HERBAL MEDICINE USAGE AMONG THE ADULT POPULATION IN

PUROK 1, BRGY. BANTOL, MARILOG DISTRICT, DAVAO CITY

A Research Study
Presented to the Faculty of the College of Medicine
Davao Medical School Foundation, Inc.

In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Degree of
DOCTOR OF MEDICINE

Submitted by:

ENGUITO, REU ZANDRO

ERESE, KATHLEEN ASHLEY
ESCLETO, KRISTOFFER
ESCOBAR, DAWN FELIZA

September 2023
ii
 ABSTRACT

Herbal medicine use signifies the extensive traditional, historical, cultural, and even
spiritual significance of these plants. The main goal of this study is to determine the use of
herbal medicine to provide a basis for formulating a proper and practical way of promoting
safe and effective use of herbal medicine preparations in Barangay Bantol, Marilog
District. The researchers employed a descriptive, cross-sectional research design. Survey
method using an interview checklist with open-ended questions was used to gather data on
the use of herbal medicine. The results of the study gathered from 157 adult respondents
presents the mean age of 38 years old, the majority of the respondents are female (52.9%),
highest educational attainment for 74 respondents is elementary level (47.1%) and most
are self-employed (49.6%). The data gathered also revealed that the most common
medicinal plant used in the area is Oregano (Plectranthus amboinicus) at 68.8%, followed
by ambong (Blumea balsamifera) and Ulasimang Bato (Peperomia pellucida) at 53.5%
and 39.5% respectively. Mayana is the least used at 9.6%. Decoction is the most common
method of preparation, and drinking decoction via oral route as route of administration.
Cough, hypertension, stomach ache and open wounds were among the most common
indications of herbal plant use. Nausea was reported as a side effect upon intake of the
medicinal plant with no reported contraindications. The respondents stated that symptoms
were relieved upon usage of the identified medicinal plants.

Key Words: Herbal Plants; Medicinal Plants; Oregano; Sambong; Ulasimang Bato;
Marilog District
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE i

APPROVAL SHEET FOR RESEARCH PAPER ii

APPROVAL SHEET FOR BOOKBINDING iii

ABSTRACT iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS v

LIST OF FIGURES vi

LIST OF TABLES vii

INTRODUCTION 1

Background of the Study 1

Objectives 2

Review of Related Literature 4

Theoretical Framework 12

Conceptual Framework 13

METHODOLOGY 14

Research Design 14

Research Setting 14

Research Population 14

Inclusion Criteria 15

Exclusion Criteria 15
 Withdrawal Criteria 15

Variables and Measures 16

Sampling 16

Sampling Design 16

Randomization 17

Estimation of Sample Size 17

Data Collection Procedure 17

Data Analysis 18

Ethical Consideration 18

RESULTS 21

DISCUSSION 28

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS 37

REFERENCES 39

APPENDICES 45

v
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE FIGURE TITLE PAGE

1 Conceptual Framework 13

vi
 LIST OF TABLES

TABLE TABLE TITLE PAGE

1 Variables and Measures 16

2 Sociodemographic profile of study respondents 21
3 Catalog of medicinal plants identified by the respondents 22
4 Commonly used medicinal plants of study respondents 26
5 List of medicinal plants identified by study respondents 27

vii
 Chapter I

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

The consumption and utilization of herbal medicine has been increasing globally1.

This use of herbal medicines encompass herbs, herbal preparations, herbal materials, and

herbal end products, that contain as active ingredients parts of plants, or other plant

materials, or combinations. The traditional use of herbal medicines denotes the extensive

and historical usage of these medicines. This is well recognized and widely approved to be

effective and safe2. Korea, Japan, China, Germany and India are countries that have long

established traditional medicine and herbal medication utilization, and are currently

striving to obtain plant resources countrywide to advance herbal medications using herbal

plant extracts3. Research across the world reveals varying prevalence of herbal plant use.

In the Western countries such as the United States, prevalence estimates that 35% of

American adults use at least one herbal medicine 4, and in several European countries, a

study on the use of Complementary and Alternative medicine demonstrated that the

prevalence of herbal treatment use is at 4.6% 5. However, African and Asian Countries

show a higher usage prevalence. A 2022 study on Medicinal plants use in Nigeria for the

management of hypertension and diabetes revealed that approximately 75% of the

participants use traditional medicinal plants 6. In Indonesia, a study showed Herbal

medicine use prevalence to be 68% 7. In the Philippines, an evaluation of the medicinal

plant knowledge and practices of the Ati Negrito indigenous people in Guimaras Island

showed significant differences in medicinal plant use knowledge were recorded when

1
informants were grouped according to location, educational level, gender and age 8. In the

Davao Region a study aimed to document the medicinal plants used by the Manobo tribe

of Don Marcelino, Davao Occidental Philippines showed that Psidium guajava is the most

cited while Moringa oleifera has the highest used value9. The proponents of this study have

conducted a community diagnosis wherein they have found that 92% of the households

surveyed in Purok 1 of Barangay Bantol use herbal plants as part of their therapeutic

regimen, but 71.7% showed insufficient knowledge on their proper use and preparation.

Thus, through this study, the proponents seek to describe the usage of herbal medicine

among the adult population of Purok 1, Barangay Bantol, Marilog District, Davao City.

Objectives

General Objective

This study aims to determine the use of herbal medicine to provide a basis for

formulating a proper and practical way of promoting safe and effective use of herbal

medicine preparations in the local community.

Specific Objectives

1. To determine the socio-clinico demographic profile of the study respondents

according to:

A. Age

B. Sex

C. Educational attainment

C1. No formal education

C2. Elementary

2
 C3. High School

C4. Senior High School

C5. Vocational

C6. College

D. Employment Status

D1. Unemployed

D2. Employed

D3. Self-employed

D4. Retired

E. Estimated Monthly Income

E1. 0-999 Php

E2. 1000-2499 Php

E3. 2500-4999 Php

E4. 5000-9999 Php

E5. 10000 and above

F. Income Perception

F1. Sufficient

F2. Insufficient

2. To determine the common herbal medicine used, according to:

a. Local name

b. Scientific name

3. To determine the use of herbal medicine in terms of:

a. Indication

3
 b. Preparation

c. Administration

d. Side effects

e. Contraindications

f. Outcome

Review of Related Literature

Herbal medicine

The practice of herbal medicine in the Philippines has a deep and enduring history.

It has evolved over generations, with knowledge of the healing properties of various plants

and traditional remedies being passed down from one generation to another 9. Herbal

medicine, also known as botanical medicine or phytotherapy, has a long history of use in

healthcare systems worldwide. In recent years, there has been a resurgence of interest in

herbal remedies, driven by the growing demand for natural and alternative therapies 10.

According to Dr. Cecilia Lazarte 11, the director of National Institute of Health said

that herbal medicine plays a prominent role in Filipino traditional healing practices with

its reliance on herbal remedies, representing a valuable aspect of the country's healthcare

heritage. While preserving these traditions, efforts should also be made to ensure that

healthcare in remote and disadvantaged areas is accessible, safe, and evidence-based to

provide the best possible care to all segments of the population.

4
 Herbal medicine is deeply rooted in cultural traditions. Studies have documented

the use of specific herbs in rituals, ceremonies, and traditional healing practices,

underscoring their cultural significance. Pharmacological Properties: Scientific research

has identified numerous bioactive compounds in medicinal plants. These compounds,

including alkaloids, flavonoids, and terpenes, contribute to the pharmacological properties

of herbal remedies.

Safety and Quality Control

In the study of Muyumba et. al (2021) the complexity of herbs and extracts,

supplied to such a wide range of markets and in different regulatory environments, raises

major quality issues, the use of appropriate analytical methods in the herbal medicine

industry is essential for ensuring the quality, safety, and efficacy of products.

Patient Preferences and Trends. Surveys and patient-reported outcomes studies

reveal increasing consumer interest in herbal medicine. Factors such as perceived safety

and a preference for natural remedies drive this trend.

Integration with Conventional Medicine. The integration of herbal medicine with

conventional healthcare is gaining recognition. Research discusses collaborative efforts

between herbalists and medical practitioners, emphasizing the importance of evidence-

based practices.

5
 Regulatory Frameworks. Different countries have varying regulatory frameworks

for herbal products. Literature explores the challenges and opportunities in regulating these

products to ensure safety and efficacy.

Globalization and Sustainability. The globalization of herbal medicine trade

raises concerns about the sustainability of medicinal plant resources. Research addresses

issues related to overharvesting, conservation, and sustainable practices.

Challenges and Future Directions. Challenges in herbal medicine research

include the need for more rigorous clinical trials, standardization of herbal preparations,

and greater collaboration between traditional and modern healthcare systems. Future

directions involve exploring synergies between herbal and pharmaceutical approaches to

drug discovery and healthcare.

Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM)

Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) has gained significant attention

in recent years, reflecting its growing popularity among the public. A groundbreaking study

by Eisenberg et al. (1993) 12 shed light on this phenomenon by highlighting the prevalence,

costs, and usage patterns of unconventional medicine in the United States. This study

served as a catalyst for further research in the field of CAM, sparking interest in

understanding its role in healthcare.

6
 The National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH)

conducted a comprehensive report in 2018, providing valuable insights into the utilization

of CAM therapies in the United States. This report offered detailed statistics, revealing the

extent to which CAM is integrated into the healthcare landscape, and emphasized the need

for better understanding and regulation of these practices.

CAM's role in addressing specific health conditions has also been a subject of
13
inquiry. Ernst and Cassileth (1998) conducted a systematic review focusing on the use

of CAM in cancer patients, highlighting both its prevalence and the necessity for further

research to determine its efficacy and safety in such contexts.

Healthcare professionals seeking information on CAM have found resources like

"The 5-Minute Herb and Dietary Supplement Clinical Consult" by Fugh-Berman (2000)

invaluable. This quick reference guide offers insights into various CAM therapies, their

applications, and potential interactions with conventional medicine.

Evidence-based research into the effectiveness of CAM modalities has also been

prominent. Ezzo and Vickers (2008) conducted a meta-analysis investigating the

effectiveness of acupuncture in treating tension-type headaches, illustrating the evidence-

14
based approach to CAM research. Similarly, Posadzki et al. (2012) contributed to the

body of knowledge by conducting a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized

clinical trials on the impact of yoga on heart rate variability.

7
DOH-approved medicinal plants

The Traditional and Alternative Medicine Act of 1997, which reaffirmed the

government's commitment to the promotion and development of traditional medicine,

including herbal medicine, provided support for the use of medicinal plants. The Sampung

Halamang Gamot received more support in the 1990s when the Department of Health gave

it its seal of approval. The World Health Organization has argued in favor of incorporating

traditional medicine into national health care systems and urged nations to create and

implement national traditional medicine policies and programs, particularly with Universal

Health Coverage 11.

1. Lagundi (Vitex negundo) - a shrub that is used to treat cough, asthma, and other

respiratory problems which can be prepared via decoction.

2. Sambong (Blumea balsamifera) - a plant used to treat urinary tract infections and kidney

stones which can be made into a liniment or decoction.

3. Tsaang Gubat (Ehretia microphylla) - a shrub that is used to treat diarrhea, stomach

ache, and other digestive problems.

4. Yerba Buena (Clinopodium douglasii) - a mint plant that is used to treat headaches,

fever, and other minor ailments prepared as decoction or liniment.

5. Niyog-niyogan (Quisqualis indica) - a vine that is used to treat intestinal worms by

directly consuming its dried seeds.

6. Bayabas (Psidium guajava) - a fruit tree that is used to treat diarrhea, dysentery, and

other digestive problems, and external infections or injury.

8
7. Akapulko (Cassia alata) - a shrub that is used to treat skin diseases, such as ringworm

and scabies as it can be made prepared into an ointment.

8. Bawang (Allium sativum) - a bulb that is used to lower cholesterol levels and prevent

heart disease prepared by pickling of cloves.

9. Ampalaya (Momordica charantia) - a vegetable that is used to lower blood sugar levels

in people with diabetes.

10. Ulasimang bato (Peperomia pellucida) - a plant used to treat arthritis and gout which

can be consumed as a vegetable salad or decoction.

Other medicinal plants commonly used

1. Tawa-tawa (Euphorbia hirta) - tawa-tawa contains several bioactive compounds

that contribute to its healing effects, including flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenes, and

phenolics. These compounds work together to act as anti-inflammatory, analgesic,

antimicrobial, antioxidant, and antidiabetic activities. Tawa tawa is often used to

treat dengue fever, as it is thought to help increase platelet count. However, further

research is necessary to fully understand the mechanisms behind this potential

benefit 15

2. Dila- dila (Elephantopus scraber Linn.) - Traditionally in the Philippines, the roots

and leaves are commonly used as a diuretic, febrifuge, and emollient. It is also used

to treat upper respiratory afflictions such as colds, flu, tonsillitis,

laryngopharyngitis, and also conjunctivitis. Additionally, it is used for snakebites,

furuncle swellings, eczema, ulcers on the lower limb, nephritis, beriberi, edema,

hepatitis, chest pains, fever, and scabies. The juice of pounded leaves can be applied

9
 to the scalp to slow down hair loss. A decoction of fresh dila dila material can be

used as a wash for eczema. The decoction of roots and leaves is used to treat

dysuria, diarrhea, bronchitis, and fever. The decoction of root is specifically used

for hemorrhoids and coughs. A poultice of tawa-tawa leaves can be applied to the

skin to treat skin diseases. The flowers of tawa-tawa are used for liver problems,

ophthalmopathy, bronchitis, and cough15

3. Oregano/Kalabo (Origanum vulgare) - Oregano is known for its strong antioxidant

properties and is used as an herbal medicine in countries like the Philippines. Its

compounds, including rosmarinic acid, thymol, and carvacrol, contribute to its

various beneficial properties such as anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antioxidant,

antifungal, and antiviral effects. Oregano also contains flavonoids, triterpenoids,

sterols, vitamin C, and vitamin A. Recent studies have shown its effectiveness in

treating infections of the reproductive tracts, making it particularly beneficial for

postpartum women.17

4. Malunggay/Moringa (Moringa oleifera) - Often referred to as the "miracle tree" or

the "tree of life" due to its remarkable versatility and numerous benefits. Moringa

has a long history of traditional medicinal use. Moringa seeds contain a compound

called pterygospermin, which possesses strong antibacterial and antifungal

properties. Anemia, often caused by iron deficiency, can be treated by incorporating

In the Philippines and other regions, Moringa leaves into the diet, due to its high

iron content and provides a good source of dietary iron and are used as a natural

remedy to help combat anemia. Moringa roots and bark have been used in

10
 traditional medicine for addressing cardiac and circulatory problems (Orwa et al.,

2009). 18

5. Sabana/Guyabano (Annona muricata) - Guyabano belongs to the Annonaceae

family, which includes various tropical and subtropical flowering plants. Extracts

and metabolites from different parts of the plant, including the leaves, bark, and

fruit, have been studied for their pharmacological properties. According to the

study of Khedari and Khan, the interest in Guyabano's traditional uses aligns with

its rich phytochemical composition, which includes compounds like acetogenins,

alkaloids, flavonoids, and more. These compounds have been studied for their

potential pharmacological activities, including antitumor, antiparasitic, anti-

inflammatory, and antioxidant effects19.

Medicinal plant use

In a recent study conducted by Liu (2021) 20, it outlined the long-standing use of

traditional and alternative medicine in China and ASEAN countries. The review article

provided information on the practice, efficacy, regulation and management, and promotion

of traditional medicine. Moreover, it presented the strengthening of academic and industrial

cooperation for developing modern ways of promoting the use of traditional medicine as

outlined in the various practices observed in different ASEAN countries, and practices

adapted from mainland China.

A study by Tantengco et al., (2018) 21 who conducted an ethnobotanical survey of

medicinal plants used by Ayta communities in Bataan, Philippines had listed 188 plant

species used as herbal medicine. Among the plant parts, leaves were the most commonly

11
utilized plant part, prepared via decoction, and the majority of the medicinal preparation

was via oral intake. Moreover, Psidium guajava and Lunasia amara were determined to be

the most commonly used medicinal plants among the cataloged medicinal plants.

Theoretical Framework

This study is anchored on the Health Belief Model (HBM) 22 of analysis on the use

of herbal medicine. The adoption of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) can

be understood through the lens of the Health Belief Model (HBM). Individuals first assess

their perceived susceptibility to health issues and evaluate the severity of their conditions.

CAM enters the decision-making process when individuals perceive it as a viable option,

particularly when conventional medicine is considered insufficient. They then weigh the

perceived benefits of CAM, such as reduced side effects or holistic wellness, against

perceived barriers, which may include cost or skepticism.

Moreover, external cues, like recommendations from healthcare providers, and

internal cues, such as personal beliefs, influence the decision to explore CAM. Confidence

in CAM's effectiveness and alignment with personal health beliefs and values play pivotal

roles. Demographics, socioeconomic factors, health literacy, and information sources also

contribute to the decision-making process. It's important to recognize that individuals often

engage in both conventional and CAM treatments, forming a dual health behavior model

within HBM. This comprehensive framework aids in understanding and promoting CAM

adoption in the healthcare context.

12
Conceptual Framework

Independent Variable
Age
Sex
Educational attainment
Income sufficiency

Dependent Variable

Use of Herbal Medicine

Indication, preparation, dosage and application, side effects, contraindications

Figure 1. Conceptual Framework

Figure 1 presents the conceptual framework of the study. The independent variables

include age, sex educational attainment, income perception. The dependent variable would

be the use of herbal medicine including its indication, preparation, dosage and application,

13
side effects, contraindications. This study would assess which among the independent

variables would significantly affect the use of herbal medicine.

Chapter II

METHODOLOGY

Research Design

In this study, the researchers employed a quantitative, descriptive research design.

Survey method using an interview checklist with open-ended questions was used to gather

data on the use of herbal medicine. Causal relationship was not assessed in this study since

no association will be determined.

Setting

The study was conducted in Purok 1, Brgy. Bantol, Marilog District, Davao City.

Barangay Bantol has a total land area of 1,432.14 hectares. Bantol is situated at

approximately 7.3019, 125.3399, in the island of Mindanao. Elevation at these coordinates

is estimated at 265.6 meters or 871.4 feet above mean sea level. Purok 1 of Brgy Bantol is

composed of 169 households comprising 647 total population. Farming is the main source

14
of income of each household. Purok 1 serves as the center of Brgy. Bantol, with access to

basic commodities such as rice, eggs, and other grocery products. However, there is no

cellular connectivity from all cellular providers in the area.

Population

This study was focused on the residents of Purok 1, Brgy. Bantol, Marilog District,

Davao City. The qualified respondents were further screened using an interview checklist.

They were provided with appropriate information on the purpose and procedures of the

study as stipulated in the Informed Consent Form. The data gathered from this study would

describe the herbal medicine usage in the said area, and cannot be applied to the general

population.

Inclusion criteria

The respondents of this study were selected based on the following criteria:

1. Bona fide resident of Purok 1, Brgy. Bantol, Marilog District, Davao City.

2. Eighteen years old and above.

3. Practice the use of herbal medicine for disease treatment.

Exclusion criteria

The following criteria served as the basis for exclusion of the respondents:

1. Respondents who state refusal to participate in the study.

2. The respondent is currently participating in a clinical trial or other similar

studies.

15
 3. The respondents have mental health problems or cognitive impairments.

Withdrawal Criteria

Eligible respondents included in the research sample were permitted to withdraw

at any point of the study duration. Respondents may or may not disclose to the researchers

the reason for withdrawal, and will sign documents indicating withdrawal and exclusion

from the study. Respondents may also be withdrawn from the study at the judgment of the

primary investigators or a physician due to a safety concern.

Variables and Measures

Table 1. Variables and Measure

Variables Measure

Age Mean+SD

Sex Male or Female

Educational Attainment No formal Education, Kindergarten

Elementary, High School, Senior
High School, Vocational, College

Employment status
Unemployed, Employed, Self-
employed, Retired
Income Perception
Sufficient, Insufficient

Name of Herbal Medicine

used

Indication

Preparation and
administration As stated by the respondents

Side effects

Contraindications

Outcome

16
Sampling

Sampling Design. This study used purposive sampling design. In this research, the

respondents were narrowed to those who are residents of Purok 1 who practice the use of

herbal medicine. The researchers will purposely select respondents that are qualified based

on the inclusion and exclusion criteria.

Randomization

This study did not require randomization since it utilized a cross-sectional study

design. This study only determined herbal medicine use, as in the case of our study, the

commonly used medicinal plants and the indications of its use.

Estimation of Sample size

This study employed a total enumeration of 157 adult respondents who were given

validated questionnaires. These are the respondents identified to be 18 years old and above

from the total population of 214 from the identified 50 households during the community

diagnosis of Purok 1, Brgy. Bantol, Marilog District, Davao City.

Data Collection Procedure

Preliminary phase. A research proposal was submitted to the Department of

Community Medicine and Ethics Committee of Davao Medical School Foundation, Inc.

17
prior to the start of data collection. A letter was submitted to the department head of

Community Medicine for approval of the study, then the barangay captain of Brgy. Bantol,

Marilog District was notified on the conduct of the research.

Informed consent. Respondents that were determined by our inclusion criteria, have

the capacity to think, reason, and understand for themselves, and agreed to participate in

the study will be given a written informed consent form. A brief introduction of the study

will be discussed including the respondent’s rights. The objectives of the study will be

presented before the start of data collection.

Interview checklist. The researchers conducted a 25 to 35-minute interview of

each respondent using an interview checklist. The researchers conducted the interview with

minimal bias, ensuring that interviews would be conducted according to protocols and

assure the quality of data collected.

Instrumentation. An interview checklist was utilized in the study. It is composed

of three parts: (1) socio-demographic characteristics, (2) identification of herbal product

use including its local name and scientific name; (3) determination of indication,

preparation, dosage and route of application, side effects, contraindications, and outcomes.

Herbal Medicine Catalog. The researchers took photographs of the herbal

medicine used by our respondents and created a catalog of these herbal plants including its

description and identification. A photo application (PlantNet) was utilized to identify the

scientific name of the herbal plant.

Data Analysis

18
 The demographic data were presented using descriptive statistics. Continuous

quantitative variables were expressed in mean and standard deviation, and the categorical

variables will be presented in percentage and frequency. Descriptive statistics were used to

determine the characteristics of the study population and the identified herbal plant used.

Ethical consideration

Voluntary participation. Prior to the conduct of the study, the respondents were

informed of the nature of the study, their roles in the research, the risks, benefits, who to

contact, and voluntariness of participation. The respondent is free to refuse to contribute to

the research study and may withdraw at any time without consequence or any loss of

benefit he/she is entitled to.

Anonymity and Confidentiality. To ensure the anonymity and confidentiality of

the research respondents, names were not listed or recorded in the presentation of data,

instead codes will be assigned for each respondent. Data will only be accessed by the

researchers, physician, consulted expert, and statistician. Any information involving the

study respondents will not be disclosed to the public. Data will be stored in both soft copy

and hard copy which will be securely stored.

Risk/Benefit Assessment. The researchers will take full responsibility in ensuring

the safety of the study respondents. The respondents were not subjected to any laboratory

procedures, no medicines will be administered, nor no herbal medicine will be taken. Data

collection was only limited to answering the interview checklist that will be conducted by

the researchers.

19
 Declaration of Potential Conflict of Interest. All researchers certified that they

have no financial involvement to any organization or entity with financial or non-financial

interests (such as personal or professional relationships, company contract, or

pharmaceutical affiliations). All members have a duty to ensure that the integrity of the

research study is maintained, and a responsibility to avoid any conflicts of interest

regarding materials discussed in this manuscript to assure our respodents’s confidentiality

and protection of reputation.

Data Availability Statement. The results gathered for this study will not be

publicly available due to privacy and ethical concerns of the research respondents.

Supporting data can only be made available to bonafide researchers and further information

about the results can be accessed upon request from the corresponding authors.

20
 Chapter III

RESULTS, DATA ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This section presents the data gathered from 157 adult respondents on Purok 1,
Brgy. Bantol, Marilog District. Table 2 presents the sociodemographic profile of the study
respondents. This presents the mean age of 38 years old, the majority of the respondents
are female (52.9%), highest educational attainment for 74 respondents is elementary level
(47.1%) and most are self-employed (49.6%). Estimated monthly income of Php 2500-
4999 had the highest percentage of 36.3%, with 83 (52.9%) of the respondents indicating
that their monthly income is not sufficient.

Table 2. Sociodemographic profile of study respondents, n = 157

Sociodemographic profile Frequency (%)
Mean age (in years) 38 ± 12
Sex
Male 74 (47.1)
Female 83 (52.9)
Educational attainment
Elementary 74 (47.1)
High School 43 (27.4)
Senior High School 22 (14.1)
Vocational 6 (3.8)
College 12 (7.6)

21
Employment Status
Unemployed 45 (28.7)
Employed 34 (21.7)
Self-employed 78 (49.6)

Estimated monthly income

Php 0-999 22 (14)
Php 1000-2499 40 (25.5)
Php 2500-4999 57 (36.3)
Php 5000-9999 26 (16.6)
Php 10000 above 12 (7.6)
Income sufficiency
Yes 74 (47.1)
No 83 (52.9)

Table 3 presents the catalog of medicinal plants identified by the study respondents.

These are the medicinal plants that are available in the community and utilized by the

respondents as treatment for various illnesses. The catalog includes the local/common

name and scientific name of the medicinal plant.

Table 3. Catalog of medicinal plants identified by the respondents.

Common name/Scientific Medicinal Plant
Name

Bayabas
(Psidium guajava)

22
Akapulko
(Senna alata)

Tsaang gubat
(Carmona retusa)

Sambong
(Blumea balsamifera)

Malunggay
(Moringa oleifera)

23
Mayana
(Coleus blumei)

Sabana/ Guyabano
(Annona muricata)

24
Oregano/ Kalabo
(Plectranthus amboinicus)

Tanglad
(Cymbopogon citratus)

Ulasimang Bato
(Peperomia pellucida)

25
 Table 4 presents the commonly used medicinal plants identified by the study

respondents. Ten medicinal plants were identified with Oregano or locally named “Kalabo”

having the highest percentage of use at 68.8%. This is followed by Sambong, Ulasimang

bato, Bayabas, Akapulko, and Malunggay at 53.5%, 39.5%, 29.9%, 24.2%, and 24,2%,

respectively. The less used medicinal plants are Tsaang gubat (15.9%), Sabana (15.3%),

and Tanglad (14.1%). Mayana is the least used at 9.6%.

Table 4. Commonly used medicinal plants of study respondents, n = 157

Medicinal plants used Frequency (%)
Oregano (Plectranthus amboinicus) 108 (68.8)
Sambong (Blumea balsamifera) 84 (53.5)
Ulasimang bato (Peperomia pellucida) 62 (39.5)
Bayabas (Psidium guajava) 47 (29.9)

Akapulko (Senna alata) 38 (24.2)

Malunggay (Moringa oleifera) 38 (24.2)

Tsaang gubat (Carmona retusa) 25 (15.9)
Sabana (Annona muricata) 24 (15.3)
Tanglad (Cymbopogon citratus) 22 (14.1)
Mayana (Coleus blumei) 15 (9.6)
*Multiple response table

Table 5 presents the list of medicinal plants including their indication, preparation,

side effects, contraindications, and outcome of use as stated by the study respondents. The

data gathered from the responses stated by the respondents were collated and tabulated to

assess their baseline knowledge on the appropriate usage of each medicinal plant. The most

common indications for medicinal plant use are cough, hypertension, stomach ache and

26
open wounds. Decoction is the most common method of preparation, and drinking

decoction via oral route as route of administration. Nausea was reported as a side effect

upon intake of the medicinal plant, however, no contraindications were stated. The

respondents stated that symptoms were relieved upon usage of the identified medicinal

plants.

Table 5. List of medicinal plants identified by study respondents.

Medicinal Indication Preparation Administ Side Contraindi Outcome
plants ration Effects cations
used
Oregano Cough, Decoction Drink Nausea None Relieved
(Plectranth cold, fever decoction reported symptoms
us
amboinicus
)
Sambong Kidney Decoction Drink None None Relieved
(Blumea stones, Cold decoction reported symptoms
balsamifer hypertensi compress ; apply
a) on, cough, leaves
fever
Ulasimang Gout, Decoction Drink Increased None Relieved
bato arthritis, decoction urination reported symptoms
(Peperomia hypertensi
pellucida) on
Bayabas Open Leaf extract; Direct None None Relieved
(Psidium wounds; decoction applicatio reported symptoms
guajava) diarrhea n; drink
stomach decoction
ache
Akapulko Fungal Leaf extract Direct Skin burns None Relieved
(Senna infection applicatio reported symptoms
alata) n
Malunggay Open Leaf extract Direct None None Relieved
(Moringa wounds applicatio reported symptoms
oleifera) n
Tsaang Stomach Decoction Drink None None Relieved
gubat ache; decoction reported symptoms
(Carmona diarrhea
retusa)

27
Sabana Stomach Decoction of Drink None None Relieved
(Annona ache leaves decoction reported symptoms
muricata)
Tanglad Headache, Decoction Drink nausea/ None Relieved
(Cymbopog pregnant decoction vomiting reported symptoms
on citratus) woman,
colds
Mayana Hypertensi Decoction Drink Nausea None Relieved
(Coleus on; decoction reported symptoms
blumei) stomach
ache

CHAPTER IV

DISCUSSION

This research study was conducted to determine the herbal medicine use in Purok

1, Brgy. Bantol, Marilog District, Davao City which employed appropriate research design

and sampling methods. The socio-demographic characteristics showed that the average age

of the respondents was 38, with a high proportion of female respondents (52.9%). Latest

available data on barangay Bnatol is from a 2015 census with a population demographics

consisting of 2,334 total population, consisting mostly of young individuals ranging from

5-19 years old, and a median age of 2028. The highest educational attainment of the majority

of the respondents is elementary level (47.1%), most are self-employed (49.6%), and have

average monthly income ranging from Php 2500-4999 (36.3%), which is deemed

insufficient (52.9%) for the entire family. In the recent data of Philippine Statistics

Authority in Davao City, the monthly poverty threshold for a family of five in a 2021

census is Php 12,558 and a monthly per capita food threshold of Php 8,77029. This would

28
support the claim of the respondents of insufficient monthly income to support the family

in providing basic necessities and needs.

The most common medicinal plant used in Purok 1 of Barangay Bantol as the study

reveals is Oregano (Plectranthus amboinicus) at 68.8%, which the respondents commonly

use for coughs, colds and fever. They prepare this medicinal plant via decoction and is

taken orally. The most common side effect of Oregano is nausea, it has no

contraindications, and relieves the indicated symptoms as cited by the respondents. P.

amboinicus is a member of the family Lamiaceae, or the mint family. The paleotropical

oil-rich genus, Plectranthus belongs to the subfamily Nepetoideae. It is made up of about

300 species of annual or perennial herbs or subshrubs which are often succulents. P.

amboinicus possess distinctive smelling leaves with short soft erect hairs30. A 2022 study

to determine the antimicrobial properties of oregano crude leaf extract against pathogens

that infect the throat, specifically Streptococcus pyogenes and Candida albicans revealed

that it has the ability to suppress the growth of both S. pyogenes and C. albicans. This

shows its potential use in the treatment of throat infections caused by these organisms31.

Another research done in 2017, which employed an exploratory, randomized, double-blind

and placebo-controlled clinical study showed that oregano tablets could be a reasonable

alternative to other symptomatic treatments in patients with common cold. However, the

study also suggests more extensive, controlled clinical trials to validate the swift clinical

response obtained with this medicinal plant32. Many other studies show that P. amboinicus

extract, from crude extract to an essential oil, contains countless biological elements owing

to its chemical multifariousness. These studies show that oregano has phytochemicals that

possess antimicrobial activity against an extensive range of fungi, bacteria, and viruses, but

29
effectiveness varies depending on quantity and quality of the bioactive components present

after preparation33,34,35. The results of the studies mentioned support the outcomes

experienced by the respondents when taking Oregano for coughs and colds. On the other

hand, the proponents of this paper have not found any studies on its effectiveness on the

treatment of fever; which is an indication mentioned by the respondents.

The second most commonly used medicinal plant is Sambong (Blumea

balsamifera) at 53.5%. The indications declared by the respondents are kidney stones,

hypertension, cough, and fever. They specified preparing the plant via decoction for oral

administration, and via cold compress via topical administration of the leaves. The

respondents noted no contraindications nor side effects, and that the indicated symptoms

were relieved by Sambong. Blumea balsamifera (L.) DC. (Asteraceae), also known as

sambong, has been used as medicine for thousands of years in Southeast Asia. Sambong is

the most distinguished member of the genus Blumea and is an autochthonous herb of

tropical and subtropical Asia. Sambong grows under forests, forest edges, river beds,

grasslands, and valleys36,37. Several phytochemical studies on Sambong reveals that there

have been more than a hundred volatile or non-volatile constituents isolated from it,

including sesquiterpenes, monoterpenes, diterpenes, flavonoids, sterol, esters, alcohols,

dihydroxyflavone, and organic acids38. Another study explored the angiotensin converting

enzyme (ACE) suppressing activity of Sambong tea, and revealed that Sambong tea

preparation showed inhibitory activity on rabbit lung ACE, attributed this to the

phytochemicals terpenoids and flavonoids that Sambong contains39. Another study

concluded that B. balsamifera impedes calcium oxalate stone formation in the kidneys40.

These findings suggest that the respondents’ utilization of Sambong for kidney stones is

30
valid, nevertheless, further studies need to be conducted for its effectiveness in managing

hypertension, cough, and fever.

The third most common medical plant used in the area is Ulasimang Bato

(Peperomia pellucida) at 39.5%, which the respondents utilize for gout, arthritis, and

hypertension. They prepare it via decoction and take it orally. The side effect of taking

Ulasimang bato was increased urination (polyuria), however no contraindications were

noted, and indicated symptoms were relieved after a period of intake. A randomized

controlled study aimed to determine if P. pellucida freeze-dried aqueous extract powder

can decrease the serum uric acid level (SUA) of hyperuricemic rats revealed that it had a

mean percent decrease from hyperuricemic level of 44.1% compared to allopurinol’s

64.0%, denoting that Ulasimang bato can be used as an alternative treatment for

hyperuricemia41. This is in congruence with the respondents’ use of ulasimang bato to treat

symptoms of arthritis and gout. However, further research is needed on its effectiveness on

managing hypertension, thus its use for this indication by the respondents is not yet

substantiated.

The fourth commonly used medicinal plant is the Bayabas (Psidium guajava) at 47

% which indicates open wounds, diarrhea and stomach ache as asserted by the respondents.

The preparation was via direct application for open wounds and decoction to be taken

orally. No side effects and contraindication were noted and the indicated symptoms were

relieved as stated by the respondents. Guava has a rich history of medicinal uses,

particularly in traditional and herbal medicine systems. Various parts of the guava plant,

including the leaves and bark, have been used to treat a range of ailments and health

31
conditions. The practice of crushing guava leaves and applying the extract on wounds,

boils, skin, and soft tissue infectious sites is a well-documented traditional remedy. This

use is likely based on the belief that guava leaves possess properties that can help with

wound healing and skin infections. The bark in the form of decoction and poultice is used

as an astringent in the treatment of ulcer wounds and diarrhea in the Philippines 42. The

presence of flavonoids, particularly quercetin derivatives, in guava leaf extract is a key

factor contributing to the plant's pharmacological activities and medicinal properties. These

pharmacological actions of quercetin and its derivatives in guava leaf extract contribute to

the plant's traditional use as a remedy for gastrointestinal and inflammatory conditions.

The ability to relax smooth muscles, inhibit intestinal movement, and reduce capillary

permeability can be particularly helpful in addressing digestive issues and inflammatory

responses43.

The fifth most commonly used medicinal plants are Akapulko (Senna alata) and

Malungay (Moringa oleifera) at 38%. Akapulko was one of the top 10 medicinal plants

approved by DOH. It is indicated for treating fungal infection via direct application of the

leaf extract to the affected area. The most common side effect was skin burns but with no

contraindication and the symptoms indicated were alleviated as claimed by the

respondents. Senna alata, also known as Cassia alata or candle bush, is indeed an

indigenous plant native to Central America. It belongs to the Leguminosae (Fabaceae)

family and has various common names in different regions. In the Philippines, it is known

as “akapulko." Akapulko leaves contain chrysophanic acid, a natural compound known for

its fungicidal properties. Chrysophanic acid is effective against various fungal infections,

including ringworms, scabies, and eczema. It is used topically to treat these skin

32
conditions44. The accessibility and affordability of Senna alata (akapulko) in the

Philippines have made it a popular choice for household treatment of skin fungal diseases.

Its effectiveness against fungal infections, such as ringworm, scabies, and eczema, has

earned it a place as a trusted and cost-effective alternative to more expensive antifungal

treatments like azoles and allylamines.

Malunggay commonly known as Moringa or drumstick tree, were indicated for

open wounds via direct application and no side effect nor contraindication and the

symptoms were relieved as stated by the respondents. Studies have indicated that the

topical application of Moringa oleifera extract can promote wound healing. This wound-

healing potential may be linked to its anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial effects, which

help create a favorable environment for tissue repair45. These properties may be attributed

to the presence of bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, alkaloids, and other

phytochemicals found in different parts of the plant. Beyond wound healing, Moringa

oleifera has been studied for various other medicinal uses, including its potential as an

antioxidant, anti-diabetic agent, and immune system booster46.

The sixth common medicinal plant used in the locality is Tsaang Gubat (Carmona

retusa) at 25% indicated to relieve gastrointestinal conditions like diarrhea and stomach

pain. It was prepared via decoction of the plant extract and taken orally. No side effects

and contraindications were reported and the symptoms were alleviated. Tsaang Gubat

contains a range of phytoconstituents, including alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, phenols,

tannins, glycosides, terpenoids, and cardenolides. These compounds contribute to its

medicinal properties. It is known for its antispasmodic properties, which can help alleviate

spasms and irregular gastrointestinal movements. It is widely endorsed by the Philippines'

33
Department of Health for treating conditions like stomach ache, abdominal pain, and

diarrhea. It can also function as an effective mouthwash due to its high fluoride content,

which helps prevent tooth decay47.

Sabana (Annona muricata) was the seventh common medicinal plant used in the

area at 24%. It was indicated for stomach ache and the manner of preparation was via

decoction and administered orally. There were no reported side effects and

contraindication, thus symptoms indicated were relieved. It is a well-known and

ethnomedicinally important species from the Annonaceae family. Research on Guyabano

has indeed focused on a group of natural compounds known as Annonaceous acetogenins,

which are found in various parts of the plant, including the leaves, bark, and fruit seeds.

Guyabano leaves are often prepared as an herbal tea.This tea is used as a sedative to induce

relaxation and alleviate anxiety.It is also known to have soporific effects, helping to induce

sleep. Additionally, the infusion of Guyabano leaves is used for pain relief and as an

antispasmodic to alleviate muscle spasms and cramps48. It have been investigated for their

gastroprotective activity, specifically their ability to protect the stomach from ethanol-

induced gastric injury in animal models49.

The commonly cited medicinal plant used in the community were Oregano

( Plectranthus amboinicus), Sambong (Blumea balsamifera), and Ulasimang bato

(Peperomia pellucida). In contrast to the study conducted by Tantengco et al.21, which

showed that Psidium guajava L. and Lunasia amara Blanco were the most commonly used

medicinal plant by Ayta community in Bataan, Philippines, whereas Piper decumanum L.

used for treatment bites are used by the Manobo tribe of Bayugan City, Philippines50.

34
 The indication, preparation, and administration of each medicinal plant identified

by the respondents were also determined as presented in Table 5. The commonly identified

indications include cough, fever, hypertension, and open wounds. Majority of medicinal

preparations include decoction and leaf extracts which are administered orally via drinking

and direct dermal application, respectively. This is supported by a study conducted by

Tantengco et al. used by Ayta communities, which identified that most medicinal plants

are taken orally such as drinking of decoction, gargling, and eating of fresh plant leaves.

Decoction refers to boiling of plant materials to extract its active compounds that render

its medicinal properties21. Oregano (Plectranthus amboinicus), or locally known as

“kalabo”, is frequently used by the respondents, prepared as decoction, and indicated for

cough and fever.

Sambong (Blumea balsamifera) was reported to be indicated for kidney stones,

hypertension, cough, and fever by the study respondents. This is prepared as a decoction

and utilized by drinking orally. This is supported by a study conducted by Dapar et al. on

medicinal plants used by the Manobo tribe in Bayugan City, Philippines, which supported

the indication, preparation, and administration reported by our respondents. However, the

study also reported that sambong can also be utilized for cough, fatigue, and headache50.

Direct application of sambong leaves as hot compress was also used in treating postpartum

abdominal pain51.

The study also assessed for the side effects and contraindications of each medicinal

plant. Nausea was the only reported side effect upon intake of the herbal plant decoction.

Among the most common side effects of herbal medicine intake are GI symptoms, this

35
include nausea, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. Other side effects reported are esophagitis,

bronchitis, dizziness, and urticaria52. No contraindication to the listed medicinal plants

were reported by the study respondents.

A respondent-reported assessment of the outcome on the use of the listed medicinal

plant was determined. The respondents indicated that symptoms were relieved after intake

of the listed medicinal plants. This is supported by a study of Gloria et al., indicating that

relief of symptoms ranked high in the perceived benefits of the use of medicinal plants.

Moreover, its availability in the community, cheap price of preparation, and long-standing

use in traditional practices supported the utilization of medicinal plants23.

This study would significantly impact the community of Brgy. Bantol, Marilog

District, Davao City as it would fortify the use of medicinal plants, including its proper

use, preparation, and indication for a particular disease. The limitation of this study is that

it utilized a quantitative, descriptive study design, thus no association were assessed. No

randomization was also conducted, thus, results of this study may not be applicable to the

general population.

36
 CHAPTER V

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, & RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter comprises the summary of the data collected from the respondents and

the conclusion obtained from the results. It also proposes suitable recommendations to give

out favorable information about providing practical ways of promoting safe and effective

usage of herbal medicine preparations among the adult population of Purok 1 Brgy. Bantol.

SUMMARY

This study was conducted to determine the use of herbal medicine among the adult

population of Purok 1 Brgy. Bantol, Marilog District, Davao City. A cross-sectional

research design was employed utilizing survey method and interview checklist as a

research instrument. The study utilized purposive sampling with a total enumeration of 157

adult respondents identified from 50 households.

Sociodemographic characteristics of the study respondents showed a mean age of

38 years old, the majority of the respondents are female (52.9%), highest educational

attainment is elementary level (47.1%) and self-employed (49.6%). Estimated monthly

income of Php 2500-4999 had the highest percentage of 36.3%, with 83 (52.9%) of the

respondents indicating that their monthly income is not sufficient.

37
 Ten medicinal plants were identified with Oregano or locally named “Kalabo”

having the highest percentage of use at 68.8% and Mayana is the least used at 9.6%.

Decoction is the most common method of preparation, and drinking decoction via oral

route as route of administration.

CONCLUSION

This study showed that the 157 adult respondents in Brgy. Bantol used a total of

ten plants for medicinal purposes. The medicinal plants with highest frequency of use

include Oregano (Plectranthus amboinicus), Sambong (Blumea balsamifera), and

Ulasimang bato (Peperomia pellucida). Cough, hypertension, stomach ache and open

wounds were among the most common indications of herbal plant use. These are prepared

via decoction and oral route as the most common route of administration. Nausea was

reported as a side effect upon intake of the medicinal plant with no reported

contraindications. The respondents stated that symptoms were relieved upon usage of the

identified medicinal plants.

RECOMMENDATIONS

● Expand catalog on the use of medicinal plants endemic to the community.

● Objectively assess the outcome of medicinal plant use by using a more robust study

design.

● Consider confounding variables such as use of prescription medicine, food

supplements, and nutritional status in assessing outcome of medicinal plant use.

38
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1;20(3):194–200. Available from:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5633671/
46. Caballero PLG, Cachuela JE. Bleeding Time using Moringa oleifera (Malunggay)
Leaf Extract versus Saline Control in a Rabbit Epistaxis Model: A Randomized
Controlled Trial. Philippine Journal of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery.
2017 Jun 29;32(1):14–6.
47. Forest tea/Tsaang gubat - Herbanext Laboratories, Inc. [Internet]. 2022. Available
from: https://www.herbanext.com/medicinal-herbs/forest-tea-tsaang-gubat
48. Kedari TS, Khan AA. Guyabano (Annona Muricata): A review of its Traditional
uses Phytochemistry and Pharmacology. 2014;2(10). Available from:
http://www.usa-journals.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Kedari_Vol210.pdf
49. Kadir A, Zorofchian Moghadamtousi S, Rouhollahi E, Karimian H, Ameen
Abdulla M, Fadaeinasab M. Gastroprotective activity of Annona muricata leaves
against ethanol-induced gastric injury in rats via Hsp70/Bax involvement. Drug
Design, Development and Therapy. 2014 Oct;2099.
50. Dapar MLG, Meve U, Liede-Schumann S, Alejandro GJD. Ethnomedicinal
appraisal and conservation status of medicinal plants among the Manobo tribe of
Bayugan City, Philippines. Biodiversitas [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2023 Oct 6];21(8).
Available from: https://smujo.id/biodiv/article/view/6531
51. Ong HG, Kim Y-D. Herbal therapies and social-health policies: Indigenous Ati
Negrito women’s dilemma and reproductive healthcare transitions in the
Philippines. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2023 Oct
6];2015:1–13. Available from:
https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2015/491209/
52. Gwee K-A, Holtmann G, Tack J, Suzuki H, Liu J, Xiao Y, et al. Herbal medicines
in functional dyspepsia—Untapped opportunities not without risks.
Neurogastroenterol Motil [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2023 Oct 6];33(2). Available
from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nmo.14044

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APPENDICES

45
 APPENDIX 1

INFORMED CONSENT

CERTIFICATE OF CONSENT

I have been invited to participate in a research study about assessment of the determinants
of herbal medicine use in Purok 1, Brgy. Bantol, Marilog District, Davao City.
The information written above has been read and explained to me. I have been given the
opportunity to ask questions about the study which were answered to my satisfaction. I am giving
my consent to participate in this study.

______________________ ______________________ ______________________

Participant’s Name Participant’s Signature Day/Month/Year

Witness or Legal Guardian’s Signature:

(Only when the participant can not read or sign this Informed Consent)
I have witnessed the reading of the consent form by the researcher to the participant. I
confirm that the participant was given the opportunity to ask questions and that the individual has
given his/her voluntary consent to be a part of the study.

______________________ ______________________ _____________________

Name of Guardian/Witness Signature of Guardian/Witness Day/Month/Year

Participant’s Participant’s
Left Thumb Print Right Thumb Print

Principal Investigator’s Signature:

I, the undersigned, certify to the best of my knowledge that the consent form has been read
and carefully explained to the participant, and that he/she clearly understands the nature, benefits,
and risks of his/her participation in this study.

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 ______________________ ______________________ ______________________
Principal Investigator’s Principal Investigator’s Day/Month/Year
Name Signature

Researcher's Copy

CERTIFICATE OF CONSENT

I have been invited to participate in a research study about assessment of the determinants
of herbal medicine use in Purok 1, Brgy. Bantol, Marilog District, Davao City.
The information written above has been read and explained to me. I have been given the
opportunity to ask questions about the study which were answered to my satisfaction. I am giving
my consent to participate in this study.

______________________ ______________________ ______________________

Participant’s Name Participant’s Signature Day/Month/Year

Witness or Legal Guardian’s Signature:

(Only when the participant can not read or sign this Informed Consent)
I have witnessed the reading of the consent form by the researcher to the participant. I
confirm that the participant was given the opportunity to ask questions and that the individual has
given his/her voluntary consent to be a part of the study.

______________________ ______________________ _____________________

Name of Guardian/Witness Signature of Guardian/Witness Day/Month/Year

Participant’s Participant’s
Left Thumb Print Right Thumb Print

Principal Investigator’s Signature:

I, the undersigned, certify to the best of my knowledge that the consent form has been read
and carefully explained to the participant, and that he/she clearly understands the nature, benefits,
and risks of his/her participation in this study.

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 ______________________ ______________________ ______________________
Principal Investigator’s Principal Investigator’s Day/Month/Year
Name Signature

Participant's Copy

KASULATAN SA PAGTUGOT

Gidapit ako sa pag-apil sa usa ka pagtuon bahin sa pag responde sa pag tuki sa mga
hinungdan sa pag gamit ug herbal na tambal sa Purok 1, Brgy. Bantol, Marilog District, Davao City
Ang impormasyon sa ibabaw gibasa ug gipasabot kanako. Gihatagan kog higayon sa
pagpangutana bahin niini, ug natubag ang akong mga pangutana sa akong katagbawan. Ako
boluntaryong mitugot nga mahimong partisipante niin nga pagtuon.

______________________ ______________________ ______________________

Pangalan sa Partisipante Pirma sa Partisipante Adlaw/Bulan/Tuig

Saksi o Legal nga Pirma sa Magbalantay

(Sa diha nga ang partisipante dili makabasa o makapirma niining Informed Consent)

Akong nasaksihan ang tukma nga pagbasa sa porma sa pagtugot sa partisipante. Ang
partisipante gihatagan og higayon sa pagpangutana. Gikumpirma nako nga ang nasampit nga
indibidwal naghatag ug boluntaryo nga pagtugot.

______________________ ______________________ _____________________

Ngalan sa Tigbantay/Saksi Pirma sa Tigbantay/Saksi Adlaw/Buwan/Tuig

Sa Partisipante Sa Partisipante
Wala nga Thumb Print Tuo nga Thumb Print

Pirma sa Principal na Imbestigador:

Ako, ang mipirma sa ubos, nagpamatuod sa labing maayo sa akong kahibalo nga ang porma
sa pagtugot gibasa ug mabinantayon nga gipasabut ngadto sa partisipante, ug nga siya tin-aw nga
nakasabut sa kinaiyahan, mga risgo ug mga benepisyo sa iyang pag-apil niini nga pagtuon.

48
 ______________________ ______________________ ______________________
Pangalan sa Principal na Prima sa Principal na Adlaw/Bulan/Tuig
Imbestigador Imbestigador

Kopya sa mga Researcher

KASULATAN SA PAGTUGOT

Gidapit ako sa pag-apil sa usa ka pagtuon bahin sa pag responde sa pag tuki sa mga
hinungdan sa pag gamit ug herbal na tambal sa Purok 1, Brgy. Bantol, Marilog District, Davao City
Ang impormasyon sa ibabaw gibasa ug gipasabot kanako. Gihatagan kog higayon sa
pagpangutana bahin niini, ug natubag ang akong mga pangutana sa akong katagbawan. Ako
boluntaryong mitugot nga mahimong partisipante niin nga pagtuon.

______________________ ______________________ ______________________

Pangalan sa Partisipante Pirma sa Partisipante Adlaw/Bulan/Tuig

Saksi o Legal nga Pirma sa Magbalantay

(Sa diha nga ang partisipante dili makabasa o makapirma niining Informed Consent)

Akong nasaksihan ang tukma nga pagbasa sa porma sa pagtugot sa partisipante. Ang
partisipante gihatagan og higayon sa pagpangutana. Gikumpirma nako nga ang nasampit nga
indibidwal naghatag ug boluntaryo nga pagtugot.

______________________ ______________________ _____________________

Ngalan sa Tigbantay/Saksi Pirma sa Tigbantay/Saksi Adlaw/Buwan/Tuig

Sa Partisipante Sa Partisipante
Wala nga Thumb Print Tuo nga Thumb Print

Pirma sa Principal na Imbestigador:

Ako, ang mipirma sa ubos, nagpamatuod sa labing maayo sa akong kahibalo nga ang porma
sa pagtugot gibasa ug mabinantayon nga gipasabut ngadto sa partisipante, ug nga siya tin-aw nga
nakasabut sa kinaiyahan, mga risgo ug mga benepisyo sa iyang pag-apil niini nga pagtuon.

49
 ______________________ ______________________ ______________________
Pangalan sa Principal na Prima sa Principal na Adlaw/Bulan/Tuig
Imbestigador Imbestigador

Kopya sa Partisipante

50
 APPENDIX 2

Interview Checklist

Directions: Please fill out the interview checklist based on the responses provided by the
respondents.
I. Details for the Interview:
1. Name of Barangay:
2. Name of respondent (optional)
3. Respondents code:
4. Interviewer:
5: Date and time:

II. Datos kabahin sa sosyolohikal na demograpiya sa mga respondente (Data on

socio-demographic characteristics)
1. Edad (age):
2. Kasarian (sex):
● Male
● Female
3. Nahuman na grado sa pag-eskwela (Educational attainment):
● Walay pormal na edukasyon (No formal education)
● Elementarya (Elementary)
● High school
● Senior High school
● Bokasyonal (Vocational)
● Kolehiyo (College)
4. Kahimtang sa pagpanarbaho
● Walay trabaho (Unemployed)
● Naay trabaho (Employed)
● Kaugalingong pagpanarbaho (Self-employed)
● Retirado (Retired)
5. Estimate sa sweldo kada bulan (Estimated monthly income)
● 0-999 Php
● 1000-2499 Php
● 2500-4999 Php
● 5000-9999 Php
● 10000 and above
6. Sa imoha panglantaw, ka igo ba inyong binulan na sweldo/pangita para sa
tibuok pamilya? (Do you think your monthly income is sufficient for the
entire family?)
● Oo (Yes)
● Dili (No)

III. Pagamit ug herbal na medisina (Herbal Medicine Use)

1. Unsa ang ginagamit nimo na herbal na tanom? (What herbal medicine do you
use?)

51
 2. Para sa asa nimo ginagamit? (What are the indications of its use?)

3. Gina unsa nimo pag andam sa herbal na tanom? (How do you prepare this herbal
plant?)

4. Kapila nimo siya gamiton, unsa ka daghan imong gina gamit, ug gina unsa nimo
siya pag gamit? (What is the frequency, dosage, and application of use?)

5. Naa ba ka namatikdan na dili maayong epekto sa pag gamit nimo sa herbal na

tanom? (Did you observe any side effects on the herbal plant used?)

6. Unsa ang mga gina dili sa pag gamit sa herbal na tanom? (What are the
contraindications of use?)

7. Unsa ang resulta sa pag gamit sa herbal na tanom? (What are the outcomes of
herbal medicine use?)

IV. Catalog of Herbal plant used (Species identification using PlantNet app/expert
consultation)

Local/Common name
Scientific name

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