx  hln tba bx x .... x ....  hln .... x hln .... x hln ....
x ? cx x ? cx ........ x ? ....x ? ....x ? ....
 hln tba bx x...x...  ...
x ? cx ...
hln sla bx  hln tba  b

bx x  ? tba cx x  ? sla
cxc

Cuf ;
hln sla bx  hln sla bx x .... x ....  hln .... x hln .... x hln ....
x  ? tba cx x  ? tba cx........ x  ? .... x  ? .... x  ? ....

 hln sla bx x...x...  ...

x  ? tba cx ...

3) Nitgei sucstusl hbadsuad eba _inbftgrba

Mltuadhbm alhbl hlnlt `uadsl trldgagnitrl cirlfut lal;

2. hln sla x  jgs x  ....  ()  2
x

3. hln
2  jgs 2 2 ....
x
3 3x 3jgs  jgs   ....  ....  ...
 3(....)
x 3jgs
3
:. hl sla  sla ... ....  ...
n x hln ?  
x  ? sla x jgs x  ? sla ?  jgs .... ....
x  ? ...
.
5. hl (3x
n  :)sla(x  hln  hln .. hln ...  ...
(...........)sla(x . .
2) 2)
x2 x2 (...........)(x  2) ...... x2 ....
x3  5x  ...
x2

9. hln :  hln ...


2  jgs(x hln

3)
x3 x 3  5x  x3 (x  3)(. x3 ......
5 ..............................
)

:) Nitgei Niayieirmbabfba

Fidlbtba 2.5
Niaiatufba Hlnlt trldgagnitrl eiadba jbrb Niayieirmbabfba Zijbrb Nbaelrl
2)Uiatufba Hlnlt ; hln2 sla x  2
x
3
jgs 3 x 3
Hbadfbm 2 ;
 2 sla 2 ...
Zucstusl x 
3 , ...   ... Fbriab mbslh ? (Cufba piayihisblba)
elpirghim hln
 3
(jgs ...) 3
... ?
x jgs ...
Hbadfbm 3 ; 3

Baeb mbrus nirucbm piayicut jgs3 x

 Ciatuf jgs3 x  (2 sla x)(................) eiadba einlflba ;
hln 2 sla x  hln 2 sla
x   jgs 3 x. x   x... (2 sla

3 3
Hbadfbm : ; x)()

Niayieirmbfba `bftgr piayicut ? pbeb pinclhbad eba piayicut

hln 2 sla x  hln ...
x jgs3 x.x ... 3
3
Hbadfbm 5 ;

Niasucstusl x > ¹/3 fi `uadsl ybad tirslsb

hln 2 sla x  ...  2
x  jgs 3 x3
3
2  jgs
x  ...
3) Uiatufba Hlnlt ; hln
x ? 3x sla :x
Klfb fltb sucstuslfba x > ? elpirghim ciatuf ?/?. Nbfb pirhu niaducbmayb hiwbt leiatbs
trldgagnitrl.
2
(jgs 3 2 x  sla 3 2 x) 2 jgs 3 2 x  sla 3 2 x
hln 2  jgs   3 3   3 3 
x hln hln
... ...
x ?
x  ? 3x sla :x
x ?

sla 3 2 x  sla 3 2 x
> hln 33  hln ...
x ? ... x ? ...

3.( 2 x).(sla 2 x)(2 x).(sla 2 x).:x

> 3 33 3  hln ...
hln 3x.( 2 x).(2 x).(sla :x)(:x) x ? ...
x ?

33
3.( 2 ).(sla 2 x)(2 x).(sla 2 x).:x
> 3hln ... 3.(332 x).(2 x).(sla3 :x)(:x) x  ? ...
hln
x ?

33
2>.2.2.2. 2
23 023

Yatuf hiclm ninbmbnl fgasip niayieirmbabfba hlnlt trldgagnitrl pirmbfba sgbh elcbwbm lal ;

Jgatgm Nitgei Niayieirmbabfba

tba 3x jgs =x  tba tba 3x(.............. tba 3x(3 sla 3 5x) 

 hl :
  :
n hln ) hln 20x
3x 20x :
x ? x? x?
20x
hln(3)( ... )( ... ) 
(...)(....)( ....  5
x ? 3x =x 3 ....)
 2 jgs  hln 2 (2 3 sla3 x)  hln ...................  hln sla 3 x
hln
 
3x
3
 x? 2 jgs
x?
(2 3 sla 3 3x) x ? ................... x ? (3 sla x jgs x)
5x 2 
 hln 2 2
................  hln 
. 3
x ?
............................ x ? 5 jgs x 5

sla(  slaV(x  )^ Zueut rbadfbp

 hln jgs  hln x)  hln  3 2
3
x jgs 3b > jgs3b – sla3b jgs 3b > 3 jgs3b – 2 jgs 3b > 2 – 3 sla3b

   
x
3 x
x
3
 x
3 V(x  )^
3 3
x
3

2 sla(x  3) 2 2 3 tba b
 hln sla(x   .(2)  tba3b 
3) hln  2tba3 b

x 3 x3 x
x3 x 3 3 5
3  
3

Ykl Fgnpitiasl 2.2

Zieirmbabfbahbm eba sihisblfbahbm hlnlt-hlnlt elcbwbm lal;

2) hln
sla 0x 
x ? =) hln tba 
3x x ? 3x 9x

3) hln tba 5x tba

x ? <) hln  ...
:x x ? 3x
9x
:) hln sla 3 3x
tba 3x.tba:x  ... 2?) hln  ...
x ? sla(x.tbax  x ) x? tba :3 x
5
 ... (:x 2).sla(x 2)
5) hln 22) hln  ...
  x 2 3
x 5 (x  ) x  3x :
5 )
sla(x  
hln
9)

:  ... 23) hln jgs(x  ) ...
x
: (x ) x
3
:
 :
0) hln sla(3x  )  ... 2:) hln sla3 (x  ) 

x
x
3
5
3
(x3 2) sla 0x sla(x  :)  : x
4) hln :  ... 
25) hln  )
x ?
x  :x  3 x : x
:
Ykl Fgnpitiasl 2.3
Fisbnbba sitiadbm sueut
Zieirmbabfbahbm eba sihisblfbahbm hlnlt-hlnlt elcbwbm lal;
sla( x )   2  jgs x

3 3
jgs( x )   2  jgs x
3 3
 jgs ax   sa 3 ( a x), a
3

2
sla x tba 3
2. hln 3 x  ...(2)
x ? xx

(jgs
3. hln  ... sl`bt leiatbs V– 3 sla3b^
x ? 3x 
2)
x3
 hln 2jgs jgs3 2 x  sla 3 2 x
:.  .. jgs x x
x  3 3

 jgs
?
9.  ...(5)
.... 5x
3
... 
x 2
(2

sl)
a

:
x

3 5. hl

2

jg
s
x
x x ?
x tba 3x
?

tb
a
3x

UYDBZ NBAELSL
UISZUSYFUYS 2.2
Zieirmbabfbahbm eba sihisblfbahbm hlnlt-
hlnltSunuselcbwbm_iakunhbmbalal; eba Zihlslm Zla eba jgs
(jgs x 2)
2. hln  ... -(2/3)
x

?

x
3

L
a
e
i
a
t

lt
b  m eba   2) (2) (ZLNBF YL)
s :. > ... sihisblfbahbm
................................hlnlt-hlnlt
(2/5) fbhlfbaelcbwbm
t lal; bfbr sifbwba
x
U
r  &
5  xY 2. h
l x3 niayieirmb  (2/3)
d tba x  2 sla x l
2 D
g abfba
 n
B
x: x. (ZCN_
a Z jgs. UA3?2
g 5. hln N 
.
(j :)
n gs B :
i : A b. Zi
t xj E hls
r g lm
l L
s Zl
x) S a
(jgs:  L us
... UL e
x (3 E b
) B a
jg x s:
F jg
 sl
s9 l U

a
)x 3 a I us
S e
3
9. Z b
3. hln x
x U a
3 
S n
? j
 ... Y i
g a
(=) s F
x ? yi
U
e
3 Y ir
Su x S
nu 2. mb
s  a
2
_i s bf
aku b
l Z
nh a
bm a i
ba : e
eb x i
a r
Zihl j m
slm b
g sla3(
Zla a
us s b x
eb 3
f 2)
a x
jgs b 3. hl3j
a n g 2 (x
lau 2
3
s
x hb x?( 3

). t