minerals
Article
Study on Key Parameter Design and Adaptability Technology
of the 110 Mining Method for the Yuwang NO.1 Coal Mine in
the Diandong Mining Area
Xingen Ma 1,2,3, * , Manchao He 3 , Bing Hu 2 , Dalong Wang 4 , Cunqiang Chen 4 , Jing Li 3 , Jianxun Gao 2 , Qi Jiang 2
and Zongrong Bai 5
Citation: Ma, X.; He, M.; Hu, B.;
Wang, D.; Chen, C.; Li, J.; Gao, J.;
Jiang, Q.; Bai, Z. Study on Key
Parameter Design and Adaptability
Technology of the 110 Mining
Method for the Yuwang NO.1 Coal
Mine in the Diandong Mining Area.
Minerals 2023, 13, 176. https://
doi.org/10.3390/min13020176
Academic Editor: Yosoon Choi
Received: 29 November 2022
Revised: 17 January 2023
Accepted: 24 January 2023
Published: 26 January 2023
Copyright: © 2023 by the authors.
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
This article is an open access article
distributed under the terms and
conditions of the Creative Commons
Attribution (CC BY) license (https://
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/
4.0/).
Minerals 2023, 13, 176. https://doi.org/10.3390/min13020176
1 Coal Burst Research Center of China Jiangsu, Xuzhou 221000, China
2 Huaneng Coal Technology Research Co., China Huaneng, Beijing 100070, China
3 State Key Laboratory for Geomechanics and Deep Underground Engineering, China University of Mining
and Technology (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
4 Huaneng Yunnan Diandong Energy Co., Ltd., Qujing 655000, China
5 Shaanxi Guojiahe Coal Industry Co., Ltd., Xi’an 721599, China
* Correspondence: maxingen.cumtb@foxmail.com
Abstract: The 110 mining method is a high-efficiency entry-retaining technology without coal pillars
or filling materials. At present, there is no precedent for its application in the Huaneng Group. In
order to introduce this technology, it is planned to carry out experimental application research in
the Yuwang NO.1 Coal Mine of the Huaneng Diandong mining area. The Yuwang NO.1 Coal Mine
is a typical coal and gas outburst mine with a coal seam group. In view of the introduction of the
110 mining method under these conditions, first, the geological conditions of the Yuwang NO.1 Coal
Mine in the Huaneng Diandong mining area are analyzed, the geological characteristics of the test
mining face are summarized, and the practical feasibility of the 110 mining method is analyzed
according to the geological characteristics of “one soft, one low, two high, and two complex”. Then,
according to the engineering experience, calculations, and analysis, the key parameters of roof cutting
of the test mining face in the Yuwang NO.1 Coal Mine are obtained, and with the help of a numerical
simulation, the roof-cutting height, the roof-cutting angle, and the blasting parameters are numerically
simulated and analyzed. The roof-cutting key parameters of the test face are obtained as follows: the
roof-cutting depth is 7 m, the roof-cutting angle is 15◦ , and the blasting method is continuous hole
blasting with 500 mm spacing. After that, according to the coal and gas outburst and the occurrence
conditions of coal seams in the Yuwang NO.1 Coal Mine, a variety of gob closure design schemes
and gob gas drainage design schemes are put forward, and the field effect investigation scheme
is given. After the tunnels and open-off cut of the test coal mine’s first mining face are connected,
under the guidance of the above research results, the field blasting test and the 110 mining method
entry-retaining test are further carried out to verify the rationality of the design of the roof-cutting
parameters and the feasibility of the gangue wall closure and gas drainage design. Furthermore, in
the process of the field practice, continuous research is carried out on the stope pressure law and the
adjacent layer gas drainage technology under the 110 mining method, and finally, the 110 mining
method application technology system in the Diandong Mining Area is formed.
Keywords: Diandong Mining Area; coal and gas outburst; coal seam group; 110 mining method;
parameter design; adaptive technology
1. Introduction
The increasing tension of coal resources and the deepening of mining depths are two
major trends facing China and the world in the coal mining field at this stage [1,2]. With the
continuous development of support materials and mining equipment, the coal recovery rate
in subterranean coal mines has greatly improved; meanwhile, the prevention and control of
https://www.mdpi.com/journal/minerals
Minerals 2023, 13, 176 2 of 30

mine pressure has become more mature [3]. However, the mining layout technology of the
working face with reserved section protective pillars is still the mainstream mining mode
in China’s mines. The reserve of sectional coal pillars fundamentally restricts the further
improvement of coal recovery in the mining area and also increases the amount of entry
excavation and the risk of pressure disaster in the tunnel [4,5]. Therefore, the traditional
longwall mining face layout technology needs to be optimized urgently. As a mining
method without coal pillars, entry-retaining technology can cancel sectional coal pillar
retaining when mining the working face, and the entry can be used for the next working
face through maintenance along the goaf. As early as the 1930s, researchers in the Soviet
Union had begun to try to mine longwall faces without coal pillars. After the 1950s, with
the continuous efforts of researchers in the Soviet Union (Russia), the United Kingdom,
Germany, China, and other countries, entry-retaining technology gradually became the
main research direction of longwall mining [6]. Since its use in China in the 1950s, entry-
retaining technology has been an important technical development direction of coal mining
in China [7]. However, at present, traditional roadway retention is mostly realized by
supporting and filling beside the roadway, which has a high cost and a complicated
process. Compared with working face mining, roadway retention construction often has
lag, which seriously restricts the application and development of gob roadway retention
technology [8,9].
In view of this, Academician Manchao He further proposed entry-retaining technology
for roof-cutting pressure relief without coal pillars based on the short-arm beam theory
in 2008 [4,10]. The core of this technology is that under the conditions of strengthening
the roof with high prestress and a large deformation constant resistance anchor cable,
directional presplitting blasting is carried out at the goaf side of the retaining roof along
the direction of the groove to cut off the stress transfer between the retaining roof and the
goaf roof. After the working face is mined, the goaf roof collapses, and the goaf is filled
with the characteristics of broken and bulging caved gangue so as to realize the automatic
lane formation without any coal pillars or filling materials. The technology effectively
solves the two major problems of a high confining pressure and difficulty supporting,
greatly improves the efficiency and reduces the cost of the retaining roadway along gob,
and greatly improves the application scope of entry-retaining technology [11–13]. In
recent years, the goaf-retaining technology of roof cutting and pressure relief has been
successfully tested in multiple mines, and the research on key technologies and supporting
equipment is relatively mature. For example, Xiaoming Sun took the 1610 working face of
the Nantun Coal Mine as an engineering example and elaborated the design method of
key parameters of self-formed roadways for roof cutting and pressure relief in a thin coal
seam [14]. Taking the 3118 working face of the Jiayang Coal Mine as an example, Zhibiao
Guo conducted an in-depth study on the parameters of roof pre-cracking and cutting seams
and supporting technology [15]. In the application study of the 110 working method in the
Tashan Coal Mine, Xingen Ma systematically summarized the mine pressure appearance
and the overburden migration law under the condition of a composite hard roof [16].
However, under some special working conditions, there are still many key problems to be
solved in the application of the 110 working method.
The coal industry capacity of the China Huaneng Group exceeds 100 million tons, but
the resources are scattered, and more than 80% of coal resources are located in remote areas,
such as Xinjiang, Gansu, Inner Mongolia, Yunnan, and so on, whose geological conditions
are diverse and complex. Affected by the major disasters of typical coal mines, such as coal
and gas outbursts, rock bursts, water, and fire, there is no precedent for the application
of the 110 mining method in the China Huaneng Group at present [17,18]. Through a
series of investigations and technical exchanges and in combination with the characteristics
of the Huaneng Coal Mine, the China Huaneng Group plans to carry out introductory
test research on the applicability of the 110 mining method in the Eastern Yunnan Mining
Area. There are few application cases of the 110 mining method in coal and gas outburst
mines and no systematic successful cases in the industry. This paper mainly aims at the
 application of the 110 mining method in the China Huaneng Group at present [17,18].
Through a series of investigations and technical exchanges and in combination with the
characteristics of the Huaneng Coal Mine, the China Huaneng Group plans to carry out
introductory test research on the applicability of the 110 mining method in the Eastern
Minerals 2023, 13, 176 3 of 30
Yunnan Mining Area. There are few application cases of the 110 mining method in coal
and gas outburst mines and no systematic successful cases in the industry. This paper
mainly aims at the occurrence characteristics of thin coal seams, coal and gas outburst,
occurrence characteristics
complex geological of thin
structures, coal
and so seams, coal
on in the and gasEast
Huaneng outburst,
Yunnancomplex
Mininggeological
Area and
structures,
carries out research on key parameter design and adaptability technology ofresearch
and so on in the Huaneng East Yunnan Mining Area and carries out the 110
on key parameter
mining method fordesign and adaptability
the Yuwang No.1 Coal technology
Mine in EastofYunnan
the 110Mining
miningArea.
method for the
Yuwang No.1 Coal Mine in East Yunnan Mining Area.
2. Overview of Yuwang No.1 Coal Mine
2. Overview of Yuwang No.1 Coal Mine
2.1. Overview
2.1. Overview of of the
theMine
Mine
The Yuwang
The YuwangNo.1 No.1Coal
CoalMine
Mineisisaafuel-supporting
fuel-supportingproject project for
forthe
thepower
powerplantplant ofofthe
the
Huaneng Yunnan Yuwang Coal and Power Integration Project,
Huaneng Yunnan Yuwang Coal and Power Integration Project, which is one of the “Four which is one of the “Four
Hundred”key
Hundred” keyconstruction
construction projects
projects in in
thethe Yunnan
Yunnan Province
Province and and was started
was started in Marchin March
2009.
2009.
The Theismine
mine located is located in the Yuwang
in the Yuwang Township, Township,
Qujing City, Qujing
YunnanCity, Yunnanapproximately
Province, Province, ap-
proximately
100 km from 100Fuyuan km from Fuyuan
County, 170 County,
km from170 km from
Qujing City,Qujing
and 25City, km and
from25thekmShankun
from the
Shankun Expressway (the traffic location is shown in Figure
Expressway (the traffic location is shown in Figure 1). The wellfield is approximately 1). The wellfield is ap-
4.2 km to 10.2 km long and 1.8 km to 7.1 km wide with a wellfield area of 31.75 kmof
proximately 4.2 km to 10.2 km long and 1.8 km to 7.1 km wide with a wellfield area 2,
31.75 km ,reserves
geological 2 geological reserves
of 653 millionoftonnes,
653 million tonnes,
industrial industrial
reserves of 520reserves of 520 million
million tonnes, design
tonnes, design
recoverable recoverable
reserves of 336reserves
millionoftonnes,
336 million tonnes,
a design a design production
production capacity ofcapacity
3 million of
3 million tonnes/a,
tonnes/a, and a serviceand life
a service
of 79.9life of 79.9
years. Theyears. The coal
coal seams seams
mined in mined
the fieldinare
themedium
field are
medium
ash, ash, low-to-high
low-to-high sulphur, high sulphur, high
calorific calorific
value, value, low exceptionally
low phosphorus, phosphorus, exceptionally
low chlorine,
low good
and chlorine, and stability
thermal good thermal
No. 3stability
anthracite No.coal.
3 anthracite coal. Thestrata
The coal-bearing coal-bearing
in the minestrataare
in
thePermian
the mine areLongtan
the Permian GroupLongtan
and theGroup
Changxingand the Changxing
Group, with 11 Group, with 11
recoverable andrecoverable
partially
and partially
recoverable recoverable
coal seams, with coal seams,
a total with a total
recoverable recoverable
coal coal seam
seam thickness thickness
of 32.28 m and of 32.28
mainly
m andand
stable mainly stablestable
relatively and relatively
medium-thickstable coal
medium-thick
seams withcoal seams with
a thickness a thickness
of 2–3 m, whichofare 2–
more
3 m, suitable
which are formore
mining. The coal
suitable for seams
mining. areThe
gently
coalburied
seams with a dip angle
are gently buried 6–15◦aand
of with dip
moderate layer and
angle of 6–15° spacing, making
moderate for good
layer spacing,resource
making conditions.
for good Although the coal seams
resource conditions. Alt-
are not spontaneously combustible and have no risk of explosion,
hough the coal seams are not spontaneously combustible and have no risk of explosion, the gas content is high
and
the the
gas permeability
content is high is low,
andandthe there is a risk of
permeability is coal
low,andandgasthereprotrusion,
is a risk soof the
coaltechnical
and gas
conditions
protrusion,for somining are complex.
the technical conditions for mining are complex.

Figure1.1.Schematic
Figure Schematicdiagram
diagramof
oftraffic
trafficlocations.
locations.

2.2.
2.2. Overview
Overview ofof the
the Working
WorkingFace
Face
The 1010201 working
The 1010201 working face face is the firstfirst
is the working face face
working of theofYuwang No.1 Coal
the Yuwang No.1Mine
Coaland is
Mine
also the first back-mining face of the Huaneng Diandong Mine Area. The
and is also the first back-mining face of the Huaneng Diandong Mine Area. The working working face has
an elevation
face has anofelevation
+1535.7~+1254.4 m, corresponding
of +1535.7~+1254.4 to a surface elevation
m, corresponding of +1690~2000
to a surface elevation m,
of
and a burial depth of 500~550 m. It belongs to the C2 coal seam,
+1690~2000 m, and a burial depth of 500~550 m. It belongs to the C2 coal seam, which is the uppermost
which is
recoverable coal seam of the Yuwang No.1 Coal Mine, and the average distance between it
and the lower recoverable coal seam C3 is 15.17 m. The working face is planned to start
back mining in July 2022; the succeeding face is 1,010,202, and the entry to be retained is
the track lane of the 1,010,201 working face, which will be reused as the tape lane of the
1,010,202 working face. The design section size of the lane is 5000 mm × 2900 mm driving
along the roof of the coal seam, and the working face with roadway retaining is shown in
Figure 2.

Minerals 2023, 13, 176
working face advancement direction, the rock tunnel section, which is affected by the
trap column and cannot be mined. (3) Lower section: 1111 m behind the middle section in
the direction of the working face advance, the coal tunnel section. The coal seam thick-
ness of the working face is 0.40–2.41 m, with an average thickness of 1.70 m. Taking into
account the gangue, the coal quality, and the equipment selection of the working face, the
proposed mining height is 2.4 m, and the mining process is a full-height integrated 4 of 30
mining process.

Figure 2.
Figure 2. Plan of the 1,010,201 working face.

The inclination
2.3. Engineering Geology length of the 1,010,201 working face is 200 m, the strike length is
2271 The
m, the
roof strata of the is1,010,201
overall terrain high on first
the side of the
mining open
face cut eye and
is siltstone, muddytrack siltstone,
lane and lowand
on the side of the stopping line and tape lane, and the average inclination
siltstone mudstone, and the bottom strata is siltstone. There are many faults exposed angle is 6◦ . Thein
entry
sectiontochanneling
be retainedand can 0~2
be divided
layers ofinto threeinsections
gangue along face.
the working the direction of recovery:
The lithological column (1)
Upper section: 662 m in total from the open cut eye along the direction of the working face
diagram of the Yuwang No.1 Coal Mine is shown in Figure 3, and the lithological situa-
advancement, the coal section. (2) Middle section: 500 m behind the upper section along
tion of the top and bottom strata of the working face is shown in Table 1.
the working face advancement direction, the rock tunnel section, which is affected by the
In addition, the gas sample of the drilled coal core in the Yuwang No.1 Coal Mine
trap column and cannot be mined. (3) Lower section: 1111 m behind the middle section3in
was tested, and it was found that the maximum gas content of the coal seam is 24.78 m /t,
the direction of the working face advance, the coal tunnel section. The coal seam thickness
with an average of 9.62 m3/t, which is a high-gas mine. Through field measurements, the
of the working face is 0.40–2.41 m, with an average thickness of 1.70 m. Taking into account
C2 coal seam gas pressure is 1.02~1.12 MPa, the solidity coefficient is 0.3~0.6, the coal
the gangue, the coal quality, and the equipment selection of the working face, the proposed
seam permeability coefficient is 0.000086~0.020972 m2/MPa2d, gas adsorption is strong,
mining height is 2.4 m, and the mining process is a full-height integrated mining process.
extraction is difficult, and in the process of well construction, the C2 coal seam exposure
has Engineering
2.3. produced the coal and gas protrusion phenomenon. The mine has been identified as
Geology
a coal and gas protrusion mine.
The roof strata of the 1,010,201 first mining face is siltstone, muddy siltstone, and
The geological characteristics of the Yuwang No.1 Coal Mine are “one soft, one low,
siltstone mudstone, and the bottom strata is siltstone. There are many faults exposed in
two high, and two complex”:
section channeling and 0~2 layers (1) One soft: theincoal
of gangue theseam is soft.
working face.(2)The
Onelithological
low: the coal seam
column
has a low permeability and is difficult to extract. (3) Two high: it
diagram of the Yuwang No.1 Coal Mine is shown in Figure 3, and the lithological situation has a high gas content
and
of thea high gasbottom
top and pressure. (4) Two
strata of thecomplex:
workingthe geological
face is shownstructure
in Table 1. is complex. During the
coal In
Minerals 2023, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW mine construction
addition, the gasperiod
sample (including drilling,
of the drilled coalroadway excavation,
core in the Yuwang chamber
No.1 Coal excava-
5Mine
of 32
tion, and so on), more than 20 faults with a drop of more than 20 m,
was tested, and it was found that the maximum gas content of the coal seam is 24.78 m3 /t, more than 210 faults
with an
with a drop of more
average thanm23m,
of 9.62 /t, and
which moreis athan 150 faults
high-gas mine.with a drop of
Through lessmeasurements,
field than 2 m were
found.
the The
C2other. system
coal seam is complex;
gas pressure the well
is 1.02~1.12 field contains 23 coal seams and 11 recoverable
each At present, the mine intends toMPa, adoptthe solidity coefficient
a top-down “skinning” is 0.3~0.6,
mining the coal
method
coal
seam seams. The
permeability coal seams
coefficient are
is mined in groups,
0.000086~0.020972 and
m 2 mining
/MPa 2 d, has
gas a great
adsorption influence
is on
strong,
which includes mining the C2 coal seam as a protective layer, forming pressure relief
extraction
protectionislayer
difficult, and and
by layer, in the process of wellmanagement
comprehensive construction,ofthe gasC2 incoal seam exposure
the protective layer
has produced the coal and gas protrusion phenomenon.
through surface drilling and a top (bottom) extraction lane through layer The mine has been identified
drilling asanda
coal and gas protrusion
down-seam drilling. mine.

Thickness Sketch Lithology

（m）
Pelitic
6.72 siltstone
Silty
7.46
mudstone
Carbonaceous
0.08
mudstone
Pelitic
6.80
siltstone
1.70 Coal C2

pelitic
4.45
siltstone

0.38 Coal C3

5.64 Silty
mudstone

2.06 Siltstone

Figure3.
Figure 3. Lithological
Lithological column
column diagram.
diagram.

Table 1. Rock properties of the roof and bottom slabs.

Roof and Floor Roof and Floor

Rock Name Lithological Characteristics
of Coal Seam Category
Minerals 2023, 13, 176 5 of 30

Table 1. Rock properties of the roof and bottom slabs.

Roof and Floor Roof and Floor

Rock Name Lithological Characteristics
of Coal Seam Category
Light-grayish-green, thin- to medium-thick bedded, with horizontal
bedding and uniform bedding. Joints and fissures are developed. A
Basic roof Silty mudstone large number of calcite blocks are distributed at the top, with a small
amount of pyrite distributed in a vein shape mixed with a thin silty
mudstone layer, with slight squeezing and wrinkling.
Light-purple grayish-black, thin- to medium-thick layered, with
horizontal bedding and even bedding. Joints and fissures are
Direct roof Pelitic siltstone developed, and a small amount of calcite veins were found. It
contains a small amount of pyrite and a small amount of dark coal
lineation. The bottom is slightly squeezed and crumpled.
Light-purple grayish-black, thin- to medium-thick layered, with
horizontal bedding, oblique bedding, and a small amount of cross
Direct floor Pelitic siltstone bedding. Joints and fissures are developed. A small siderite strip is
included. Produced a small amount of carbonized plant stems
and stems.
Light-grayish-green, thin- to medium-thick bedded, with horizontal
Basic floor Silty mudstone bedding and oblique bedding. Joints are developed with several thin
layers of mudstone.

The geological characteristics of the Yuwang No.1 Coal Mine are “one soft, one low,
two high, and two complex”: (1) One soft: the coal seam is soft. (2) One low: the coal seam
has a low permeability and is difficult to extract. (3) Two high: it has a high gas content and
a high gas pressure. (4) Two complex: the geological structure is complex. During the coal
mine construction period (including drilling, roadway excavation, chamber excavation,
and so on), more than 20 faults with a drop of more than 20 m, more than 210 faults with a
drop of more than 2 m, and more than 150 faults with a drop of less than 2 m were found.
The system is complex; the well field contains 23 coal seams and 11 recoverable coal seams.
The coal seams are mined in groups, and mining has a great influence on each other. At
present, the mine intends to adopt a top-down “skinning” mining method which includes
mining the C2 coal seam as a protective layer, forming pressure relief protection layer
by layer, and comprehensive management of gas in the protective layer through surface
drilling and a top (bottom) extraction lane through layer drilling and down-seam drilling.

3. Design of Key Parameters

The 110 mining method is a goaf-retaining technology that cuts off the stress transmis-
sion between the roadway roof and the goaf roof by directional blasting of the roadway
roof and then uses the goaf roof collapse and expansion to realize the roadway reservation
after the mining of the working face. It has the advantages of simple retaining technology
and a low cost [8–13]. Effectively cutting off the stress transfer between the left lane’s roof
and the mined-out area’s roof is the key to the entry-retaining technology of roof cutting
and pressure relief. Therefore, the design of critical parameters of roof cutting is vital
and directly related to the success of the entry retaining. Based on theoretical calculations
and engineering experience, this study mainly combines numerical simulation methods to
explore the design of critical parameters of the 110 method in the Yuwang No.1 Coal Cine.
This study analyzes the design of the roof-cutting height and roof-cutting angle of
the trackway at the 1,010,201 working face of the Yuwang No.1 Coal Mine with the help
of FLAC3D numerical simulation software (version FLAC3D 5.0). First, we established
the numerical model of the working face; the lithology and mechanical parameters of the
roof and floor of the working face are shown in Table 2 based on the preliminary design
of the mine, and the completed 3D model is shown in Figure 4 [19,20]. The length of
the model is 270 m in strike, 200 m in tendency, and 60 m in height. The length of the
 the trackway at the 1,010,201 working face of the Yuwang No.1 Coal Mine with the help
of FLAC3D numerical simulation software (version FLAC3D 5.0). First, we established
the numerical model of the working face; the lithology and mechanical parameters of the
roof and floor of the working face are shown in Table 2 based on the preliminary design
Minerals 2023, 13, 176 of the mine, and the completed 3D model is shown in Figure 4 [19,20]. The length of6 of the30
model is 270 m in strike, 200 m in tendency, and 60 m in height. The length of the de-
signed mining face is 200 m, and the width of the retrieval tunnel is 5 m. To avoid the
influence
designed of excavation
mining face is disturbances,
200 m, and the30width
m boundaries are left
of the retrieval on each
tunnel side
is 5 m. Toof the the
avoid re-
trieval tunnel [21,22]. Based on the actual engineering conditions of the test working
influence of excavation disturbances, 30 m boundaries are left on each side of the retrieval face
and
tunnelthe proper
[21,22]. Basedsimplification of calculations,
on the actual engineering thisof research
conditions established
the test working face and a
three-dimensional calculation model based on the Mohr–Coulomb constitutive
the proper simplification of calculations, this research established a three-dimensional model.
Constraints are setbased
calculation model on theonleft
theand right boundary
Mohr–Coulomb as well asmodel.
constitutive the lower boundary
Constraints are of
settheon
model.
the left A
andvertical stress of 8.6
right boundary MPa as
as well was
theloaded on the upper
lower boundary boundary
of the model. A tovertical
simulate the
stress
self-weight pressure
of 8.6 MPa was loadedof on
thethe
overburdened rock above
upper boundary the underground
to simulate the self-weight stope [23,24].
pressure ofAf-
the
ter the original rock stress was loaded and balanced, tunnel excavation and
overburdened rock above the underground stope [23,24]. After the original rock stress was roof-cutting
simulations were conducted,
loaded and balanced, and calculations
tunnel excavation and analysis
and roof-cutting of stress, were
simulations strain, and the plas-
conducted, and
tic zone distribution
calculations wereofcarried
and analysis stress, out.
strain, and the plastic zone distribution were carried out.

Figure 4.
Figure Three-dimensional numerical
4. Three-dimensional numerical model.
model.

Table
Table 2. Rock property parameters of the roof and bottom slabs.

BulkBulk
Modu- Shear
Modulus
Mod-
Shear Modulus Internal
Tensile
Tensile Strength Bulk Density
RockStratum
Rock Stratum
Category Thick-
Thickness/m Internal Fric-Friction Bulk Density Cohesion
Cohesion
lus/109 Pa ulus/109 Pa Angle/◦ Strength/106 Pa /103 kg/m3 /106 Pa
Category ness/m tion Angle/° /10 3 kg/m 3 /10 6 Pa
Overlying strata 21 /109 Pa13.1 /109 Pa18.5 36 /106 Pa 3.92 2.5 3.88
Overlying strata
Pelitic siltstone 21 7 13.1 9.7 18.5 14.5 36 33 3.92 1.92 2.5 2.1 3.881.88
Silty mudstone
Pelitic siltstone 7 7 9.7 12.1 14.5 20.5 33 36 1.92 2.92 2.1 2.3 1.883.28
Carbonaceous mudstone 2 10.1 18.5 34 2.32 2.1 2.28
Silty mudstone 7 12.1 20.5 36 2.92 2.3 3.28
Pelitic siltstone 7 9.7 14.5 33 1.92 2.1 1.88
Carbonaceous
Coal C2 2 8.1 12.2 31 1.69 1.4 1.71
2 10.1 18.5 34 2.32 2.1 2.28
mudstone
Pelitic siltstone 5 9.7 14.5 33 1.92 2.1 1.88
Pelitic Coal
siltstone
C3 7 1 9.7 8.1 14.5 12.2 33 1.92
31 2.1
1.69 1.4 1.881.71
Silty
Coalmudstone
C2 2 6 8.1 12.1 12.2 20.5 31 36
1.69 2.92
1.4 2.3 1.713.28
Siltstone 2 11.1 15.5 35 2.52 2.2 2.55
Pelitic siltstone 5 9.7 14.5 33 1.92 2.1 1.88
Coal C3 1 8.1 12.2 31 1.69 1.4 1.71
Silty mudstone 6 3.1. Roof-Cutting
12.1 Height
20.5 36 2.92 2.3 3.28
Siltstone 2 3.1.1. Preliminary
11.1 Design
15.5 35 2.52 2.2 2.55
According to the industry standard “Code for No-pillar Mining with Gob-entry Retain-
ing of the 110 Mining Method”, the critical height of the roof presplitting (HF ) is calculated
by the following formula [25]:

HF = (HM − 4H1 − 4H2 )/(K − 1)

where HM —mining height, m; 4H1 —roof subsidence volume, m; 4H2 —bottom drum
volume, m; K—coefficient of crushing expansion, 1.3~1.5.
Combining engineering experience with the lithology of the 1,010,201 working face
roof, the value of K was taken as 1.35. According to the drilling data, the thickness of the
coal seam changes little. Without considering the floor heave and roof subsidence for the
first time to apply the 110 mining method conservatively, the maximum mining height of
the working face was taken as 2.4 m, and the critical height of roof presplitting cutting is
 where HM—mining height, m; △H1—roof subsidence volume, m; △H2—bottom drum
volume, m; K—coefficient of crushing expansion, 1.3~1.5.
Combining engineering experience with the lithology of the 1,010,201 working face
roof, the value of K was taken as 1.35. According to the drilling data, the thickness of the
Minerals 2023, 13, 176 7 of 30
coal seam changes little. Without considering the floor heave and roof subsidence for the
first time to apply the 110 mining method conservatively, the maximum mining height of
the working face was taken as 2.4 m, and the critical height of roof presplitting cutting is
6.86
6.86 m.
m. To
To facilitate
facilitate construction,
construction, the
the depth
depth of
of the
the roof
roof cutting
cutting hole
hole was
was taken
taken as
as 7.0
7.0 m,
m, asas
shown in Figure
shown in Figure 5. 5.

Silty mudstone
9000 mm
7.46 m
Constant resistance
anchor cable
Sandy mudstone
0.08 m
Cutting depth
7000 mm

2000 mm Pelitic
Steel bolt siltstone
6.80 m
800 mm

75
°
Entry to be Coal C2
3000 mm
retained
2.4 m
5000 mm

Pelitic
siltstone
4.45 m

Coal C3
0.38 m

Silty mudstone
5.64 m

Figure 5.
Figure 5. Roof-cutting
Roof-cutting design
design drawing.
drawing.

3.1.2.
3.1.2. Numerical
Numerical Simulation
Simulation Validation
Validation
To
To analyze the effect of different
analyze the effect of different roof-cutting
roof-cutting height
height designs
designs on
on the
the pressure
pressure relief
relief
effect
effect of roof cutting and to verify the reasonableness of the roof-cutting parameters, we
of roof cutting and to verify the reasonableness of the roof-cutting parameters, we
used
used aa numerical
numerical simulation
simulation to
to analyze
analyze the
the pressure
pressurerelief
reliefeffect.
effect.
(1) Vertical stress
(1) stress distribution
distribution law
law at
at different
different roof-cutting
roof-cuttingheights
heights
With the help of FLAC 3D numerical simulation software (version FLAC3D 5.0), we
With the help of FLAC 3D numerical simulation software (version FLAC3D 5.0), we
simulated the roof-cutting depth of 5 m, 6 m, 7 m, 8 m, and 9 m, respectively, and the
simulated the roof-cutting depth of 5 m, 6 m, 7 m, 8 m, and 9 m, respectively, and the
simulation and theoretical calculation results were verified with each other to obtain the
simulation and theoretical calculation results were verified with each other to obtain the
Minerals 2023, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 8 of 32
best cutting height. The vertical stresses in the tunnel surrounding rock under different
best cutting height. The vertical stresses in the tunnel surrounding rock under different
roof-cutting height conditions are shown in Figure 6.
roof-cutting height conditions are shown in Figure 6.

Figure6.6.Vertical
Figure Verticalstress
stressdistribution
distributionofofroadway
roadwaysurrounding
surroundingrock
rockunder
underdifferent
differentcutting
cuttingheights.
heights.

As
Ascancanbebe
seen from
seen Figure
from 6, when
Figure the roof-cutting
6, when depthdepth
the roof-cutting is 5 m, is
the5 maximum vertical
m, the maximum
stress is 21.3
vertical MPa,
stress and the
is 21.3 stress
MPa, andconcentration area is about 7.5
the stress concentration aream is
from the roadway;
about when
7.5 m from the
roadway; when the roof-cutting depth is 6 m, the maximum vertical stress is 17.0 MPa,
and the stress concentration area is about 8.1 m from the roadway; when the roof-cutting
depth is 7 m, the maximum vertical stress is 15.6 MPa, and the stress concentration area is
about 8.5 m from the roadway. It is evident that with the increasing height of the roof
cutting, the vertical stress peak decreases, and the stress concentration area becomes
Minerals 2023, 13, 176 8 of 30

the roof-cutting depth is 6 m, the maximum vertical stress is 17.0 MPa, and the stress
concentration area is about 8.1 m from the roadway; when the roof-cutting depth is 7 m, the
maximum vertical stress is 15.6 MPa, and the stress concentration area is about 8.5 m from
the roadway. It is evident that with the increasing height of the roof cutting, the vertical
stress peak decreases, and the stress concentration area becomes farther and farther from
the roadway, indicating that with an appropriate increase in the roof-cutting height, the
effect of the roof-cutting pressure relief becomes better and better. Compared with the
roof-cutting depth of 5 m, the peak vertical stress is reduced by 20.2% when the height of
roof cutting is 6 m, 26.8% when the roof-cutting depth is 7 m, 28.2% when the roof-cutting
depth is 8 m, and 29.1% when the roof-cutting depth is 9 m, which shows that the peak
vertical stress is reduced when the roof-cutting depth increases from 5 m to 7 m. When the
depth of the slit is increased to 8 m and 9 m, the vertical stress peak is still reduced, but the
reduction is smaller. Considering the amount of construction work and the loss of labor
and materials, the optimized height of roof cutting was determined to be 7 m.
(2) Horizontal stress distribution at different roof-cutting heights
Minerals 2023, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 9 of 32
The horizontal stress distributions of the tunnel surrounding rock under different
roof-cutting heights are shown in Figure 7.

Figure7.7.Horizontal
Figure Horizontalstress
stressdistribution
distributionofofroadway
roadway surrounding
surrounding rock
rock under
under different
different cutting
cutting heights.
heights.
As can be seen from Figure 7, the maximum value of the horizontal stress is 16.16 MPa
whenAs thecan be seen
depth of roof from Figure
cutting is 57,m,
the15.87
maximumMPa when valuethe of depth
the horizontal stress is
of roof cutting is 16.16
6 m,
MPa MPa
15.56 whenwhenthe depth
the depthof roof cutting
of roof is 5 m,
cutting is 715.87 MPaMPa
m, 15.52 when the the
when depth of roof
depth cutting
of roof is 6
cutting
ism,8 15.56
m, and MPa when
15.49 MPathe depth
when theofdepth
roof cutting
of roof is 7 m, 15.52
cutting is 9 m.MPaThewhen theshow
results depththat
of roof
the
cuttingthe
greater is 8roof-cutting
m, and 15.49depth MPa when
is, the the
lowerdepththe of roofvalue
peak cutting is 9 horizontal
of the m. The results show
stress willthat
be,
the the
and greater thethe
better roof-cutting
roof-cuttingdepth
pressureis, the lower
relief thewill
effect peak be.value of the with
Compared horizontal stress will
the roof-cutting
depth
be, andof 5the
m, better
the peak thehorizontal
roof-cutting stress is reduced
pressure by effect
relief 1.75% will
whenbe. theCompared
roof-cutting depth
with the
increases
roof-cuttingto 6depth
m, 3.66% of 5when
m, the thepeakroof-cutting
horizontal depth
stressincreases to 7 m,
is reduced by 3.92%
1.75% whenwhen thethe
roof-cutting
roof-cuttingdepth
depth increases
increases to to 86 m,
m, and
3.66%4.13%when when the roof-cutting
the roof-cutting depth depth increases
increases to 7 to
m,
93.92%
m. Bywhen
comparison, we found depth
the roof-cutting that when the cutting
increases to 8 m,depthandincreased
4.13% when fromthe5 mroof-cutting
to 7 m, the
peak
depthhorizontal
increasesstress
to 9 m. decreased more obviously.
By comparison, we found After
thatthe roof-cutting
when the cuttingdepth
depthincreased
increasedto
8from
m and 9 m, the peak horizontal stress was still decreased,
5 m to 7 m, the peak horizontal stress decreased more obviously. After thebut the decrease was smaller.
Considering
roof-cutting thedepthamount of construction
increased to 8 m andwork 9 m,andthe the
peak loss of labor and
horizontal stressmaterials,
was still thede-
optimized height of roof cutting was determined to be 7 m.
creased, but the decrease was smaller. Considering the amount of construction work and
the loss
(3) of labor
Vertical and materials,
displacement the optimized
at different height
roof-cutting of roof cutting was determined to be
heights
7 m.
The vertical displacement of the tunnel surrounding rock under different roof-cutting
(3) Vertical
height displacement
conditions is shown in at Figure
different 8. roof-cutting heights
The vertical displacement of the tunnel surrounding rock under different
roof-cutting height conditions is shown in Figure 8.
 creased, but the decrease was smaller. Considering the amount of construction work and
the loss of labor and materials, the optimized height of roof cutting was determined to be
7 m.
(3) Vertical displacement at different roof-cutting heights
Minerals 2023, 13, 176 9 of 30
The vertical displacement of the tunnel surrounding rock under different
roof-cutting height conditions is shown in Figure 8.

Minerals 2023, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 10 of 32

Figure 8. Vertical displacement of roadway surrounding rock under different cutting heights.
Figure 8. Vertical displacement of roadway surrounding rock under different cutting heights.
As can be seen from Figure 8, the maximum value of the vertical displacement is
300.1 mm As canwhen be the
seendepth
fromof roof cutting
Figure is 5 m, 270.7
8, the maximum mmofwhen
value the depth
the vertical of roof cutting
displacement is
is 300.1
6 m, 220.3
mm when mm thewhen the of
depth depth
roof of roof cutting
cutting is 7 m,
is 5 m, 270.7 mm 208.1
when mmthewhen
depththe depth
of roof of roof
cutting
is 6 m,is220.3
cutting 8 m,mm andwhen
204.7the
mmdepth
whenoftheroofdepth
cutting of is
roof7 m, 208.1 mm
cutting when
is 9 m. Thethe depthshow
results of roof
that
cutting is 8 m, and 204.7 mm when the depth of roof cutting is
the maximum value of the vertical displacement becomes smaller and smaller with the 9 m. The results show that
the maximum
increase value of the depth,
in the roof-cutting verticalwhich
displacement
indicates becomes
that the smaller
effect and smaller with
of unloading the
pressure
increase in the roof-cutting depth, which indicates that the effect
from roof cutting is positively correlated with the roof-cutting depth. Compared with of unloading pressure
thefrom roof cutting
roof-cutting is positively
depth correlated
of 5 m, when with the roof-cutting
the roof-cutting depth isdepth.6 m, the Compared
maximum with the
vertical
roof-cutting depth of 5 m, when the roof-cutting depth is 6 m,
displacement decreases by 9.8%, when the roof-cutting depth is 7 m, the maximum vertical the maximum vertical
displacementdecreases
displacement decreasesbyby26.6%,
9.8%, when
when thetheroof-cutting
roof-cutting depthdepth isis87m, m,thethemaximum
maximumvertical
ver-
tical displacement
displacement decreases
decreases by 26.6%,
by 30.7%, when the
and when the roof-cutting
roof-cuttingdepth depthisis8 9m,m, the
themaximum
maximum
vertical
vertical displacementdecreases
displacement decreasesbyby 30.7%,
31.8%. and when
Through the roof-cutting
comparison, depth that
it was found is 9 when
m, thethe
maximum vertical displacement decreases by 31.8%. Through comparison,
roof cutting depth increases from 5 m to 7 m, the maximum vertical displacement decreases it was found
that when the roof cutting depth increases from 5 m to 7 m, the
significantly, while when the roof cutting depth increases to 8 m and 9 m, the maximum maximum vertical dis-
placement decreases significantly, while when the roof cutting depth
vertical displacement still decreases, but the reduction is small. Considering the amount of increases to 8 m and
9 m, the maximum vertical displacement still decreases, but the reduction is small. Con-
construction work and the loss of labor and materials, the optimized height of roof cutting
sidering the amount of construction work and the loss of labor and materials, the opti-
was determined to be 7 m.
mized height of roof cutting was determined to be 7 m.
(4)(4) Horizontal
Horizontaldisplacement
displacement at at different
differentroof-cutting
roof-cuttingheightsheights
The
Thehorizontal
horizontaldisplacement
displacementofofthe tunnel
the surrounding
tunnel rock
surrounding under
rock different
under roof-
different
cutting heightheight
roof-cutting conditions is shown
conditions in Figure
is shown 9. 9.
in Figure

Figure
Figure 9.9.Horizontal
Horizontaldisplacement
displacement of
of roadway
roadway surrounding
surroundingrock
rockunder
underdifferent
differentcutting heights.
cutting heights.

As can be seen from Figure 9, the maximum value of the horizontal displacement is
195.62 mm when the depth of roof cutting is 5 m, 177.10 mm when the depth of roof cut-
ting is 6 m, 144.18 mm when the depth of roof cutting is 7 m, 135.29 mm when the depth
of roof cutting is 8 m, and 132.14 mm when the depth of roof cutting is 9 m. The results
Minerals 2023, 13, 176 10 of 30

As can be seen from Figure 9, the maximum value of the horizontal displacement
is 195.62 mm when the depth of roof cutting is 5 m, 177.10 mm when the depth of roof
cutting is 6 m, 144.18 mm when the depth of roof cutting is 7 m, 135.29 mm when the
depth of roof cutting is 8 m, and 132.14 mm when the depth of roof cutting is 9 m. The
results show that with an increase in the roof-cutting depth, the maximum value of the
horizontal displacement is smaller, indicating that the effect of pressure relief of roof cutting
is positively related to the roof-cutting depth. Compared with the roof-cutting depth of 5 m,
when the roof-cutting depth is 6 m, the maximum horizontal displacement decreases by
9.5%, when the roof-cutting depth is 7 m, the maximum horizontal displacement decreases
by 26.3%, when the roof-cutting depth is 8 m, the maximum horizontal displacement
Minerals 2023, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 11 of 32
decreases by 30.84%, and when the roof-cutting depth is 9 m, the maximum horizontal
displacement decreases by 32.45%. By comparison, it can be found that when the depth of
roof cutting increases from 5 m to 7 m, the maximum horizontal displacement decreases
ment obviously,
more decreases and
morewhen
obviously, andofwhen
the depth the depth
roof cutting of rooftocutting
increases 8 m andincreases
9 m, the to 8 m and
maximum
9 m, the maximum
horizontal horizontal
displacement displacement
still decreases, but the still decreases,
decrease but Considering
is smaller. the decreasethe
is smaller.
amount
Considering
of thework
construction amount
andof theconstruction
loss of laborwork
and and the loss
materials, theofoptimized
labor and height
materials, the
of roof
cutting
optimizedwasheight
determined
of rooftocutting
be 7 m.was determined to be 7 m.
(5) The range of the plastic zone with different roof-cutting heights
(5)
The extent
The extentofofthe
theplastic
plastic zone
zone of the
of the roadway
roadway surrounding
surrounding rockrock under
under different
different roof-
roof-cutting height conditions is shown in
cutting height conditions is shown in Figure 10. Figure 10.

Figure 10.
Figure 10. Plastic
Plastic zone
zone of
of roadway
roadway surrounding
surrounding rock
rock under
under different
differentcutting
cuttingheights.
heights.

As can
As can be beseen
seenfromfromFigure
Figure 10,10, when
when thethe roof-cutting
roof-cutting depth
depth is 5 ism5orm6 or
m, 6them,roof-
the
cutting depthdepth
roof-cutting is small, which
is small, cannot
which completely
cannot completelycut off
cutthe
offstress transfer
the stress path,path,
transfer and and
the
roof-cutting
the roof-cutting pressure
pressure relief effect
relief is poor,
effect so so
is poor, thethe
range
rangeofofthe
theplastic
plasticzone
zoneofof the
the entry
entry
surrounding rock is larger after the workface is mined. With an increase
surrounding rock is larger after the workface is mined. With an increase in the roof cut- in the roof cutting
depth to 7~9
ting depth m, itm,can
to 7~9 effectively
it can effectively cutcutoffoff
thethestress transfer
stress transferpath
pathand
andforce
forcethe
thestress
stress to
to
transfer
transfer to the depth of the coal body. body. Compared with the cutting depth of 5 m and 6 m,
the
the effect
effect ofof roof
roof cutting
cutting andand pressure
pressure relief
relief is
is more
more obvious,
obvious, andand the
the range
range ofof the
the plastic
plastic
zone
zone of ofthe
thesurrounding
surrounding rock
rockis also obviously
is also obviouslyreduced. However,
reduced. the change
However, in the plastic
the change in the
zone
plastic zone of the surrounding rock is not obvious when the depth of the cut is from97m,
of the surrounding rock is not obvious when the depth of the cut is from 7 m to m
so
to the
9 m,best depth
so the bestofdepth
cut is of
7m cutfrom
is 7 the perspective
m from of reducing
the perspective the construction
of reducing volume
the construction
and the cost
volume and ofthelabor
cost and material.
of labor and material.
In
In conclusion, the optimaldepth
conclusion, the optimal depthofof entry-retaining
entry-retaining roof cutting
roof is 7ism7from
cutting the per-
m from the
spective
perspectiveof vertical stress,stress,
of vertical horizontal stress, vertical
horizontal displacement,
stress, vertical horizontalhorizontal
displacement, displacement,
dis-
the plastic zone
placement, the range
plasticofzone
the surrounding
range of the rock, engineering
surrounding volume,
rock, and construction
engineering volume, cost.
and
construction cost.

3.2. Roof-Cutting Angle

3.2.1. Preliminary Design
According to the industry standard “Code for No-pillar Mining with Gob-entry
Minerals 2023, 13, 176 11 of 30

3.2. Roof-Cutting Angle

3.2.1. Preliminary Design
According to the industry standard “Code for No-pillar Mining with Gob-entry Re-
taining of the 110 Method” [25] combined with the mining height conditions of the Yuwang
No.1 Coal Mine, it was designed that the entry-retaining roof-cutting hole is to be arranged
Minerals 2023, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 12 of 32
at the angle between the entry wall and the roof, and the included angle between the
roof-cutting hole and the plumb line is 15◦ , as shown in Figure 5.
3.2.2.
3.2.2.Numerical
NumericalSimulation
SimulationValidation
Validation
To analyze the effect of different
To analyze the effect of different roof-cutting
roof-cutting angle
angle designs
designs on pressure
on the the pressure
relief relief
effect
effect
of roofofcutting
roof cutting
and toand to verify
verify the reasonableness
the reasonableness of the roof-cutting
of the roof-cutting parameters,
parameters, the pressurethe
pressure relief
relief effect waseffect was analyzed
analyzed by numerical
by numerical simulation.
simulation.
(1)
(1) Vertical
Verticalstress
stressat
atdifferent
differentroof-cutting
roof-cuttingangles
angles
With the help of FLAC3D numerical simulation software (version FLAC3D 5.0), the
With the help of FLAC3D numerical simulation software (version FLAC3D 5.0), the
roof-cutting
roof-cutting angles of 55°,
angles of 10°,
◦ , 10 15°,
◦ , 15 and 20
◦ , and 20° weresimulated,
◦ were simulated,respectively,
respectively,
andand
thethe simula-
simulation
tion
and theoretical calculation results were verified with each other to obtain the best best
and theoretical calculation results were verified with each other to obtain the roof-
roof-cutting angle.
cutting angle. The vertical
The vertical stressstress distributions
distributions of thesurrounding
of the entry entry surrounding rockdifferent
rock under under
different roof-cutting
roof-cutting angle conditions
angle conditions are shown areinshown
Figurein11.Figure 11.

Figure11.
Figure Verticalstress
11.Vertical stress of
of roadway
roadway surrounding
surrounding rock
rock under
under different
different cutting
cutting angles.
angles.

Ascan
As can be
be seen
seen from
from Figure
Figure11,
11,when
whenthetheroof-cutting
roof-cuttingangle 5◦ 5°,
is is
angle , thethe
maximum
maximum vertical
ver-
stress is 21.64 MPa, and the stress concentration area is about 7.5 m from
tical stress is 21.64 MPa, and the◦stress concentration area is about 7.5 m from the road- the roadway;
whenwhen
way; the roof-cutting angle is
the roof-cutting 10 , is
angle the10°,
maximum vertical vertical
the maximum stress is stress
15.15 MPa, andMPa,
is 15.15 the stress
and
concentration area is about 8.1 m from the roadway; when the roof-cutting
the stress concentration area is about 8.1 m from the roadway; when the roof-cutting angle is 15◦ ,an-
the
maximum vertical stress is 15.06 MPa, and the stress concentration area is about 8.5 m from
gle is 15°, the maximum vertical stress is 15.06◦ MPa, and the stress concentration area is
the roadway; when the roof-cutting angle is 20 , the maximum vertical stress is 15.30 MPa,
about 8.5 m from the roadway; when the roof-cutting angle is 20°, the maximum vertical
and the stress concentration area is about 8.6 m from the roadway. From the perspective of
stress is 15.30 MPa, and the stress concentration ◦area is about 8.6 m from the roadway.
vertical stress, the best angle for roof cutting is 15 .
From the perspective of vertical stress, the best angle for roof cutting is 15°.
(2) Horizontal
(2) Horizontalstress
stressatatdifferent
differentcutting
cuttingangles
angles
The horizontal
The horizontal stress
stress distributions
distributions of
of the
the entry
entry surrounding
surrounding rock
rock under
under different
different
cuttingangle
cutting angleconditions
conditionsare
are shown
shown in
in Figure
Figure 12.
12.
Minerals 2023,
Minerals 13,13,176
2023, x FOR PEER REVIEW 13 of 32 12 of 30

Figure
Figure12.
12.Horizontal
Horizontalstress of roadway
stress surrounding
of roadway rock under
surrounding rock different cutting angles.
under different cutting angles.

AsAscan
canbebeseen
seenfrom
fromFigure
Figure12,12,
thethe
maximum
maximum horizontal stressstress
horizontal is 26.45 MPa when
is 26.45 MPa when the
the roof-cutting angle is 5°,
◦ 15.87 MPa when the roof-cutting angle is 10°, 15.79
roof-cutting angle is 5 , 15.87 MPa when the roof-cutting angle is 10 , 15.79 MPa when the ◦ MPa when
the roof-cutting
roof-cutting angleisis15
angle 15°, and 15.97
◦ , and 15.97 MPa
MPawhen whenthe roof-cutting
the roof-cutting angle is 20°.
angle The
is 20 ◦ . re-
The results
sults show that the peak horizontal stress is smaller when the roof-cutting angle is larger
show that the peak horizontal stress is smaller when the roof-cutting angle is larger at
at the beginning. The larger the angle of roof cutting, the smaller the peak horizontal
the beginning. The larger the angle of roof cutting, the smaller the peak horizontal stress,
stress, indicating that with an appropriate increase in the angle of roof cutting, the effect
indicating
of that
roof cutting andwith an appropriate
the pressure increase
relief become inand
better thebetter.
angleHowever,
of roof cutting,
when the theangle
effect of roof
cutting and the pressure relief become better and better. However,
of roof cutting exceeds 15°, the peak horizontal stress increases instead of decreasing, when the angle of roof
cutting exceeds 15 ◦ , the peak horizontal stress increases instead of decreasing, indicating
indicating that a larger angle of roof cutting is not better. If the angle of roof cutting is too
that athe
large, larger
rock angle
layer onof the
roofroof
cutting
of theisroadway
not better. If the
is not easyangle of roofand
to collapse, cutting is too
it affects thelarge, the
rock layer
effect oncutting
of roof the roof
and ofpressure
the roadwayrelief. isTherefore,
not easy from
to collapse, and it affects
the perspective the effect of roof
of horizontal
stress,
cuttingtheand
bestpressure
angle of roof cutting
relief. is 15°. from the perspective of horizontal stress, the best
Therefore,
angle
(3) of roof
Vertical displacement of◦ different
cutting is 15 . roof-cutting angles
(3) The vertical
Vertical displacement
displacement of the roadway
of different surrounding
roof-cutting angles rock under different
roof-cutting angles is shown in Figure 13.
Minerals 2023, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 14 of 32
The vertical displacement of the roadway surrounding rock under different roof-
cutting angles is shown in Figure 13.

Figure13.
Figure Vertical
13.Vertical displacement
displacement of of surrounding
surrounding rock
rock of the
of the roadway
roadway under
under different
different cutting
cutting an- angles.
gles.

As can be seen from Figure 13, the maximum value of the vertical displacement is
220.27 mm when the roof-cutting angle is 5°, 217.11 mm when the roof-cutting angle is
10°, 208.87 mm when the roof-cutting angle is 15°, and 227.29 mm when the roof-cutting
 Figure 13. Vertical displacement of surrounding rock of the roadway under different cutting an-
Minerals 2023, 13, 176 13 of 30
gles.

As can be seen from Figure 13, the maximum value of the vertical displacement is
220.27Asmm canwhen
be seen
the from Figure 13,
roof-cutting theismaximum
angle 5°, 217.11valuemm whenof thethe
vertical displacement
roof-cutting angle isis
220.27
10°, mmmm
208.87 when the roof-cutting
when the roof-cutting is 5◦ ,is217.11
angleangle mm227.29
15°, and when the
mmroof-cutting angle is 10◦ ,
when the roof-cutting
208.87ismm ◦ , and 227.29 mm when the roof-cutting angle is
angle 20°.when the roof-cutting
The results show that angle is 15
if the roof-cutting angle is too small, the broken roof
◦
20 . The results show thata ifstable
the roof-cutting angle is too small,
rock cannot easily form articulation structure, whichthe broken
leads to aroof rockvertical
large cannot
easily form a stable articulation structure, which leads to a large vertical
displacement in the roadway. However, if the roof-cutting angle is too large, the roof displacement in
the roadway. However, if the roof-cutting angle is too large, the roof
rock is not easy to collapse and cannot play a good role in roof cutting and pressure re- rock is not easy to
collapseTherefore,
lieving. and cannotfromplay the
a good role in roof
perspective of cutting
verticaland pressure relieving.
displacement, the bestTherefore, from
roof-cutting
the perspective
angle is 15°. of vertical displacement, the best roof-cutting angle is 15◦ .
(4) Horizontal
(4) Horizontaldisplacement
displacementofofdifferent
differentcutting
cuttingangles
angles
The
Thehorizontal
horizontaldisplacement
displacementofofthe
thesurrounding
surroundingrock
rockof
ofthe
theroadway
roadwayunder
underdifferent
different
roof-cutting angles is shown in Figure 14.
roof-cutting angles is shown in Figure 14.

Figure14.
Figure Horizontaldisplacement
14.Horizontal displacementof
ofroadway
roadwaysurrounding
surroundingrock
rockunder
underdifferent
different cutting
cutting angles.
angles.

As can be seen from Figure 14, the maximum horizontal displacement is 192.52 mm
when the roof-cutting angle is 5◦ , 144.73 mm when the roof-cutting angle is 10◦ , 144.18 mm
when the roof-cutting angle is 15◦ , and 144.66 mm when the roof-cutting angle is 20◦ . The
results show that with an appropriate increase in the roof-cutting angle, the roof-cutting
pressure relief effect becomes better and better, but when the roof-cutting angle exceeds 15◦ ,
the horizontal displacement peak of the roadway increases instead of decreasing. Therefore,
from the perspective of the horizontal displacement of the roadway surrounding rock, the
best roof-cutting angle is 15◦ .
(5) The range of the plastic zone at different roof-cutting angles
The range of the plastic zone of the surrounding rock of the roadway under different
roof-cutting angles is shown in Figure 15.
As can be seen from Figure 15, when the roof-cutting angle is 5◦ , due to the small roof-
cutting angle, the broken roof rock cannot easily form a stable articulation structure and is
more likely to be destabilized, so the plastic zone of the roadway surrounding rock is larger
after the working face mining. When the roof-cutting angle is 10◦ , with an increase in the
roof-cutting angle, the broken roof slab can form a more stable articulation structure, which
improves the mechanical environment of the roadway surrounding rock and has a good
effect on roof cutting and pressure relieving, and the plastic zone is reduced. When the roof-
cutting angle is 15◦ , the mechanical environment of the roadway surrounding rock is further
improved, and the plastic zone is further reduced. When the roof-cutting angle is 20◦ ,
compared with the roof-cutting angle of 15◦ , the plastic zone of the roadway surrounding
rock does not decrease but slightly increases, indicating that the roof-cutting angle is too
large, which increases the influence of disturbances on the roadway surrounding rock.
Therefore, from the perspective of the plastic zone, the optimal roof-cutting angle is 15◦ .
 roof-cutting pressure relief effect becomes better and better, but when the roof-cutting
angle exceeds 15°, the horizontal displacement peak of the roadway increases instead of
decreasing. Therefore, from the perspective of the horizontal displacement of the road-
way surrounding rock, the best roof-cutting angle is 15°.
(5) The range of the plastic zone at different roof-cutting angles
Minerals 2023, 13, 176 14 of 30
The range of the plastic zone of the surrounding rock of the roadway under different
roof-cutting angles is shown in Figure 15.

Figure
Figure15. Plasticzone
15.Plastic zonerange
range
ofof
thethe surrounding
surrounding rock
rock of the
of the roadway
roadway under
under different
different cutting
cutting an- angles.
gles.
In summary, from the perspective of vertical stress, horizontal stress, vertical displace-
ment, Ashorizontal
can be seendisplacement,
from Figure 15, and when the roof-cutting
the plastic zone range angle is 5°,roadway
of the due to the small
surrounding
roof-cutting
rock, when the angle, the brokenangle
roof-cutting is 15◦cannot
roof rock easily
, the peak formdisplacement,
stress, a stable articulation
and thestructure
plastic zone
and
rangeis more
of thelikely to be destabilized,
surrounding so the
rock are the plastic so
smallest, zonetheofbest
the angle
roadwayfor surrounding
the design ofrock
the roof
iscutting
larger ofafter the working face mining.
the Yuwang No.1 Coal Mine is 15 . When ◦ the roof-cutting angle is 10°, with an in-
crease in the roof-cutting angle, the broken roof slab can form a more stable articulation
3.3. Blasting
structure, Parameters
which improves the mechanical environment of the roadway surrounding rock
and has After the height on
a good effect and roof
thecutting and
angle of pressure
entry of therelieving, and are
roof cutting the determined,
plastic zone is re-
two-way-
duced. When the roof-cutting angle is 15°, the mechanical environment
shaped charge cutting technology is needed to blast the roof, and the design of the blast of the roadway
surrounding
hole spacingrock andis charge
further quantity
improved,isand the plastic
usually zone is further
determined reduced.simulation
by numerical When the and
roof-cutting
field-blasting tests. Considering that the actual blasting test conditions were zone
angle is 20°, compared with the roof-cutting angle of 15°, the plastic of
unavailable
the roadway surrounding rock does not decrease but slightly increases, indicating that
at the site, this paper adopted a numerical simulation method to conduct a preliminary
the roof-cutting angle is too large, which increases the influence of disturbances on the
design of the blasting parameters, first, and then carried out an on-site roof-cutting blasting
roadway surrounding rock. Therefore, from the perspective of the plastic zone, the op-
test for verification when the site conditions were mature.
timal roof-cutting angle is 15°.
3.3.1.InBlast
summary,
Modeling from the perspective of vertical stress, horizontal stress, vertical dis-
placement, horizontal displacement, and the plastic zone range of the roadway sur-
The roof-cutting blast parameter simulation was analyzed by LS-DYNA software
rounding rock, when the roof-cutting angle is 15°, the peak stress, displacement, and the
(version LS-DYNA R11.1.0), which is a general finite element nonlinear dynamic analysis
plastic zone range of the surrounding rock are the smallest, so the best angle for the de-
program,
sign of the and
roofitcutting
is goodofatthesolving
Yuwangvarious
No.1 2D
Coaland 3D is
Mine nonlinear
15°. problems. To avoid solution
anomalies due to excessive deformation of explosive and air cells during the calculation, the
multi-matter
3.3. ALE algorithm, which is suitable for dealing with large deformation problems,
Blasting Parameters
was used in this calculation [26,27]. In this algorithm, the grid points can move with the
After the height and the angle of entry of the roof cutting are determined,
material points, but they can also be fixed in space, and the grid points can even be fixed in
two-way-shaped charge cutting technology is needed to blast the roof, and the design of
one direction and move with the material points in the other direction. For the convenience
of calculation, the simulation takes the charge profile of energy accumulation blasting as
the calculation object. It uses a single-layer grid of the planar stress model for computation.
The relevant blasting model was established according to the 1:1 scale according to the
actual site of the Yuwang No.1 Coal Mine.
The numerical model of blasting is shown in Figure 16. The model consists of a rock
unit, an air unit, an explosive unit, and a shaped charge tube unit, and the size of the
shaped charge tube model is the same as in the actual project, with an inner diameter of
3.6 cm, an outer diameter of 4.2 cm, and cut width of 0.4 cm. The diameter of the explosive
is 3.2 cm. The calculation model was simplified to a plane stress state, and 0.5 cm was
taken in the thickness direction. The explosive was used in the calculation process. The
air boundary condition was set to a nonreflective boundary condition. In order to reveal
the effect of the shaped charge, another blasting model with the same size and the same
parameters, except for having no shaped charge tube, was established for comparative
analysis.
 3.6 cm, an outer diameter of 4.2 cm, and cut width of 0.4 cm. The diameter of the explo-
sive is 3.2 cm. The calculation model was simplified to a plane stress state, and 0.5 cm was
taken in the thickness direction. The explosive was used in the calculation process. The
air boundary condition was set to a nonreflective boundary condition. In order to reveal
Minerals 2023, 13, 176
the effect of the shaped charge, another blasting model with the same size and the15same of 30
parameters, except for having no shaped charge tube, was established for comparative
analysis.

(a) Numerical model of shaped charge blasting (b) Structure diagram of blast hole charging
Figure 16. Blasting numerical model.
Figure 16. Blasting numerical model.

The simulation
The simulation modelmodel uses
uses 164
164 solid
solid cells
cells and
and the
the mapped
mapped meshing
meshing method,
method, and
and the
the
grid cell
grid cell is
is shown
shown in in Figure
Figure 17.
17. Local
Local grid
grid refinement
refinement is is conducive
conducive toto transferring
transferring blast
blast
pressure, so
pressure, so the
the air
air and
and rock
rock grid
grid refinement
refinement isisatatthe
thearea
areanear
nearthe
theexplosives.
explosives. The
The grid
grid
quality
Minerals 2023, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW of the shaped charge tube and explosive has no obvious influence
quality of the shaped charge tube and explosive has no obvious influence on the simulation on the simula-
17 of 32
tion effects, so the grid was no longer refined but was divided into
effects, so the grid was no longer refined but was divided into uniform grids. uniform grids.

(a) Air grid (b) Rock grid

(c) Grid of shaped charge tube (d) Explosive grid

Figure 17. Model meshing.
Figure 17. Model meshing.

The
The material
material parameters of the
parameters of the simulation
simulation unit
unit were
were selected
selected as
as follows:
follows:
(1) Explosives
(1) Explosives
The explosive material model uses MAT_HIGH_EXPLO_SIVE_BU_RN, and the
modelThe explosive
uses the JWLmaterial model uses MAT_HIGH_EXPLO_SIVE_BU_RN,
(Jones–Wilkins–Lee) and the
equation of state after the detonation model
of the ex-
uses the JWL (Jones–Wilkins–Lee) equation of state after the detonation of the explosive to
plosive to describe the pressure–volume relationship of the detonation products [28,29]:
describe the pressure–volume relationship of the detonation products [28,29]:
  E
P  A(1 ω −)eR1 VR1V  B(1  ω )e−RR22VV  ωE00
P = A(1 − RV )e + B (1 − R ) e + V
R1 V1 R22 V
where P—pressure; V—burst products’ relative volume; E0—specific internal energy; A,
B, R1, R2, ω—material constants.
A class III emulsion explosive for coal mines was used as the explosive, and the ex-
plosive parameters and the JWL state equation parameters are shown in Table 3.
Minerals 2023, 13, 176 16 of 30

where P—pressure; V—burst products’ relative volume; E0 —specific internal energy; A, B,

R1 , R2 , ω—material constants.
A class III emulsion explosive for coal mines was used as the explosive, and the
explosive parameters and the JWL state equation parameters are shown in Table 3.

Table 3. Explosive parameters.

Explosive Detonation Gas

A/KPa B/KPa R1 R2 w E0 /GPa
Density/g·cm−3 Velocity/m·s−1 Pressure/KPa
1.2 3800 2.7e7 3.26e8 5.81e6 5.81 1.56 0.57 2.67 × 106

(2) Rocks
The Johnson–Holmquist model was used to study the crack growth process of the rock
in the process of shaped charge blasting under explosive loads. The rock parameters were
determined according to the physical and mechanical properties of argillaceous siltstone in
the 1,010,201 working face of the Yuwang No.1 Coal Mine.
(3) Shaped charge tube
The energy-gathering material is PVC pipe. The main role of the PVC pipe in the
bidirectional energy-gathering tension blasting is to produce the energy-gathering tension
effect in the energy-gathering direction (the side of the energy-gathering hole). Since the
explosion is a very short process, the phase change (vaporization) in the PVC pipe occurs
after the rock generates tension cracks. At this time, the PVC pipe has little influence on the
crack expansion. In this period, the tensile stress produced by high-pressure detonation
gas on the detonation cracks and its gas wedge effect have a greater impact on the crack
growth. Therefore, the plastic follow-up model was selected for the constitutive equation
of the PVC pipe (shaped charge pipe). Specific parameters of the shaped charge materials
are shown in Table 4.

Table 4. Mechanical parameters of the shaped energy pipe.

Material Elastic Modulus Shear Modulus Yield Stress

Poisson’s Ratio
Density/g·cm−3 /GPa /GPa /MPa
1.43 43 3.2 61.7 0.32

(4) Air
Since the shaped charge tube does not fully fit the blast hole wall, the air area should
be set. Considering air as an ideal gas and applying the MAT_NULL material and LINEAR
POLYNOMIAL state equations to express it, the air parameters are shown in Table 5.

Table 5. Air parameters.

$/g·cm−3 C4 C5
1.29 × 10−3 0.04 0.04

3.3.2. Numerical Simulation Analysis

(1) Numerical analysis of single-hole blasting
By comparing and analyzing the stress evolution law and the development law of
blasting cracks between single-hole non-shaped charge blasting and single-hole shaped
charge blasting, the cumulative effect of shaped charge blasting was obtained.
(1) Detonation stress and crack analysis of single-hole non-shaped charge blasting
The stress evolution process of non-shaped blasting is shown in Figure 18, and the
development process of detonation cracks during non-shaped blasting is shown in Figure 19.
Minerals 2023, 13, 176 17 of 30

After the detonation of the explosive, a strong explosive stress wave is produced. The
explosive stress wave reaches the blasting hole wall to form obvious compressive shear
stress. With the superposition of the explosive gas stress, the concentration degree of the
compressive shear stress in the surrounding rock near the blasting hole wall becomes higher
and higher. When the compressive stress exceeds the compressive shear strength of the
surrounding rock, massive blasting cracks are generated in the surrounding rock near the
hole wall, forming the compressive shear failure zone around the blast hole. After that, the
explosive stress wave forms a tensile stress concentration zone along six directions in the
surrounding rock. Under the action of tension stress, the surrounding rock evenly cracks
along the six directions at a 60◦ equal angle to form six tensile cracks, and tensile stress
concentration occurs at the crack tip. With the continuous propagation of the explosive
gas stress, the crack tip is constantly broken and opened under the effect of tensile stress,
resulting in the crack extending along six directions until it runs through. It can be seen that
in the case of non-shaped charge blasting, the cracks do not develop along the horizontal
ideal shaped charge direction, and the surrounding rock appears to be broken as a whole
under the action of the detonation stress wave, which means that the blasting effect is poor.
Minerals 2023, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 19 of 32
In addition, due to the large number of crack groups, a large amount of explosive energy
is consumed.

Figure
Figure18. Stressevolution
18.Stress evolutionprocess
processofof single-hole
single-hole non-shaped
non-shaped charge
charge blasting.
blasting.
Minerals 2023, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 20 of 32
Minerals 2023, 13, 176 18 of 30

Figure
Figure19.
19.Development
Developmentprocess
processof
ofcracks
crackscaused
causedby
bysingle-hole
single-holenon-shaped
non-shaped charge
charge blasting.
blasting.

(2) Detonation
(2) Detonationstress
stressand
andcrack
crackanalysis
analysisofofsingle-hole
single-holeshaped
shapedcharge
chargeblasting
blasting
The stress evolution process of single-hole shaped charge blasting
The stress evolution process of single-hole shaped charge blasting is shown is shown in Figure 20,
in Fig-
and the development process of explosive cracks during single-hole
ure 20, and the development process of explosive cracks during single-hole shaped shaped charge blasting
is shown
charge in Figure
blasting 21. The
is shown ininstant
Figure after theinstant
21. The explosive is the
after detonated, a tensile
explosive stress concen-
is detonated, a ten-
tration zone appears near the shaped charge hole, and the rock nearby
sile stress concentration zone appears near the shaped charge hole, and the rock bears the effect
nearbyof
the tensile stress. When the tensile stress exceeds the tensile strength of the surrounding
bears the effect of the tensile stress. When the tensile stress exceeds the tensile strength of
rock, tensile cracks are generated in the surrounding rock near the shaped hole. When the
the surrounding rock, tensile cracks are generated in the surrounding rock near the
initial tensile crack forms, the surrounding rock cracks along the horizontal single-shaped
shaped hole. When the initial tensile crack forms, the surrounding rock cracks along the
direction to form two tensile cracks under the action of tensile stress, and the tensile stress
horizontal single-shaped direction to form two tensile cracks under the action of tensile
concentration occurs at the crack tip. With the continuous propagation of the explosive
stress, and the tensile stress concentration occurs at the crack tip. With the continuous
stress wave, the crack tip is constantly broken and opened under the effect of tensile stress,
propagation of the explosive stress wave, the crack tip is constantly broken and opened
resulting in the crack extending along the shaped direction until it runs through. It can
under the effect of tensile stress, resulting in the crack extending along the shaped direc-
be seen that in the case of shaped charge blasting, the cracks develop and spread through
tion until it runs through. It can be seen that in the case of shaped charge blasting, the
along the horizontal ideal shaped charge direction, and there is no overall fracturing of
cracks develop and spread through along the horizontal ideal shaped charge direction,
the surrounding rock under the action of the detonation stress wave; therefore, the shaped
and there is no overall fracturing of the surrounding rock under the action of the deto-
charge blasting effect is good. At the same time, because only a group of cracks are gener-
nation stress wave; therefore, the shaped charge blasting effect is good. At the same time,
ated and very little explosive energy is consumed, the tertiary coal mine emulsion explosive
because
can fullyonly
meetathegroup of cracks of
requirements are generated
shaped chargeand very little explosive energy is con-
blasting.
sumed, the tertiary coal mine emulsion explosive can fully meet the requirements of
shaped charge blasting.
Minerals 2023, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 21 of 32
Minerals 2023, 13, 176 19 of 30

Figure20.
Figure Stressevolution
20.Stress evolutionprocess
processofofsingle-hole
single-holeshaped
shapedcharge
chargeblasting.
blasting.
Minerals
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2023, 13,
13, x176
FOR PEER REVIEW 2220ofof32
30

Figure
Figure 21.
21. Development
Development process
process of
of crack
crack initiation
initiation by
by single-hole
single-hole shaped
shaped charge
charge blasting.

(2) Numerical
(2) Numericalsimulation
simulationof ofmulti-hole
multi-holecumulative
cumulativeblasting
blasting
By
By comparing
comparing and and analyzing
analyzing the the stress
stress evolution
evolution law law andand thethe development
development law law of of
blasting
blasting cracks under a 400 mm, 500 mm, and 600 mm hole spacing, the optimal hole
cracks under a 400 mm, 500 mm, and 600 mm hole spacing, the optimal hole
spacing
spacing of of shaped
shaped charge
charge blasting
blasting was was obtained.
obtained.
The stress evolution
The stress evolutionprocess
process of of multi-hole
multi-hole shaped
shaped charge charge blasting
blasting and theand the devel-
development
opment
process process
of blasting of blasting
cracks are cracks
shown areinshown
Figures in 22–27.
FiguresThe 22–27. Theafter
instant instanttheafter the ex-
explosive is
plosive
detonated,is detonated, a tensile
a tensile stress stress concentration
concentration zone appears zonenearappears near all
all shaped shaped
charge charge
holes, and
holes, andnearby
the rocks the rocks bearnearby bearofthe
the effect theeffect
tensile of stress.
the tensile
When stress. Whenstress
the tensile the tensile
exceeds stress
the
exceeds the tensile strength of the surrounding rock, a tensile
tensile strength of the surrounding rock, a tensile crack is generated in the surrounding crack is generated in the
surrounding
rock near therock shapednearhole.
the shaped
When the hole. When
initial the initial
tensile crack tensile
forms, crack forms, the sur-
the surrounding rock
rounding
cracks along rockthe cracks along single-shaped
horizontal the horizontaldirection
single-shaped
to formdirection
six tensileto cracks
form six undertensile
the
cracks
action under the action
of tensile stress,of tensile
and stress, and
the tensile stresstheconcentration
tensile stress concentration
is observed atisthe observed
crack tip at
perpendicular
the to the crack to
crack tip perpendicular surface.
the crack With the continuous
surface. propagation
With the continuous of the explosive
propagation of the
stress wave,
explosive thewave,
stress tensilethestress zone
tensile of the
stress crack
zone tip crack
of the also moves
tip also forward, and the crack
moves forward, and the tip
is constantly destroyed and opened under the effect of the tensile
crack tip is constantly destroyed and opened under the effect of the tensile stress, re- stress, resulting in the
continuous
sulting in thepropagation
continuousof the crack along
propagation of thethe direction
crack along of thethe shaped of
direction energy. When en-
the shaped the
spacing
ergy. When between the holes
the spacing is 400 mm
between the and
holes 500ismm,400 the
mmtension
and 500 crack
mm,propagates
the tension through
crack
the adjacentthrough
propagates holes. However,
the adjacent when the However,
holes. spacing between when the thespacing
holes isbetween
600 mm,the theholes
tension is
crack
600 mm,generated
the tensionby thecrack
adjacent holes fails
generated by theto propagate through;
adjacent holes failsthen, the adjacent
to propagate empty
through;
holes the
then, stopadjacent
developing and holes
empty expanding. The reason is
stop developing thatexpanding.
and the strengthThe of the explosive
reason is thatstress
the
wave decreases continuously during the propagation process,
strength of the explosive stress wave decreases continuously during the propagation which affects the tension
stress generated
process, which affectsby it.theWhen
tensionthe stress
tensilegenerated
stress is lower than the
by it. When thetensile
tensile strength of the
stress is lower
surrounding
than the tensile rock, the tensile
strength of thecracks will stop
surrounding growing
rock, and expanding.
the tensile cracks will stopIt cangrowing
be seen and that
expanding. It can be seen that in the case of multi-hole shaped charge blasting, when and
in the case of multi-hole shaped charge blasting, when the hole spacing is 400 mm the
500 mm,
hole spacingthe cracks
is 400 mm develop
and and
500 mm,expandthealong
cracksthe horizontal
develop and ideal
expand shaped
alongcharge direction
the horizontal
and connect
ideal with each
shaped charge other, and
direction and connect
a fully connected
with each tension
other, and crack is formed
a fully connected betweentension the
adjacent holes. Multi-hole shaped charge blasting has a good
crack is formed between the adjacent holes. Multi-hole shaped charge blasting has a good effect. Considering the cost
effectiveness of perforation construction and blasting, the optimal hole spacing is 500 mm.
Minerals 2023, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 23 of 32
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Minerals 2023, 13, 176 21 of 30

effect. Considering the cost effectiveness of perforation construction and blasting, the
effect.
optimal Considering
hole spacingthe costmm.
is 500 effectiveness of perforation construction and blasting, the
effect. Considering
optimal hole spacingthe costmm.
is 500 effectiveness of perforation construction and blasting, the
optimal hole spacing is 500 mm.

(a) t = 0.06 ms (b) t = 0.13 ms

(a) t = 0.06 ms (b) t = 0.13 ms
(a) t = 0.06 ms (b) t = 0.13 ms

(c) t = 0.19 ms (d) t = 0.24 ms

(c) t = 0.19 ms (d) t = 0.24 ms
(c) t = 0.19 ms 22. Stress evolution process of 400 mm spacing multi-hole
Figure (d) shaped
t = 0.24 charge
ms blasting.
Figure 22. Stress evolution process of 400 mm spacing multi-hole shaped charge blasting.
Figure 22. Stress evolution process of 400 mm spacing multi-hole shaped charge blasting.
Figure 22. Stress evolution process of 400 mm spacing multi-hole shaped charge blasting.

(a) t = 0.06 ms (b) t = 0.13 ms

(a) t = 0.06 ms (b) t = 0.13 ms
(a) t = 0.06 ms (b) t = 0.13 ms

(c) t = 0.19 ms (d) t = 0.24 ms

(c) t = 0.19 ms (d) t = 0.24 ms
(c) t = 0.19 ms 23. Development process of cracks caused by multi-hole(d)
Figure t = 0.24with
blasting ms 400 mm spacing.
Figure 23.
Figure 23. Development process of
Development process of cracks
cracks caused
caused by
by multi-hole
multi-hole blasting
blasting with
with 400
400 mm
mm spacing.
spacing.
Figure 23. Development process of cracks caused by multi-hole blasting with 400 mm spacing.

(a) t = 0.07 ms (b) t = 0.15 ms

(a) t = 0.07 ms (b) t = 0.15 ms
(a) t = 0.07 ms (b) t = 0.15 ms

Figure 24. Cont.

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(c) t = 0.25 ms (d) t = 0.32 ms

(c) t = 0.25 ms (d) t = 0.32 ms
(c) t = 0.25 ms (d) t = 0.32 ms
Figure
Figure 24.
24. Stress
Stress evolution
evolution process of 500
process of 500 mm spacing
spacing multi-hole shaped
shaped charge blasting.
blasting.
Figure 24. Stress evolution process of 500 mm
mm spacing multi-hole
multi-hole shaped charge
charge blasting.
Figure 24. Stress evolution process of 500 mm spacing multi-hole shaped charge blasting.

(a) t = 0.07 ms (b) t = 0.15 ms

(a) t = 0.07 ms (b) t = 0.15 ms
(a) t = 0.07 ms (b) t = 0.15 ms

(c) t = 0.25 ms (d) t = 0.32 ms

(c) t = 0.25 ms (d) t = 0.32 ms
(c) t = 0.25 ms (d) t = 0.32 ms
Figure 25. Development process of cracks caused by multi-hole blasting with 500 mm spacing.
Figure 25. Development process
Development process of
process of cracks caused by multi-hole blasting with
with 500 mm
mm spacing.
Figure
Figure 25.
25. Development of cracks
cracks caused
caused by
by multi-hole
multi-hole blasting
blasting with 500
500 mm spacing.
spacing.

(a) t = 0.09 ms (b) t = 0.20 ms

(a) t = 0.09 ms (b) t = 0.20 ms
(a) t = 0.09 ms (b) t = 0.20 ms

(c) t = 0.27 ms (d) t = 0.32 ms

(c) t = 0.27 ms (d) t = 0.32 ms
(c) t = 0.27 ms (d) t = 0.32 ms
Figure 26. Stress evolution process of 600 mm spacing multi-hole shaped charge blasting.
Figure 26. Stress evolution process of 600 mm spacing multi-hole shaped charge blasting.
Figure 26.
Figure 26. Stress
Stress evolution process of
evolution process of 600
600 mm
mm spacing
spacing multi-hole
multi-hole shaped
shaped charge
charge blasting.
blasting.
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32

(a) t = 0.09 ms (b) t = 0.20 ms

(c) t = 0.27 ms (d) t = 0.32 ms

Figure 27. Development process of cracks caused by multi-hole blasting

blasting with
with 600
600 mm
mm spacing.
spacing.

(3) Numerical
Numerical simulation
simulation of
of spaced-hole cumulative blasting
By comparing and analyzing the stress evolution law and the development law of
blasting cracks under a 200 mm and 300 mm hole spacing, the optimal blasting initiation
method of cumulative blasting was obtained. obtained.
stress evolution
The stress evolution process
processofofspaced-hole
spaced-holeshaped shapedcharge
chargeblasting
blasting andandthethe devel-
develop-
opment
ment process
process of blasting
of blasting cracks
cracks are shown
are shown in Figures
in Figures 28–31.28–31. The instant
The instant after theafter the ex-
explosive
is detonated,
plosive a tensile astress
is detonated, concentration
tensile zone appears
stress concentration zonenear all shaped
appears near allcharge holes,
shaped and
charge
the rocks
holes, andnearby
the rocksbearnearby
the effect
bearofthetheeffect
tensileofstress. Whenstress.
the tensile the tensile
Whenstress exceeds
the tensile the
stress
tensile
exceedsstrength
the tensileof the surrounding
strength rock, a tensilerock,
of the surrounding crack is generated
a tensile crack inis the surrounding
generated in the
rock near therock
surrounding shapednearhole. When the
the shaped initial
hole. When tensile crack forms,
the initial tensile the
crack surrounding
forms, the rock sur-
cracks
rounding along rockthecracks
horizontal
alongsingle-shaped
the horizontaldirection to formdirection
single-shaped four tensile cracksfour
to form under the
tensile
action
cracks of the tensile
under stress,ofand
the action the the tensile
tensile stress
stress, and concentration
the tensile is observed
stress at the crack
concentration tip
is ob-
perpendicular
served at the crack to thetip
crack surface. With
perpendicular tothe
thecontinuous
crack surface. propagation
With the of the explosive
continuous stress
propaga-
wave,
tion ofthethetensile stressstress
explosive zone wave,
at the crack tip also
the tensile moves
stress forward.
zone at the The
crackcrack tip ismoves
tip also constantlyfor-
destroyed and opened under the effect of the tensile stress,
ward. The crack tip is constantly destroyed and opened under the effect of the tensileresulting in the continuous
expansion of the crack
stress, resulting in thealong the direction
continuous of the of
expansion shaped energy.
the crack When
along thethedirection
hole spacing
of the is
200 mm, the tension crack propagates through the adjacent
shaped energy. When the hole spacing is 200 mm, the tension crack propagates through empty holes. When the hole
spacing
the adjacentis 300 mm, holes.
empty the tension
Whencrack generated
the hole spacingby is the
300 adjacent
mm, the holes
tension fails to propagate
crack generated
through; then, the adjacent empty holes stop developing and expanding.
by the adjacent holes fails to propagate through; then, the adjacent empty holes stop The reason is that
de-
the strength of the explosive stress wave decreases continuously
veloping and expanding. The reason is that the strength of the explosive stress wave de- during the propagation
process, which affects the
creases continuously tension
during thestress generatedprocess,
propagation by it, and whenaffects
which the tensile stress is lower
the tension stress
than the tensile strength of the surrounding rock, the tensile crack
generated by it, and when the tensile stress is lower than the tensile strength of the sur- stops developing and
spreading.
rounding rock, the tensile crack stops developing and spreading. It can be seen that in the
It can be seen that in the case of spaced-hole shaped charge blasting, when the
hole spacing is 200 mm, the cracks develop and expand along
case of spaced-hole shaped charge blasting, when the hole spacing is 200 mm, the cracksthe horizontal ideal shaped
charge direction and run through the adjacent empty holes. A fully connected tension crack
develop and expand along the horizontal ideal shaped charge direction and run through
is formed between the blasting hole and the empty holes. The effect of spaced-hole shaped
the adjacent empty holes. A fully connected tension crack is formed between the blasting
charge blasting is good, but a large number of empty holes need to be constructed, which
hole and the empty holes. The effect of spaced-hole shaped charge blasting is good, but a
greatly affects the cost effectiveness of the hole construction and blasting. At the same time,
large number of empty holes need to be constructed, which greatly affects the cost effec-
the setting of empty blast holes does not play an optimal role in promoting the surrounding
tiveness of the hole construction and blasting. At the same time, the setting of empty blast
rock stress evolution and crack development of shaped charge blasting. Therefore, the
holes does not play an optimal role in promoting the surrounding rock stress evolution
optimal blasting method is the multi-hole shaped charge blasting with a hole spacing of
and crack development of shaped charge blasting. Therefore, the optimal blasting
500 mm.
method is the multi-hole shaped charge blasting with a hole spacing of 500 mm.
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x FOR PEER REVIEW 24 of
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32
Minerals 2023, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 26 of 32
Minerals 2023, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 26 of 32

(a) t = 0.04 ms (b) t = 0.08 ms

(a) t = 0.04 ms (b) t = 0.08 ms
(a) t = 0.04 ms (b) t = 0.08 ms

(c) t = 0.13 ms (d) t = 0.22 ms

(c) t = 0.13 ms (d) t = 0.22 ms
(c) t = 0.13 ms (d) t = 0.22 ms
Figure 28. Stress evolution
Stress evolution process of spaced-hole blasting with 200 mm
mm spacing.
Figure
Figure 28.
28. Stress evolution process
process of
of spaced-hole
spaced-hole blasting
blasting with
with 200
200 mm spacing.
spacing.
Figure 28. Stress evolution process of spaced-hole blasting with 200 mm spacing.

(a) t = 0.04 ms (b) t = 0.08 ms

(a) t = 0.04 ms (b) t = 0.08 ms
(a) t = 0.04 ms (b) t = 0.08 ms

(c) t = 0.13 ms (d) t = 0.22 ms

(c) t = 0.13 ms (d) t = 0.22 ms
(c) t = 0.13 ms (d) t = 0.22 ms
Figure 29. Development process of cracks caused by spaced-hole blasting with 200 mm spacing.
Figure 29. Development process of
Development process
process of cracks caused
caused by spaced-hole
spaced-hole blasting with
with 200 mm
mm spacing.
Figure
Figure 29.
29. Development of cracks
cracks caused by
by spaced-hole blasting
blasting with 200
200 mm spacing.
spacing.

(a) t = 0.04 ms (b) t = 0.12 ms

(a) t = 0.04 ms (b) t = 0.12 ms
(a) t = 0.04 ms (b) t = 0.12 ms

Figure 30. Cont.

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30
Minerals 2023, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 27 of 32

(c) t = 0.22 ms (d) t = 0.33 ms

(c) t = 0.22 ms (d) t = 0.33 ms
Figure 30. Stress evolution process of spaced-hole blasting with 300 mm
Figure 30. Stress evolution process of spaced-hole blasting with 300 mm spacing.
spacing.
Figure 30. Stress evolution process of spaced-hole blasting with 300 mm spacing.

(a) t = 0.04 ms (b) t = 0.12 ms

(a) t = 0.04 ms (b) t = 0.12 ms

(c) t = 0.22 ms (d) t = 0.33 ms

(c) t = 0.22 ms (d) t = 0.33 ms
Figure 31. Development process of cracks caused by spaced-hole blasting with 300 mm spacing.
Figure 31.
Figure 31. Development
Development process
process of
of cracks
cracks caused
caused by
by spaced-hole
spaced-hole blasting
blasting with
with 300
300 mm
mm spacing.
spacing.
With the help of LS-DYNA numerical simulation software (version LS-DYNA
With
Withthe thehelphelpof LS-DYNA
of LS-DYNA numerical simulation
numerical software
simulation (version(version
software LS-DYNA R11.1.0),
LS-DYNA
R11.1.0), taking the geological conditions of the 1,010,201 working face in the Yuwang
taking
R11.1.0), thetaking
geological conditionsconditions
the geological of the 1,010,201
of the working
1,010,201face in theface
working Yuwangin theNo.1 Coal
Yuwang
No.1 Coal Mine as the engineering example, a numerical model was established; then,
Mine
No.1 as theMine
Coal engineering example, a numerical
as the engineering example, model was established;
a numerical model wasthen, the blastthen,
established; hole
the blast hole spacing of 400 mm, 500 mm, 600 mm, and two blasting modes of multi-hole
spacing
the blastof 400spacing
hole mm, 500 ofmm, 600 mm,
400 mm, 500 mm,and 600
twomm,blasting modes
and two of multi-hole
blasting modes ofcumulative
multi-hole
cumulative blasting and spaced-hole cumulative blasting were simulated and analyzed,
blasting
cumulative andblasting
spaced-hole cumulative blasting
and spaced-hole cumulative wereblasting
simulatedwereand analyzed,
simulated respectively.
and analyzed,
respectively. Numerical simulation software was used to analyze and compare the stress
Numerical
respectively. Numerical simulation software was used to analyze and compareevolution
simulation software was used to analyze and compare the stress the stress
evolution
process
process charge
of shaped
of shaped charge
blasting
blasting
and blasting
the crackand
and the crack process
development
development
of shaped
process of
charge
evolution process of shaped charge the crack development process of
shaped
blasting charge blasting
under different under different blast spacings and different blasting modes.
shaped charge blasting blast
underspacings
differentand different
blast spacings blasting modes. Considering
and different blasting modes. the
Considering
engineering the engineering
and thequantity and the of consumption of labor the
and materials, the
Considering quantity
the engineering consumption
quantity and the labor and materials,
consumption of labor andbest blast hole
materials, the
best blast
spacing is hole
500 spacing
mm, and is 500
the mm,
best and
blasting the best
method blasting
is method
multi-hole is multi-hole
blasting. In the blasting.
subsequent In
best blast hole spacing is 500 mm, and the best blasting method is multi-hole blasting. In
the subsequent
actual roof-cutting actual roof-cutting
operation, operation,
the blast spacing the blast
design spacing
should be design should
verified be
on the verified
the subsequent actual roof-cutting operation, the blast spacing design should be basis of
verified
on
thisthe basis
result, andof the
thisnumber
result, and
of the number
holes for one of holes for
initiation one be
should initiation
further should be further
determined.
on the basis of this result, and the number of holes for one initiation should be further
determined.
determined.
4. Special Design for Gas Prevention and Control
4. Special DesignNo.1
The Yuwang for Gas
CoalPrevention and Control
Mine is a typical coal and gas outburst mine in Southwest
4. Special Design for Gas Prevention and Control
China; The inYuwang
additionNo.1 to theCoal Mine
design of isthe
a typical coal and for
key parameters gasthe
outburst mine in110
conventional Southwest
mining
The Yuwang No.1 Coal Mine is a typical coal and gas outburst mine in Southwest
China;
methodinofaddition to thementioned
roof cutting design of the key the
above, parameters
applicationfor the conventional
planning of the 110 mining
China; in addition to the design of the key parameters for the conventional 110 mining
method also requires
of roof cuttinga special adaptive
mentioned technical
above, design forplanning
the application gas prevention
of the and110 control.
mining
method of roof cutting mentioned above, the application planning of the 110 mining
This
method includes (1) the development
also requires of a goaf
a special adaptive closuredesign
technical systemfor under Y-ventilation
gas prevention conditions
and control.
method
with the also requiresmethod
110 mining a specialandadaptive technical
(2)ofresearch on gas design for gastechnology
extraction preventionbasedand control.
on the
This includes (1) the development a goaf closure system under Y-ventilation condi-
This
110 includes (1) the development of a goaf closure system under Y-ventilation condi-
tionsmining
with the method.
110 mining method and (2) research on gas extraction technology based on
tions with the 110 mining method and (2) research on gas extraction technology based on
the 110 mining method.
the 110 mining method.
Minerals 2023, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 28 of 32
Minerals 2023, 13, 176 26 of 30

4.1. Closure Design of the Goaf

4.1. Closure
After the Design110ofmining
the Goafmethod of roof cutting and roadway retaining in the coal
mining
After face,
theit110
takes a certain
mining methodamount of cutting
of roof time to andcompact
roadwaythe gangue
retainingwall of retained
in the coal miningen-
face, it takes
try, and a certain
as the working amount
face of time to compact
advances, there is the ganguewind
a narrow wall leakage
of retainedzoneentry, andthe
beside as
the
laneworking face advances,
at a certain there is aFor
distance behind. narrow wind leakage
the mining of high zone
gasbeside
and the the protruding
lane at a certain
coal
distance
seam, if behind.
the gangue For wall
the mining
formedofby high
roofgas and the
cutting protruding
is not closed incoal seam,
time, not ifonly
the gangue
will the
wall
high formed by roofofcutting
concentration gas from is not closed in
the mining time,
area gush not only
into thewill
lane,the high concentration
causing the gas to ex-
of gasthe
ceed from thebut
limit, mining areacoal
also the gush intowith
seam the lane,
a riskcausing
of naturalthe fire
gas becomes
to exceedpronethe limit, but
to spon-
also the coal seam with a risk of natural fire becomes prone to
taneous combustion with the coal left in the mining area, which may even lead to fire orspontaneous combustion
with the coal left
gas explosion in the
at the mining
working area,
face. which may
Therefore, it iseven lead totofire
necessary or gas
study explosion
a technical at the
solution
working
for a rapid face. Therefore,
closure systemitadapted
is necessary
to thetoshape
studyofathe technical
roadway solution
to managefor athe
rapid closure
air leakage
system
of gangue adapted to the shape
wall formed by roof ofcutting
the roadway
and to to managethe
eliminate theabove
air leakage
hazards.of Based
gangueonwallthe
formed by roof cutting and to eliminate the above hazards. Based
application of the 110 mining method in the Yuwang No.1 Coal Mine, the following three on the application of
the 110 mining method in the Yuwang No.1 Coal Mine, the following
types of goaf closure solutions are proposed, and scheme comparison and selection will three types of goaf
closure
be carriedsolutions
out at are proposed,
a later and scheme
appropriate time. comparison and selection will be carried out at
a later appropriate time.
(1) Windpipe cloth + slurry spraying closure program
(1) This
Windpipe cloth + slurry
is a common wayspraying
of gangue closure
wallprogram
closure under the 110 mining method.
Namely, using
This is metal mesh
a common way oftogangue
hang windpipe
wall closure cloth (a kind
under the 110of mining
flexiblemethod.
sealing material
Namely,
using metalused
commonly meshintoChinese
hang windpipe
coal mines,clothwhich
(a kind is of flexible
usually usedsealing material
for local commonly
ventilation and
used in Chinese coal mines, which is usually used for local ventilation
sealing of tunnels) and spraying slurry are used to realize gangue wall closure. This so- and sealing of
tunnels)
lution hasand spraying
been slurry applied
successfully are usedintoa realize
numbergangue wallsuch
of mines, closure.
as theThis solutionCoal
Ningtiaota has
been
Minesuccessfully
and the Faer applied in a number
Coal Mine, of mines,
but there such as the
is the problem Ningtiaota
that CoaltoMine
it is difficult and
firmly the
bond
Faer Coal Mine,
the sprayed but there
slurry layeristo
thethe
problem
windpipethat itcloth,
is difficult
and ittois
firmly
prone bond the sprayed slurry
to delamination and
layer to the
cracking windpipe
after cloth, and
compression andit deformation
is prone to delamination
later, whichand cracking
is costly andafter compression
complicated to
and deformation
repair. later, which is costly and complicated to repair.
(2)
(2) Cement blanket +
+ local slurry spraying reinforcement closure program
program (shown
(shown in
in
Figure 32)
This solution
This solution isis an
an improvement
improvement of of the
the abovementioned
abovementioned Solution
Solution (1);
(1); that
that is,
is, the
the
windpipe cloth
windpipe cloth in
in Solution
Solution (1)(1) is
is replaced
replaced by by aa cement
cement blanket.
blanket. The inner
inner layer
layer ofof the
the
cement blanket is geotextile
cement geotextile fabric,
fabric,which
whichcancanseal
sealthetheair
airand
andwater,
water,andandthe
theouter
outer layer
layer is
mesh
is meshand
andcement.
cement.After
Afterlaying,
laying,water
waterisispoured
pouredand andhardened
hardenedto toform
form aa sealing
sealing layer.
This solution
This solutioncan
caneliminate
eliminate thethe process
process of large-area
of large-area slurry
slurry spraying,
spraying, with with
higher higher effi-
efficiency
ciency
and and a cost.
a lower lowerThecost. Thedamage
local local damage
area inarea
thein the stage
later later stage of reservation
of lane lane reservation can
can also
be reinforced
also by guniting.
be reinforced As the
by guniting. Ascement blanket
the cement is mainly
blanket made made
is mainly of cement, it has it
of cement, good
has
adhesion with guniting
good adhesion and hasand
with guniting a better
has aintegrity than the conventional
better integrity air duct cloth
than the conventional and
air duct
does
clothnot
andeasily
does delaminate.
not easily delaminate.

Roof cutting line Extraction pipeline

Roof
Roof
cutting
wall
Goaf
Surface gas Coal
gathering device
Retained entry

Floor
Metal Cement Gangue
mesh blanket retaining layer

Figure 32.
Figure 32.Schematic
Schematicdiagram
diagramofof
thethe cement
cement blanket
blanket closure
closure andand
arealareal gas-gathering
gas-gathering device
device pro-
program.
gram.
(3) Masonry closure wall closure program (shown in Figure 33)
(3) Masonry closure wall closure program (shown in Figure 33)
This solution is to use high-water materials or loess filling bags combined with a
sealing wall to close the gangue wall. The main body of the sealing wall is made of brick
 Minerals 2023, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 29 of 32

Minerals 2023, 13, 176 27 of 30

This solution is to use high-water materials or loess filling bags combined with a
sealing wall to close the gangue wall. The main body of the sealing wall is made of brick
masonry
masonryor orisispoured
pouredwith
withaaflexible
flexiblemold
moldwall;
wall;the
theupper
upperpart
partisisfilled
filledwith
withloess
loessor
oraa
high-water material to close the gap between the wall and the roof. In addition,
high-water material to close the gap between the wall and the roof. In addition, the loessthe loess or
high-water material can also offset a certain amount of roof deformation so that
or high-water material can also offset a certain amount of roof deformation so that the the wall is
not easy to crush and can enhance the sealing effect.
wall is not easy to crush and can enhance the sealing effect.

High water material

or loess bag
Basic roof

Direct roof Roof

High water material cutting wall
or loess bag
Filling material of
loess or high water Goaf
content material

Coal Retained Sealing Roof

entry wall cutting wall Sealing wall

Figure 33. Schematic diagram of the masonry closure wall closure program.
Figure 33. Schematic diagram of the masonry closure wall closure program.
4.2. Design of Goaf Gas Extraction
4.2. Design of Goaf Gas Extraction
In addition to the closure of the goaf, gas drainage in the goaf should also be designed
In addition
adaptively to avoid togas
theaccumulation
closure of thecausedgoaf, by
gasthedrainage in theofgoaf
roof collapse should
the goaf, thealso be de-
escape of
signed adaptively to avoid gas accumulation caused by the roof collapse
residual coal gas, or the inflow of gas from adjacent layers. In this study, two types of gas of the goaf, the
escape of solutions
extraction residual coal gas, or thefor
are proposed inflow of gas
the coal andfrom adjacent layers.
gas prominence and In this
coal study,
seam two
group
types of gas
conditions extraction
in the Easternsolutions
Yunnan Mine are proposed for will
Area, which the coal and gasfor
be selected prominence
implementationand coalin
seam group conditions in the Eastern Yunnan Mine Area, which will
the field, and specific extraction parameters, such as the drilling layout, drilling spacing, be selected for im-
plementation
and extraction in therate,
flow field,
willandbespecific extraction parameters, such as the drilling layout,
determined.
drilling spacing, and extraction flow rate, will be determined.
(1)
(1) Buried
Buried pipe
pipe method
methodof ofextraction
extractionof ofgas
gasfrom
fromthethegoaf
goaf
IfIfwall
wall sealing is used to close the goaf after roof cuttingand
sealing is used to close the goaf after roof cutting andmining,
mining,aagas gasextraction
extraction
pipe
pipecan canbe belaid
laidalong
alongthetheupper
upperganggangofofthe
thetrack
tracklane
laneofofthe
theback
backmining
miningface,
face,aagasgas
pipeline
pipelinecan canbebeplaced
placedat ataacertain
certaindistance
distancetotoset
setaatee,
tee,and
andaavalve
valvecan
canopen
openand and close
close it.
it.
As
Asthe
theworking
workingface faceadvances,
advances,the theextraction
extractionsieve
sievepipe
pipeisisconnected
connectedatatthe thetee
teealong
alongthethe
inner
innersidesideof ofthe
theretained
retainedentryentryand
andisisburied
buriedinto
intothe
thegoaf
goafthrough
throughthe thelane
lanewall.
wall.When
When
the
the working face advances to the next buried pipe orifice tee, the extraction sieve tubeisis
working face advances to the next buried pipe orifice tee, the extraction sieve tube
buried
buriedinto intothe
thegoaf
goafandandthethevalve
valveofofthetheburied
buriedpipe
pipeorifice
orificeisisopened.
opened.TheTheopening
openingand and
closing of the control valve of the drainage pipeline inside the
closing of the control valve of the drainage pipeline inside the retained entry retained entry is determined
is deter-
according to the drainage
mined according effect of effect
to the drainage the preceding drainagedrainage
of the preceding pipe so as to achieve
pipe so as to the goal the
achieve of
continuous gas drainage
goal of continuous in the goaf
gas drainage using
in the buried
goaf usingpipes.
buried pipes.
(2) Gas
(2) Gas collection
collection device
devicetotoextract
extractgas
gasfrom
fromthe
thegoaf
goaf
In general, there is no closed wall outside the gangue wall under the 110 mining
In general, there is no closed wall outside the gangue wall under the 110 mining
method, so it is difficult to embed the pipeline into the lane wall for conventional
method, so it is difficult to embed the pipeline into the lane wall for conventional pipe-
pipe-laying drainage. Therefore, a plan is proposed to set a surface gas-gathering device
laying drainage. Therefore, a plan is proposed to set a surface gas-gathering device on the
on the gangue wall of the roof-cutting retained entry for gas extraction. After the goaf is
gangue wall of the roof-cutting retained entry for gas extraction. After the goaf is sealed
sealed with airduct cloth or a cement blanket, a gas-gathering device is installed on the
with airduct cloth or a cement blanket, a gas-gathering device is installed on the closed
closed roadway wall to use the cracks on the gangue wall to extract gas from the goaf, as
roadway wall to use the cracks on the gangue wall to extract gas from the goaf, as shown
shown in Figure 32.
in Figure 32.
4.3.Field
4.3. FieldEffect
EffectInvestigation
InvestigationPlan
Plan
Thepurpose
The purposeof ofthethegoaf
goafclosure
closuremeasures
measuresunderunderroof-cutting
roof-cuttingentry
entryretaining
retainingisistoto
reduce the amount of air leakage from the working face to the
reduce the amount of air leakage from the working face to the goaf; therefore, goaf; therefore, when im-
when
plemented ononsite,
implemented site,the
theclosure
closureeffect
effectcan
canbe
be investigated
investigated through the measurement
through the measurementof ofthe
the
airvolume
air volumeatat thethe working
working faceface
andand the retained
the retained entry.entry. Themethod
The unit unit method
is usedistoused to de-
determine
termine
the airflowthe
at airflow
the workingat theface
working face and
and retained retained
entry. At the entry. At the
same time, thesame time, the gas
gas concentration
atconcentration
the measurement at thelocation
measurement location is also
is also determined determined
in order to graspintheorder to grasp
condition of the con-
gas
gushing source at the working face so as to find the specific location of the source of the air
Minerals 2023, 13, 176 28 of 30

leakage between the workface and the goaf and to grasp the law of gas transport and the
gas concentration distribution at the working face with the 110 mining method.
The effect of goaf closure and gas extraction under the 110 mining method Y-ventilation
can be investigated by measuring the gas concentration in the return airstream of the roof-
cutting lane without gas extraction and after the implementation of extraction measures
as well as by monitoring parameters, such as the volume fraction and extraction volume
in the buried pipe extraction and roof extraction borehole systems. With the continuous
advancement of the working face, the roof cutting and roadway retaining enter the stable
roadway formation stage. According to the gas emission volume and the emission law of
the working face, measured by the unit method, the gas unit method is remeasured after
the implementation of the roof high-level drilling and the buried pipe drainage of goaf gas,
which can compare whether the gas concentration in the return airflow has a downward
trend. The data on the gas volume fraction and drainage flow in the buried pipe drainage
pipeline and roof drilling hole are collected uninterruptedly, and the gas in both pipelines
is extracted for CO and O2 detection. If the volume fraction of CO gas in the extraction
pipeline increases significantly with the working face advancing, the extraction pipeline
shall be timely closed according to the distance from the mining line.
Through the above investigation, analysis, and summary of various 110 mining
method gas control technologies, it can be concluded that the comprehensive gas control
technology model and optimization process is suitable for the conditions of the 110 mining
method of roof cutting and roadway retaining in the mining face of the multi-coal seam out-
burst mine in the Eastern Yunnan Mining area, forming an effective gas control technology
system for the mining face in the Eastern Yunnan Mining Area under these conditions.

5. Conclusions and Follow-Up Plan

5.1. Conclusions
(1) This study analyzed the geological conditions of the Yuwang No.1 Coal Mine in the
Huaneng Eastern Yunnan Mining Area, summarized the geological characteristics of
the 110 mining method test working face, and analyzed the practice feasibility of the
110 mining method according to the geological characteristics of “one soft, one low,
two high, and two complex”;
(2) Based on engineering experience, calculations, and analyses, the key parameters of
roof cutting in the test working face of the Yuwang No.1 Coal Mine were designed.
With the help of numerical simulations, the roof-cutting height, roof-cutting angle, and
blasting parameters were numerically simulated and analyzed. The key parameters
of roof cutting in the test working face were obtained as follows: the depth of roof
cutting is 7 m, the angle of roof cutting is 15◦ , and the blasting method is multi-hole
blasting with a spacing of 500 mm;
(3) In view of the coal and gas outburst and the occurrence conditions of coal seams in
the Yuwang No.1 Coal Mine, a variety of goaf closure design schemes and goaf gas
drainage design schemes were proposed, and the on-site effect inspection scheme
was given.

5.2. Follow-Up Plan

After the first mining face of the Yuwang No.1 Coal Mine is ready, the pilot mine
will further carry out the field blasting test and the 110 mining method roadway-retaining
test under the guidance of the research results in this paper to verify the rationality of
the roof-cutting parameter design and the feasibility of the gangue wall sealing and gas
drainage design. Furthermore, in the field practice process, the mining ground pressure
law and the adjacent layer gas drainage technology under the condition of the 110 mining
method will be continuously studied, and finally, the application technology system of the
110 mining method in the Eastern Yunnan Mining Area will be formed.
Minerals 2023, 13, 176 29 of 30

Author Contributions: Methodology, X.M., B.H. and D.W.; Investigation, X.M.; Resources, M.H. and
C.C.; Data curation, J.L. and J.G.; Writing—original draft, Q.J.; Funding acquisition, Z.B. All authors
have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding: This research received no external funding.
Data Availability Statement: The data used to support the findings of this study are included within
the article.
Acknowledgments: This research was financially supported by the State Key Laboratory for Ge-
omechanics and Deep Underground Engineering (SKLGDUEK2020), Huaneng Group headquarters
science and technology project (HNKJ21-H07/HNKJ21-H56-10) and the Coal Burst Research Center
of China Jiangsu. In addition, my nephew Gao Qi was born on 14 January 2023, and I am thankful
for his arrival.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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