Ivana Majovská, IV.

AB
Homework

1. Describe the functions of the digestive system

- Food intake and processing it, absorption and releasing of waste product of digestion.
- Secretion: Delivery of enzymes, mucus
- Absorption: Transport of water, ions and nutrients into blood
- Motility: Contraction of smooth muscle in the wall of the tube that crush, mix and
move its contents

2. Characterize intracellular digestion, extracorporal digestion, mechanical

digestion
- intracellular digestion: happens inside the cells
- extracorporal digestion: happens outside the cells (in organs – stomach)
- mechanical digestion: the aspects of digestion achieved through a mechanism –
structures (teeth) or movement. There are two types of mechanical digestions, Mastication
(chewing) and Peristalis

3. Describe the structure of the stomach

1. Cardia
2. Fundus
3. Lesser curvature
4. Three layers of smooth muscle
5. Pylorus
6. Greater curvature

4. Characterize the structure and functions of the mouth, large intestine and the
liver
- Mouth: foodstuffs are broken down mechanically by chewing (teeth and lingua) and
chemically by enzyme amylase -ptyalin – breaks down sugars.
- Large intestine: consists of the cecum with appendix (filled with lymphatic tissue) and
colon. The larger part of the intestine is the colonm which extends from the cecum to the anus
and includes the ascending colon, the transverse colon, the descending colon, the sigmoid
colon, and the rectum. The main function is to absorb water from the remaining indigestible
food mater – waste product and transmit the useless waste material from the body. Other
functions: reverse absorption of water and some salt, presents of rotting and fermenting
bacteria – formation of faeces and intestine gases, breaking down bile pigments and formation
of sterkobilin and urobilin.
- The liver: the largest gland in the body, located under the diaphragm on the right side of the
abdominal cavity. Its is important for metabolism and digestion. Liver cells process, convert,
store, or return back into the blood a large proportion of substances absorbed through the
small intestine through the portal bloodstream, Another function is the detoxification of
substances in the liver and lowering the unnecessary substances occurs.

5. Characterize the functions of the following enzymes: ptyalin, pepsin, trypsin, lipase,
amylase, chymosine
- ptyalin breaks down sugars
-pepsin: able to split proteins
- trypsin: digestion of proteins
- lipase: breaks lipids
- amylase: breaks down sugars
- chymosine: coagulates milk in children, irritation of the stomach, can cause
antiperistalic movement – it is protective refles – vomiting

6. List vitamines soluable in water and fat

Water soluble vitamines: Thiamine (vitamin B1), Riboflavin (vitamin B2), Niacin (vitamin B3),
Pantothenic acod, Biotin, Pyridoxine (vitamin B6) Folic acid, Cobalamin (vitamin B12), Ascorbic acid
(vitamin C)
Fat soluble vitamines: vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E

6. Name the parts of digestive system in the picture

1. Ascending colon
2. Caecum
3. Rectum
4. Anus
5. Transverse colon
6. Descending colon
7. Sigmoid colon
 8. Describe the structure of a tooth
1. Crown
2. Neck
3. Root
4. Enamel
5. Dentine
6. Gum (gingiva)
7. Cementum
8. Opening at tip of root

9. Characterize the structure and functions of the stomach, small intestine and
pancreas
- the stomach: walls consist of mucus membrane, sub-mucus connective tissue, 3 layers of
smooth muscle. Gastric juice: HCL – hydrochloric acid – needed for activation of pepsinogen,
mucus – alcalic and enzymes (pepsin, lipase, chymosine). Peristaltic movement mixes food
with gastric juice

- small intestine: the place where the final stages of chemical digestion occur and where
almost all nutrients are absorbed. It is also the longest section of the digestive tube and
consists of three segments forming a passage from the pylorus to the large intestine. The
internal walls of the small intestine are cover in finger-like tissue called villi. These villi and
microvilli increase the surface area available for the absorption of nutrients.

- pancreas: located below the stomach in bending of the duodenum. I tis made up of lobes, of
which are leaving thin ducts. They are joining together to enter into the duodenum, in which
is emptied the pancreatic juice. Pancreas is the gland with endocrine function and also the
exocrine function. It is formed by a cluster of interstitial cells called Islets of Langerhans
which produce hormones, insulin and glucagon that regulate blood sugar.
10. Name the parts of digestive system in the picture
1. Salivary gland
2. Liver
3. Gall bladder
4. Duodenum
5. Oesophagus
6. Stomach
7. Pancreas

11. Name and briefly characterise 5 diseases of DS.

Crohn disease – chronic inflammation of the digestive tract, usually occuring in the terminal
portion of the ileum, the region of the small intestine farthest from the stomach.

Celiac disease – an inherited autoimmune digestive disorder in which people cannot tolerate
gluten, a protein constituent of wheat, barley, malt, and rye flours. General symptomps are the
passage of foul, pale-coloured stools (steatorrhea), progressive malnutrion, diarrhea,
decreased appetite and weight oss, multiple vitamin deficiences, stunting...
Liver cancer - any of several forms of disease characterized by tumours in the liver; benign liver
tumours remain in the liver, whereas malignant tumours are, by definition, cancerous. Most malignant
liver tumours are hepatomas, also called hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs). HCCs are relatively rare
in the United States, accounting for between 2 and 4 percent of all...

Stomach cancer - a disease characterized by abnormal growth of cells in the stomach. The incidence
of stomach cancer has decreased dramatically since the early 20th century in countries where
refrigeration has replaced other methods of food preservation such as salting, smoking, and pickling.
Stomach cancer rates remain high in countries where these processes are still...

Cirhosis - irreversible change in the normal liver tissue that results in the degeneration of functioning
liver cells and their replacement with fibrous connective tissue. Cirrhosis can have a number of causes;
the term is applied whenever the end result is scarring of the liver. Laënnec, or portal, cirrhosis is
primarily caused by excessive and chronic alcohol...