Tuyển tập những định nghĩa ô nhiễm môi trường trong học phần tiếng anh môi trường

của cô Phạm Nguyễn Kim Tuyến thật thú vị của lớp DCM1211 (gồm 16 thành viên năng động,
tích cực trong học tập và lớp trưởng là bạn Nguyễn Minh Thuận đẹp trai chơi thể thao cực hay,
học cực giỏi), thuộc khoa môi trường, trường đại học Sài Gòn, địa chỉ 273 Đ. An Dương Vương,
phường 3, quận 5, Tp.HCM.

Environmental pollution is any discharge of material or energy into water, land, or air tha
t causes or may cause acute (short-term) or chronic (long-term) detriment to the Earth's ecologica
l balance or that lowers the quality of life. Pollutants may cause primary damage, with direct iden
tifiable impact on the environment, or secondary damage in the form of minor perturbations in th
e delicate balance of the biological food web that are detectable only over long time periods.

Air pollution is the accumulation in the atmosphere of substances that, in sufficient conce
ntrations, endanger human health or produce other measured effects on living matter and other m
aterials. Among the major sources of pollution are power and heat generation, the burning of soli
d wastes, industrial processes and especially transportation. The six major types of air pollutants
are carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, particulates, sulfur dioxide and photochemi
cal oxidants.

 Water pollution is the introduction into fresh or ocean waters of chemical, physical, or biolo
gical material that degrades the quality of the water and affects the organisms living in it. Th
is process ranges from simple addition of dissolved or suspended solids to discharge of the
most insidious and persistent toxic pollutants (such as pesticides, heavy metals, and nondegr
adable, bioaccumulative, chemical compounds).

Land pollution is the degradation of the Earth's land surface through misuse of the soil by
poor agricultural practices, mineral exploitation, industrial waste dumping, and indiscriminate di
sposal of urban wastes.

Noise pollution (or environmental noise) is displeasing human, animal or machine-create

d sound that disrupts the activity or balance of human or animal life. It is a composite of sounds
generated by human activities ranging from blasting stereo systems to the roar of supersonic tran
sport jets. Noise may be generally associated with industrial society, where heavy machinery, mo
tor vehicles and aircraft have become everyday items.

 Thermal pollution is the discharge of waste heat via energy dissipation into cooling water an
d subsequently into nearby waterways. The major sources of thermal pollution are fossil-fuel
and nuclear electric-power generating facilities and, to a lesser degree, cooling operations as
sociated with industrial manufacturing, such as steel foundries, other primary-metal manufac
turers and chemical and petrochemical producers.

Acid rain is a broad term referring to a mixture of wet and dry deposition (deposited mate
rial) from the atmosphere containing higher than normal amounts of nitric and sulfuric acids. The
re are many forms of acid rain that are seen around the world. In parts of the world where there is
wet weather, there is acid rain, acid snow, and acid fog. In parts of the world where there is dry
weather, there is acid gas and acid dust. All of the lakes and streams in the world are normally sli
ghtly acidic. Heavy rainstorms or melting snow can cause the acidity in lakes and in streams to in
crease.

 Natural resources are things found in nature that living things use to meet their needs: food,
energy and materials. All these assets of environment are interconnected to form complex ec
osystems (e.g. rivers, mountains, wetland, etc.). Human also explores nature for social devel
opment. The energy resources people use today can be divided into two categories: non-rene
wable (oil, coal) and renewable (biomass, hydro power, etc.)

The Greenhouse Effect, also referred to as global warming, is generally believed to come
from the build up of carbon dioxide gas in the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide is produced when fue
ls are burned. Plants convert carbon dioxide back to oxygen, but the release of carbon dioxide fro
m human activities is higher than the world's plants can process. The amount of carbon dioxide i
n the air is continuing to increase. This build up acts like a blanket and traps heat close to the surf
ace of our earth. Changes of even a few degrees will affect us all through changes in the climate
and even the possibility that the polar ice caps may melt.

Natural resource management is ̳the management of all activities that use, develop and/or
conserve resources relating to water, land, plants, animals, even micro organisms, and the system
s they form‘ in order to get a balance between economic and social development and the need to
protect the environment. Nowadays, the world is focusing towards the concept of Integrated Nat
ural Resources Management (INRM).

 Adaptation to climate change refers to adjustment in natural or understand human systems in

response to actual or expected climatic stimuli or their effects, which moderates harm or exp
loits beneficial opportunities. Various types of adaptation can be distinguished, including ant
icipatory and reactive adaptation, private and public adaptation, and autonomous and planne
d adaptation