1.

ANSI 51- AC Time Overcurrent Relay

Time overcurrent protection is where a protective relay initiates a breaker trip based on the combination
of overcurrent magnitude and overcurrent duration, the relay tripping sooner with greater current
magnitude. In protective relay-based systems, the time overcurrent protection function is designated by the
ANSI/IEEE number code 51. Time overcurrent protection allows for significant overcurrent magnitudes, so
long as these overcurrent events are brief enough that the power equipment avoids heat damage.

2. ANSI 50- Instantaneous Overcurrent Relay

The ANSI 50 relay is an instantaneous overcurrent protection device used in electrical power systems to
detect and isolate fault conditions. Its primary function is to monitor the current flowing through a power
system and trip the associated circuit breaker if the current exceeds a predetermined level, which is set to
protect the system from damage or prevent safety hazards. The ANSI 50 relay operates instantaneously and
does not allow any delay in tripping the circuit breaker in the event of a fault, which makes it suitable for
protecting critical equipment in the power system.

3. ANSI 51N- Neutral Time Overcurrent Relay

ANSI 51N refers to a type of Neutral Time Overcurrent (NTOC) Relay, which is a protective relay used in
power systems to detect overcurrent in the neutral path of a three-phase electrical network. The ANSI 51N
relay is specifically designed to protect power transformers by sensing and isolating faults that occur in the
neutral path of the transformer. The function of the ANSI 51N relay is to monitor the magnitude and duration
of the current flowing in the neutral path of the transformer. When the current exceeds a pre-determined
threshold, the relay operates and sends a trip signal to the circuit breaker, which opens and isolates the
transformer from the electrical network. This helps prevent damage to the transformer, as well as to other
equipment connected to the same network.
 4. ANSI 50N- Neutral Instantaneous Overcurrent Relay

ANSI 50N is a type of protective relay used in electrical power systems to detect and isolate overcurrent
that occur on the neutral conductor of a three-phase system. The 50N relay operates instantaneously
without any time delay, which makes it a critical component of the protection scheme for the neutral
conductor. The function of the 50N relay is to detect any fault or abnormal current on the neutral conductor
and trip the associated circuit breaker to isolate the fault. This is important because a fault on the neutral
conductor can create a dangerous situation, including the risk of electric shock to personnel or damage to
equipment. In addition to detecting overcurrent on the neutral conductor, the 50N relay can also be used
in conjunction with other protective relays to provide coordinated protection for the entire electrical
system. For example, the 50N relay can be used in combination with ANSI 50/51 overcurrent relays and ANSI
87 differential relays to detect and isolate faults on the power system.

5. ANSI 51G- Ground Time Overcurrent Relay

The function of the 51G relay is to detect any fault or abnormal current on the grounding system and trip
the associated circuit breaker to isolate the fault. This is important because a fault on the grounding system
can create a dangerous situation, including the risk of electric shock to personnel or damage to
equipment. The 51G relay operates with a time delay, which means it will trip after a specific time interval if
the fault persists. This time delay is typically set to allow for temporary faults to clear without tripping the
circuit breaker, while still providing fast and reliable protection against more severe faults.

6. ANSI 49- Transformer Thermal Relay

The ANSI 49 relay, also known as the transformer thermal relay, is a type of protective relay used in
electrical power systems to detect and prevent damage to power transformers due to overheating. The
primary function of the 49 relay is to monitor the temperature of the transformer and trip the associated
circuit breaker if the temperature exceeds a predetermined threshold.
 7. ANSI 87T – Transformer Differential Relay

The main function of the ANSI 87T relay is to detect any internal faults in the transformer and to isolate it
from the power system to prevent damage to the transformer and other equipment in the power system.
The relay operates by comparing the currents entering and leaving the transformer and tripping the circuit
breaker if there is a significant difference in current, indicating a fault in the transformer.

8. ANSI 36- Reverse Power Relay

The function of the ANSI 36 reverse power relay is to detect this reverse power flow and trip the
generator breaker to prevent damage to the generator. The relay measures the power flow direction and
magnitude, and if the power flow is reversed and exceeds a set threshold, it sends a signal to trip the
generator breaker. In addition to protecting the generator, the ANSI 36 reverse power relay also helps to
prevent system instability and voltage collapse. It is a critical component of power system protection and is
used in a variety of applications, including cogeneration and combined cycle power plants.

9. ANSI 55- Power Factor Relay

The ANSI 55 power factor relay is a protective device used in electrical power systems to monitor the
power factor of the system and to protect against abnormal conditions. Its primary function is to detect and
measure the power factor of an AC power system and to trip the circuit breaker if the power factor falls
below a preset level.
 10. ANSI 59- Over Voltage Relay

The overvoltage relay is designed to detect and trip the circuit breaker when the voltage level in the
system exceeds a preset value. This helps prevent damage to equipment such as transformers, generators,
and motors, which can occur when the voltage level exceeds the rated value. In addition to protecting
equipment from overvoltage conditions, the overvoltage relay can also be used to detect faults in the
system, such as lightning strikes or switching surges, which can cause voltage spikes.

11. ANSI 60- Voltage or Current Balance Relay

The voltage or current balance relay is designed to detect and trip the circuit breaker when the voltage
or current in any phase of a three-phase circuit deviates from the expected value. This helps prevent
damage to equipment such as motors, generators, and transformers, which can occur when the voltage or
current in one phase is significantly different from the other two phases. In addition to protecting equipment
from unbalanced conditions, the voltage or current balance relay can also be used to detect faults in the
system, such as phase-to-phase or phase-to-ground faults, which can cause unbalanced conditions.

12. ANSI 64- Ground Protective Relay

The ANSI 64 ground protective relay is designed to detect ground faults and send a signal to trip the
associated circuit breaker. The relay works by measuring the current flowing through the system and
comparing it to a set threshold. If the current exceeds the threshold, the relay will send a signal to trip the
circuit breaker and isolate the fault.
 13. ANSI 67- AC Directional Overcurrent Relay

The ANSI 67 relay is designed to measure the magnitude and phase angle of the current flowing in a
power system and provide protection against overcurrent that exceed a predetermined level. The relay
operates only when the current flow direction is consistent with the directional setting of the relay. In other
words, the relay will only operate if the current is flowing in the direction that the relay is set to protect
against. The directional feature of the ANSI 67 relay is important because it helps to minimize the damage
caused by faults in the power system. By only tripping the circuit breaker when the fault is in the direction
that the relay is set to detect, the relay can prevent unnecessary power interruptions and damage to
equipment.

14. ANSI 76- DC Overcurrent Relay

The relay operates by sensing the magnitude of the current flowing through the protected circuit and
comparing it to a set point value. If the current exceeds this set point value, the relay will trip and
disconnect the circuit from the power source, thereby preventing damage to the system and any
connected equipment. The ANSI 76 standard provides specific requirements and guidelines for the design,
testing, and application of DC overcurrent relays. This includes specifications for the relay's operating
characteristics, response time, trip circuitry, and coordination with other protective devices in the system.

76
6

15. ANSI 78- Out-of-Step Protective Relay

ANSI 78 refers to the standard for Out-of-Step Protective Relays (also known as power swing relays).
These protective relays are used in power systems to detect and isolate faults that occur during power
swings, which are rapid changes in power flow caused by disturbances such as transmission line faults,
system switching, or generator trips. When an out-of-step condition occurs, the power system can become
unstable and lead to a cascading failure, resulting in a blackout. Out-of-Step Protective Relays are
designed to detect these unstable conditions and isolate the fault before it causes damage to the system.
 16. ANSI 81- Frequency Relay

The relay operates by monitoring the frequency of the AC signal and comparing it to a set point value. If
the frequency deviates outside of a predetermined range, the relay will trip and disconnect the circuit from
the power source, thereby preventing damage to the system and any connected equipment. Frequency
relays are important in maintaining the stability of AC electrical systems by detecting and responding to
abnormal frequency conditions that can result from a variety of causes, such as generator failure, load
shedding, or system disturbances. They are commonly used in industrial and utility applications where high
levels of reliability and performance are required.

17. ANSI 87- Differential Protective Relay

The relay operates by monitoring the difference between the currents flowing into and out of a
protected device or system, such as a transformer or motor. If the difference in current exceeds a set point
value, the relay will trip and disconnect the circuit from the power source, thereby preventing damage to
the device or system. Differential protective relays are important in protecting critical devices and systems
from damage caused by internal faults, such as winding or core insulation failures in transformers. They are
commonly used in industrial and utility applications where high levels of reliability and performance are
required.

18. ANSI 82- DC Reclosing Relay

The relay operates by detecting the interruption of current flow through the breaker and initiating a
sequence of operations that will close and re-energize the breaker after a predetermined time delay. This
helps to minimize the duration of the outage and restore power to the affected equipment or system. DC
reclosing relays are important in maintaining the reliability and availability of DC electrical systems by
quickly restoring power after a fault or overload condition. They are commonly used in industrial and utility
applications where uninterrupted power supply is critical, such as in transportation systems, data centers,
and telecommunications networks.
 19. ANSI 86- Locking-Out Relay

The relay operates by monitoring the status of the breaker or switch and tripping the lock-out relay when
a fault or overload condition is detected. Once the lock-out relay is tripped, it will prevent the breaker or
switch from being closed again until the fault has been cleared and the relay has been reset. Locking-out
relays are important in ensuring the safety of personnel and equipment by preventing the inadvertent re-
energization of a circuit that may be carrying a fault or overload condition. They are commonly used in
industrial and utility applications where high levels of safety and reliability are required.

20. ANSI 74- Alarm Relay

The relay operates by monitoring specific parameters in the system, such as voltage, current,
temperature, or pressure, and comparing them to set point values. When the measured values exceed or
fall below these set points, the relay will activate an alarm or signal to alert operators or maintenance
personnel to the condition. Alarm relays are important in providing early warning of abnormal or potentially
dangerous conditions in electrical systems, allowing for timely corrective action to be taken. They are
commonly used in industrial and utility applications where the continuous monitoring of critical parameters is
required for safe and reliable operation.

21. ANSI 68- Blocking Relay/ Power Swing Blocking

ANSI 68 is a standard designation for a type of protective relay that is used to block or prevent the
operation of other protective relays during power swings in the electrical system. Power swings are
oscillations in the electrical system that occur when there is a sudden change in power flow or generation,
which can result in unstable conditions and false tripping of protective relays. The blocking relay operates
by monitoring the electrical system for changes in voltage and frequency, which are indicative of power
swings. When a power swing is detected, the relay will block the operation of other protective relays that
are sensitive to power swings, such as distance relays or directional overcurrent relays. Once the power
swing has stabilized, the blocking relay will allow the operation of these relays to resume.
 22. ANSI 63- Pressure Switch Detector Relay

Pressure switch detector relays are particularly important in high-voltage electrical systems, where
changes in pressure can indicate potentially dangerous conditions. For example, a sudden increase in
pressure within a transformer may indicate an impending failure, and the pressure switch detector relay can
respond by immediately shutting down the transformer to prevent damage or injury. The ANSI 63 standard
provides specific requirements and guidelines for the design, testing, and application of pressure switch
detector relays. This includes specifications for the relay's operating characteristics, response time,
coordination with other protective devices, and testing procedures to ensure reliable performance.

23. ANSI 53- Exciter or DC Generator Relay

ANSI 53 is a standard designation for a type of protective relay known as an exciter or DC generator
relay. This relay is used to protect DC generators and exciters by monitoring the voltage output of the
system and detecting any abnormal conditions that could cause damage to the equipment. The ANSI
53 exciter or DC generator relay typically includes multiple protective functions, such as overvoltage
protection, undervoltage protection, and overexcitation protection. These protective functions are
designed to detect specific voltage conditions within the electrical system and trigger appropriate
responses to prevent damage to the generator or exciter.

24. ANSI 47- Phase-Sequence or Phase Balance Voltage Relay

The ANSI 47 relay operates by measuring the voltage levels of each phase and comparing them to one
another to ensure that they are properly balanced and in the correct sequence. If the relay detects an
imbalance or incorrect sequence, it will trigger appropriate responses to protect the equipment and
prevent damage to the electrical system. The protective functions of the ANSI 47 relay can include phase
reversal protection, phase imbalance protection, and phase loss protection. These functions are designed
to detect and respond to specific voltage conditions in the electrical system that could cause damage to
the equipment or interrupt the system's operation.
 25. ANSI 44- Unit Sequence Starting Relay

The ANSI 44 relay operates by monitoring the starting sequence of multiple units and ensuring that they
start in the correct order. If the relay detects an abnormal starting sequence or a failure of one or more units
to start, it will trigger appropriate responses to protect the equipment and prevent damage to the system.
The protective functions of the ANSI 44 relay can include under-voltage protection, phase loss protection,
and current imbalance protection. These functions are designed to detect specific conditions during the
starting sequence that could cause damage to the equipment or interrupt the system's operation.

26. ANSI 32- Directional Power Relay

The ANSI 32 relay operates by measuring the power flow in the system and determining the direction of
the flow. If the relay detects an abnormal power flow or a fault in the system, it will trigger appropriate
responses to protect the equipment and prevent damage to the system. The protective functions of the
ANSI 32 relay can include overcurrent protection, under/over voltage protection, and directional power
protection. These functions are designed to detect and respond to specific conditions in the electrical
system that could cause damage to the equipment or interrupt the system's operation.

27. ANSI 21- Distance Relay

The ANSI 21 relay operates by measuring the voltage and current on the transmission line and calculating the
impedance of the line. If the relay detects an abnormal impedance or a fault in the system, it will trigger appropriate
responses to protect the equipment and prevent damage to the system. The protective functions of the ANSI 21 relay
can include overcurrent protection, under/over voltage protection, and fault location detection. These functions are
designed to detect and respond to specific conditions in the electrical system that could cause damage to the
equipment or interrupt the system's operation.
 28. ANSI 27-Under Voltage Relay

The ANSI 27 relay operates by continuously monitoring the voltage level of the system and comparing it
to a predetermined voltage threshold. If the voltage drops below this threshold, the relay will activate and
trigger appropriate responses to protect the equipment and prevent damage to the system. The protective
functions of the ANSI 27 relay can include tripping circuit breakers, activating alarms, and initiating backup
power sources. These functions are designed to detect and respond to specific conditions in the electrical
system that could cause damage to the equipment or interrupt the system's operation.

29. ANSI 40- Field Relay/ Loss of Excitation

The ANSI 40 relay operates by continuously monitoring the excitation level of the system and comparing it to
a predetermined threshold. If the excitation level drops below this threshold, the relay will activate and
trigger appropriate responses to protect the equipment and prevent damage to the system. The protective
functions of the ANSI 40 relay can include tripping circuit breakers, activating alarms, and initiating backup
power sources. These functions are designed to detect and respond to specific conditions in the electrical
system that could cause damage to the equipment or interrupt the system's operation.

30. ANSI 81- Frequency Relay

The frequency of an electrical power system is an indication of the balance between power generation
and load demand. When there is an imbalance between generation and load, the frequency of the power
system can deviate from its nominal value. This can lead to a range of problems, including equipment
damage, power outages, and instability of the power system. The ANSI 81 frequency relay operates by
continuously monitoring the frequency of the power system and triggering appropriate responses when the
frequency deviates from a predetermined range. This range is typically set between 59.3 Hz and 60.5 Hz for
a 60 Hz system, and between 49 Hz and 51 Hz for a 50 Hz system. When the frequency of the power system
falls outside of this range, the ANSI 81 relay can activate a variety of protective functions, including tripping
circuit breakers, shedding load, and initiating backup power sources. These functions are designed to
restore the balance between power generation and load demand, thereby preventing further frequency
deviation and maintaining the stability of the power system.
 31. ANSI 87G- Generator Differential Relay

The ANSI 87G generator differential relay is a type of protective relay that is used to protect generators from
internal faults such as short circuits, ground faults, and phase-to-phase faults. This relay is critical in ensuring
the safe and reliable operation of generators, which are a key component in many electrical power
systems. The ANSI 87G generator differential relay operates by continuously monitoring the current flowing
into and out of the generator windings. If the current flowing into the generator does not equal the current
flowing out of the generator, this indicates that a fault has occurred within the generator windings.

32. ANSI 46- Reverse-Phase or Phase Balance Current Relay or Stator Current Unbalance

The ANSI 46 reverse-phase or phase balance current relay is a type of protective relay that is used to
monitor the current balance in three-phase electrical power systems. This relay is designed to detect
unbalanced current conditions that could result in equipment damage, power outages, and other issues.
The ANSI 46 relay operates by continuously monitoring the current in each of the three phases of the
electrical power system. If the current in any one phase deviates significantly from the current in the other
two phases, this indicates an unbalanced current condition. The ANSI 46 relay can then trigger appropriate
responses, such as tripping circuit breakers or initiating corrective actions, to prevent further damage to the
equipment and the power system.

SUBMITTED BY: JOHN DAVE RUDY BSEE-4B