JIMMA UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OFAGRICULTURE AND VETERINARY MEDICINE

SCHOOL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE

POULTRY PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT

COURSE INSTRUCTOR……MR. ABDO MOHAMMED
 COURSE CREDIT…………2CRHR
 COURSE CODE……………AnSc-2053
 STUDENT NAME…………AYELE ASEFA
 ID…………………………...RU1371/12
 DATE OF SUBMISSION….JUNE, 30/2023

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 1. Explain in detail the economic contribution of poultry production for the
country

Poultry production is an important sector of the agricultural industry in many countries, and it
has significant economic contributions in terms of employment, income, and exports. The
following are some of the ways in which poultry production can contribute to a country's
economy:

1. Employment: Poultry production can provide employment opportunities for a range of

workers, from farm laborers to processing plant workers to veterinarians and other
professionals.

2. Income: Poultry production can generate income for farmers, processors, and other
stakeholders in the supply chain.

3. Exports: Poultry products can be an important source of foreign exchange earnings for
countries that export them.

4. Contribution to GDP: The poultry sector can contribute to a country's gross domestic
product in several ways. It can also create demand for inputs such as feed and equipment,
which can stimulate economic activity in related industries

5. Value-added products: Poultry production can generate value-added products such as

feathers, which can be used in the production of clothing and bedding materials.

2. Elaborate advancement in poultry breeding and breeding technologies

Poultry breeding and breeding technologies have advanced significantly over the past few
decades, driven by a combination of scientific research, technological innovation, and market
demand.

1. Genetic selection: Genetic selection is the process of choosing birds with desirable traits,
such as high egg production or fast growth rate, and breeding them to produce offspring with
those traits

2. Artificial insemination: Artificial insemination (AI) is the process of collecting semen

from male birds and using it to fertilize eggs from female birds

3. Embryo transfer: Embryo transfer is a process in which embryos are removed from the
reproductive tract of a female bird and transferred to another female for incubation and
hatching.

4. Marker-assisted selection: Marker-assisted selection is a genetic technology that uses

DNA markers to identify birds with desirable traits

5. Genomic selection: Genomic selection is a relatively new breeding technology that uses
genomic data to predict the breeding value of individual birds.

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 3. Discuss techniques of ration formulation for different classes of poultry, explain
with example

Ration formulation is the process of developing a balanced diet for poultry that meets their
nutritional requirements for growth, maintenance, and production. The specific techniques
used for ration formulation can vary depending on the class of poultry being fed, such as
broilers, layers, or breeders.

1. Broilers: Broilers are chickens that are raised for meat production. A typical broiler diet
includes high levels of protein and energy to support rapid growth and efficient feed
conversion. One common technique for formulating broiler diets is called the Pearson
Square method, which involves balancing the protein and energy levels in the diet based on
the nutrient requirements of the birds and the nutrient composition of the feed ingredients.
For example, a starter diet for broilers might contain 21% protein and 3,200 kcal/kg of
metabolizable energy (ME), while a finisher diet might contain 18% protein and 3,400
kcal/kg of ME.

2. Layers: Layers are chickens that are raised for egg production. A layer diet must provide
the nutrients needed for egg production while also maintaining the health and productivity of
the birds. One common technique for formulating layer diets is called the Henemann-
Buffington method, which involves balancing the amino acid, energy, and mineral levels in
the diet based on the nutrient requirements of the birds and the nutrient composition of the
feed ingredients. For example, a layer diet might contain 16% protein, 2,800 kcal/kg of ME,
and 3.5% calcium.

3. Breeders: Breeders are chickens that are raised for breeding purposes, such as producing
fertilized eggs for hatching. A breeder diet must provide the nutrients needed for reproduction
while also maintaining the health and productivity of the birds. One common technique for
formulating breeder diets is called the factorial method, which involves calculating the
nutrient requirements of the birds based on their body weight, age, and reproductive status,
and then formulating the diet to meet those requirements. For example, a breeder diet might
contain 16% protein, 2,800 kcal/kg of ME, and specific levels of amino acids, vitamins, and
minerals to support reproductive health.

4. Briefly describe infectious bacterial diseases in poultry (cause, sign, treatment

and prevention mechanism)

There are several infectious bacterial diseases that can affect poultry. Here are some of the
most common ones:

1. Avian Salmonellosis: This disease is caused by the bacteria Salmonella and can lead to
diarrhea, decreased egg production, and death in birds. Treatment involves antibiotics, but
prevention through good biosecurity measures, vaccination, and proper sanitation is key.

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2. Infectious Coryza: This disease is caused by the bacteria Avibacterium paragallinarum
and can cause respiratory symptoms such as sneezing, nasal discharge, and swollen sinuses.
Treatment involves antibiotics, but prevention through vaccination and good biosecurity
measures is important.

3. Fowl Cholera: This disease is caused by the bacteria Pasteurella multocida and can cause
septicemia, respiratory symptoms, and death in birds. Treatment involves antibiotics, but
prevention through good biosecurity measures, vaccination, and proper sanitation is key point.

4. Mycoplasma Gallisepticum: This disease is caused by the bacteria Mycoplasma

gallisepticum and can cause respiratory symptoms such as coughing, sneezing, and nasal
discharge. Treatment involves antibiotics, but prevention through vaccination, good
biosecurity measures, and proper sanitation is important.

5. E. coli Infection: This disease is caused by the bacteria Escherichia coli and can cause
respiratory and gastrointestinal symptoms such as diarrhea, decreased egg production, and
death in birds. Treatment involves antibiotics, but prevention through good biosecurity
measures, proper sanitation, and maintaining clean water sources is keystone.

6. Clostridial Infections: These infections are caused by bacteria in the Clostridium genus
and can cause a range of symptoms such as diarrhea, respiratory problems, and sudden death
in birds. Treatment involves antibiotics and supportive care, but prevention through good
biosecurity measures, proper sanitation, and vaccination is important.

7. Infectious Bursal Disease: This disease is caused by the Birnavirus and can cause
immunosuppression, diarrhea, and death in birds. Treatment is supportive care, but
prevention through vaccination, good biosecurity measures, and proper sanitation is
important.

8. Avian Tuberculosis: This disease is caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium avium and can
cause respiratory symptoms, weight loss, and death in birds. Treatment is difficult, so
prevention through good biosecurity measures, proper sanitation, and culling of infected birds
is vital.

9. Pasteurellosis: This disease is caused by the bacteria Pasteurella multocida and can cause
respiratory symptoms, septicemia, and death in birds. Treatment involves antibiotics, but
prevention through good biosecurity measures, vaccination, and proper sanitation is critical.

5. Briefly describe infectious viral diseases in poultry (cause, sign, treatments and
prevention mechanism)

Here are some of the most common infectious viral diseases that can affect poultry:

1. Avian Influenza: This disease is caused by influenza viruses and can cause respiratory
symptoms such as coughing, sneezing, and nasal discharge. It can also cause decreased egg
production and death in birds. Treatment is supportive care, but prevention through good
biosecurity measures, proper sanitation, and vaccination is important.

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2. Newcastle Disease: This disease is caused by the Newcastle disease virus and can cause
respiratory symptoms such as coughing, sneezing, and nasal discharge. It can also cause
nervous system symptoms such as tremors, paralysis, and death in birds. Treatment is
supportive care, but prevention through good biosecurity measures, proper sanitation, and
vaccination is important.

3. Infectious Bursal Disease: This disease is caused by the Birnavirus and can cause
immunosuppression, diarrhea, and death in birds. Treatment is supportive care, but
prevention through good biosecurity measures, proper sanitation, and vaccination is
important.

4. Marek's Disease: This disease is caused by the Marek's disease virus and can cause
tumors, paralysis, and death in birds. Treatment is supportive care, but prevention through
good biosecurity measures, proper sanitation, and vaccination is important.

5. Infectious Laryngotracheitis: This disease is caused by the herpesvirus and can cause
respiratory symptoms such as coughing, sneezing, and gasping. It can also cause death in
birds. Treatment is supportive care, but prevention through good biosecurity measures, proper
sanitation, and vaccination is important.

6. Infectious Bronchitis: This disease is caused by the coronavirus and can cause respiratory
symptoms such as coughing, sneezing, and nasal discharge. It can also cause decreased egg
production and poor egg quality. Treatment is supportive care, but prevention through
vaccination, good biosecurity measures, and proper sanitation is important.

7. Egg Drop Syndrome: This disease is caused by the adenovirus and can cause a decrease
in egg production and poor egg quality. Treatment is supportive care, but prevention through
good biosecurity measures, proper sanitation, and vaccination is important.

8. Infectious Bronchitis: This disease is caused by the coronavirus and can cause
respiratory symptoms such as coughing, sneezing, and nasal discharge. It can also cause
decreased egg production and poor egg quality. Treatment is supportive care, but prevention
through vaccination, good biosecurity measures, and proper sanitation is important.

6. Briefly describe infectious parasitic and fungal diseases in poultry (cause, sign,
treatment and prevention mechanism)

6a some examples of external parasites that can affect poultry are:

1. Chicken mites: Chicken mites are small, reddish-brown parasites that live in the
cracks and crevices of poultry coops. They feed on the blood of birds at night and can
cause significant harm if left untreated. Signs of a chicken mite infestation include
restlessness, feather loss, and anemia. Treatment typically involves the use of

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 insecticides, but prevention is critical and can be achieved through good sanitation
practices and the use of dust baths.
2. Lice: There are several species of lice that can affect poultry, including the chicken
body louse and the chicken head louse. Lice feed on the feathers and skin of birds and
can cause skin irritation, feather loss, and decreased egg production. Treatment
typically involves the use of insecticides, but prevention is key and can be achieved
through good sanitation practices and the use of dust baths.

3. Scaly Leg Mites: Scaly Leg Mites are small, gray-colored parasites that live under
the scales on the legs and feet of birds. They can cause the scales to become raised
and rough, leading to discomfort and difficulty walking. Treatment typically involves
the use of insecticides or other topical treatments, but prevention is key and can be
achieved through good sanitation practices and the use of dust baths.
4. Red Mites: Red Mites are small, red-colored parasites that live in the cracks and
crevices of poultry coops. They feed on the blood of birds at night and can cause
significant harm if left untreated. Signs of a Red Mite infestation include restlessness,
feather loss, and anemia. Treatment typically involves the use of insecticides, but
prevention is key and can be achieved through good sanitation practices and the use of
dust baths.
5. Ticks: Ticks are small, blood-sucking parasites that can affect poultry. They can
transmit diseases to birds and cause skin irritation and discomfort. Treatment typically
involves the use of insecticides, but prevention is key and can be achieved through
good sanitation practices and the use of dust baths.
6. Fleas: Fleas are small, blood-sucking insects that can affect poultry. They can cause
skin irritation and discomfort and may transmit diseases to birds. Treatment typically
involves the use of insecticides, but prevention is key and can be achieved through
good sanitation practices and the use of dust baths.

6b some common internal parasites of poultry with their causes, clinical signs,
treatment, and prevention mechanisms are:

1. Tapeworms: Tapeworms are another common internal parasite in poultry. They are
caused by the cestode worm, Raillietina spp. Tapeworm infestations can cause weight
loss, decreased egg production, and digestive issues. Treatment typically involves
medication with dewormers such as praziquantel or niclosamide. To prevent
tapeworm infestations, it's important to practice good sanitation practices, such as
keeping the coop clean and dry, and using clean bedding. Additionally, avoiding
feeding birds undercooked or raw meat can help reduce the risk of infestation.

2. Cecal worms: Cecal worms are a type of internal parasite that affects the ceca, which
are pouches in the digestive tract of poultry. They are caused by the nematode worm,
Heterakis gallinarum. Cecal worm infestations can cause weight loss, decreased egg
production, and diarrhea. Treatment typically involves medication with dewormers
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 such as levamisole or ivermectin. To prevent cecal worm infestations, it's important to
practice good sanitation practices, such as keeping the coop clean and dry, and using
clean bedding. Additionally, avoiding contact with wild birds and rodents, which can
carry the worms, can help reduce the risk of infestation.

3. Gapeworms: Gapeworms are a type of internal parasite that affects the respiratory
system of poultry. They are caused by the nematode worm, Syngamus trachea.
Gapeworm infestations can cause coughing, gasping, and difficulty breathing.
Treatment typically involves medication with dewormers such as flubendazole or
fenbendazole. To prevent gapeworm infestations, it's important to practice good
sanitation practices, such as keeping the coop clean and dry, and using clean bedding.
Additionally, avoiding contact with wild birds, which can carry the worms, can help
reduce the risk of infestation.

4. Heterakis: Heterakis is a type of internal parasite that affects the ceca of poultry.
They are caused by the nematode worm Heterakis spp. Heterakis infestations can
cause weight loss, decreased egg production. Treatment typically involves medication
with dewormers such as levamisole or ivermectin. To prevent heterakis infestations,
it's important to practice good sanitation practices, such as keeping the coop clean and
dry, and using clean bedding. Additionally, avoiding contact with wild birds and
rodents, which can carry the worms, can help reduce the risk of infestation.

5. Gizzard worms: Gizzard worms are a type of internal parasite that affects the gizzard
of poultry. They are caused by the nematode worm, Acuaria spp. Gizzard worm
infestations can cause weight loss, decreased egg production, and digestive issues.
Treatment typically involves medication with dewormers such as levamisole or
ivermectin. To prevent gizzard worm infestations, it's important to practice good
sanitation practices, such as keeping the coop clean and dry, and using clean bedding.

6. Whipworms: Whipworms are a type of internal parasite that affects the digestive
system of poultry. They are caused by the nematode worm, Trichuris spp. Whipworm
infestations can cause weight loss, decreased egg production, and digestive issues.
Treatment typically involves medication with dewormers such as levamisole or
ivermectin. To prevent whipworm infestations, it's important to practice good
sanitation practices, such as keeping the coop clean and dry, and using clean bedding.

7. Lungworms: Lungworms are a type of internal parasite that affects the respiratory
system of poultry. They are caused by the nematode worm, Syngamus spp.
Lungworm infestations can cause coughing, gasping, and difficulty breathing.
Treatment typically involves medication with dewormers such as fenbendazole or
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 ivermectin. To prevent lungworm infestations, it's important to practice good
sanitation practices, such as keeping the coop clean and dry, and avoiding contact
with wild birds, which can carry the worms.

6c some common fungal diseases of poultry with their causes, clinical signs, treatment,
and prevention mechanisms are:

1. Aspergillosis:

Cause: Aspergillosis is caused by the fungus Aspergillus fumigatus, which is commonly

found in soil, dust, and moldy environments.

Clinical signs: Aspergillosis can cause respiratory distress, coughing, sneezing, and nasal
discharge. Affected birds may also have difficulty breathing, and may show signs of lethargy,
anorexia, and weight loss.

Treatment: Treatment for Aspergillosis involves the administration of antifungal medications,

such as amphotericin B or itraconazole, which can be given orally or through injection.
Supportive care, such as oxygen therapy, may also be necessary for severely affected birds.

Prevention mechanism: Good hygiene practices, such as cleaning and disinfecting poultry
houses, providing adequate ventilation, and avoiding overcrowding, can help prevent
Aspergillosis in poultry. Avoiding moldy feed and litter is also important.

2. Candidiasis:

Cause: Candidiasis is caused by the fungus Candida albicans, which is commonly found in
the digestive tract of poultry.

Clinical signs: Candidiasis can cause digestive problems, such as diarrhea, weight loss, and
poor growth. Affected birds may also show signs of lethargy, anorexia, and depression.

Treatment: Treatment for Candidiasis involves the administration of antifungal medications,

such as nystatin or fluconazole, which can be given orally or through injection. Supportive
care, such as fluid therapy, may also be necessary for severely affected birds.

Prevention mechanism: Maintaining good hygiene practices and avoiding stress factors, such
as overcrowding and poor nutrition, can help prevent Candidiasis in poultry. Probiotics and
prebiotics can also help promote a healthy digestive tract and prevent Candidiasis.

3. Dermatophytosis (Ringworm):

Cause: Dermatophytosis is caused by the fungi Microsporum spp. and Trichophyton spp.,
which can infect the skin, feathers, and nails of poultry.

Clinical signs: Dermatophytosis can cause feather loss, scaly skin, and redness. Affected
birds may also show signs of itching and discomfort.

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Treatment: Treatment for Dermatophytosis involves the administration of antifungal
medications, such as griseofulvin or terbinafine, which can be given orally or through topical
application. Supportive care, such as keeping the affected area clean and dry, may also be
necessary.

Prevention mechanism: Good hygiene practices, such as cleaning and disinfecting poultry
houses, and avoiding overcrowding and poor nutrition, can help prevent Dermatophytosis in
poultry. Avoiding contact with infected birds and equipment can also help prevent the spread
of the disease.

4. Cryptococcosis:

Cause: Cryptococcosis is caused by the fungus Cryptococcus neoformans, which is

commonly found in soil and bird droppings.

Clinical signs: Cryptococcosis can cause respiratory distress, coughing, and nasal discharge.
Affected birds may also show signs of lethargy, anorexia, and weight loss.

Treatment: Treatment for Cryptococcosis involves the administration of antifungal

medications, such as amphotericin B or fluconazole, which can be given orally or through
injection.

Prevention mechanism: Good hygiene practices, such as cleaning and disinfecting poultry
houses, and avoiding overcrowding and poor ventilation, can help prevent Cryptococcosis in
poultry.

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