INTRODUCTION population (Pawarti DR, 2009).

The 3 most widely accepted rhinitis

Allergic Rhinitis (AR) is an
subgroups thus far are allergic rhinitis (AR),
inflammatory process of the nasal mucosa
infectious rhinitis, and nonallergic
driven by an immunoglobulin E (IgE)-
noninfectious rhinitis (NAR). AR is an
mediated type 1 hypersensitivity response,
inflammatory condition caused by an IgE-
due to an allergen exposure. Classically,
mediated response to a spectrum of
seasonal AR was thought to be associated
environmental allergens, including pollens,
with outdoor allergens and perennial AR
dust mite, cockroach frass, animal dander,
with indoor year-round exposure to
rodents, and molds. Infection Rhinitis caused
allergens. Sensitization to allergens may be
by Bacterial or viral infection, commonly
identified on skin or in vitro testing which
found in children. Noninfectious nonallergic
assesses the presence of allergen-specific
rhinitis (NAR) is a heterogeneous group of
IgE (sIgE) (Emeryk, Emeryk-Maksymiuk
nasal conditions in which the diagnosis
& Janeczek 2019; Wise et al. 2023).
requires negative systemic IgE testing. NAR
Allergic rhinitis is a global health problem
classification are drug-induced rhinitis,
that can occur in all countries, all
gustatory rhinitis, hormone-induced rhinitis,
ethnicities, all age groups, with a peak
atrophic rhinitis, rhinitis of the elderly, and
during the productive age. The prevalence
Idiopathic Rhinitis (IR) (Papadopoulos &
of AR tends to increase in recent decades,
Guibas 2016).
making it a global health issue (Pawarti DR,
Anatomy
2009). The prevalence of AR has been
External Nose
reported from 5% to 50% worldwide.
Nasal pyramid consists of
Prevalence reporting is dependent on the
osteocartilaginous framework covered by
method of diagnosis and age of participants
muscles and skin. Upper one-third of the
studied, which may explain some of the
external nose is bony while lower two-thirds
variability in reported AR prevalence (Wise
are cartilaginous. The bony part consists of
et al. 2023). In the United States, the
two nasal bones which meet in the midline
prevalence of AR in the adult population
and rest on the upper part of the nasal process
ranges from 20-30%, while in children, it
of the frontal bones and are themselves held
reaches 40%. In Indonesia, existing
between the frontal processes of the maxillae.
epidemiological data based on hospital
Cartilaginous Part consist of Upper lateral
occurrences and surveys do not fully
cartilages, Lower lateral cartilages (alar
represent the overall occurrence in the
cartilages), Lesser alar (or sesamoid)