HOMOGENOUS DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

𝑑𝑦
An equation of the form P = Q, where P and Q are functions
𝑑𝑥
of both x and y of the same degree throughout, is said to be
homogenous in y and x.
 HOMOGENOUS DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
𝑥 ²− 𝑦
f (x,y) = x ² + 3xy + y ² f (x,y) =
2𝑥²+𝑦²

A homogenous function since each Not homogenous since the term in y

of the three terms are degree of 2. in the numerator is of degree 1 and
the other three terms are of degree
of 2.
 HOMOGENOUS DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
Steps in solving:
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑄
1. Rearrange P = Q into the form =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑃
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
2. Make the substitution y = vx (where v is a function of x), from which, = v(1) + x by the
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
product rule.
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑄
3. Substitute for both y and in the equation = . Simplify, by cancelling, and an equation
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑃
results in which the variables are separable.
4. Separate the variables and solve using the method used in the previous discussions.
𝑦
5. Substitute v = to solve in terms of the original variables.
𝑥
 𝑑𝑦
Example #1: y–x=x Given: x = 1 ; y = 2
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑄 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑦
i. 𝑑𝑥 = ii. y = vx ; 𝑑𝑥 = v + x 𝑑𝑥 iii. Substituting for y and
𝑃 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑦−𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑦−𝑥
y–x= x𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥
=
𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑣 𝑣𝑥 − 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑦−𝑥 𝑣𝑥 − 𝑥 v + x 𝑑𝑥 =
𝑦−𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥

𝑥
= 𝑥
𝑥 𝑥
𝑣𝑥−𝑥 𝑥(𝑣 −1)
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣 𝑥
= 𝑥
=v–1
𝑑𝑦 𝑦−𝑥
𝑑𝑥
=v+x 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
v + x 𝑑𝑥 = v – 1
 𝑑𝑦
Example #1: y–x=x Given: x = 1 ; y = 2
𝑑𝑥
𝑦
iv. Separating the variables Integrate both sides v. Replace v =
𝑥
𝑑𝑣
v+x =v–1 1 v = -lnx + c
𝑑𝑥 ʃdv =ʃ− 𝑥 dx
𝑑𝑣 𝑦
x 𝑑𝑥 = v – 1 – v = -lnx + c
v = -lnx + c 𝑥
v – 1 – v = -1 G.S.
𝑑𝑣
x 𝑑𝑥 = -1
Alternative G.S.:
1
dv = − 𝑥 dx y = x(-lnx + c)
 𝑑𝑦
Example #1: y–x=x Given: x = 1 ; y = 2
𝑑𝑥

Substitute the given to find c. Getting the Particular Solution

𝑦 𝑦
= -lnx + c = -lnx + c
𝑥
𝑥
c=2
2
= -ln(1) + c 𝑦
1 = -lnx + 2 P.S.D.E.
𝑥
c=2 Alternative P.S.D.E.:
y = x(-lnx + 2) or y = x(2 – lnx)
 𝑑𝑦 𝑥²+𝑦²
Example #2: x = Given: x = 1 ; y = 4
𝑑𝑥 𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑄 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑦
i. 𝑑𝑥 = ii. y = vx ; 𝑑𝑥 = v + x 𝑑𝑥 iii. Substituting for y and
𝑃 𝑑𝑥
𝑥²+𝑦²
𝑥²+𝑦² 𝑥²+𝑦²
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 =
x = = 𝑑𝑥 𝑥𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑥𝑦
𝑑𝑣 𝑥²+𝑣²𝑥²
v+x =
𝑑𝑦 𝑥²+𝑦² 𝑥²+𝑦² 𝑥²+𝑣²𝑥² 𝑑𝑥 𝑥(𝑣𝑥)
= = 𝑥(𝑣𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑥𝑦 𝑥𝑦 𝑥²+𝑣²𝑥² 𝑥²(1+ 𝑣²) 1+ 𝑣²
= =
𝑥(𝑣𝑥) 𝑥² 𝑣 𝑣
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
=v+x 𝑑𝑣 1+ 𝑣²
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 v+x =
𝑑𝑥 𝑣
 𝑑𝑦 𝑥²+𝑦²
Example #2: x = Given: x = 1 ; y = 4
𝑑𝑥 𝑦
𝑦
iv. Separating the variables Integrate both sides v. Replace v = 𝑥
𝑑𝑣 1+ 𝑣²
v+x = 𝑣²
1 = lnx + c
𝑑𝑥 𝑣
ʃvdv =ʃ− 𝑥 dx 2
𝑑𝑣 1+ 𝑣² 𝑣 1
x = – v( ) v² ( ) = lnx + c
𝑑𝑥 𝑣 𝑣
2
1+ 𝑣² 𝑣² 𝑣²
x
𝑑𝑣
= – = lnx + c 𝑦² 1
𝑑𝑥 𝑣 𝑣 2 ( )( ) = lnx + c
𝑥² 2
𝑑𝑣 1+ 𝑣² - 𝑣² 𝑦²
x = ( ) = lnx + c G.S
𝑑𝑥 𝑣
2𝑥²
𝑑𝑣 1
x = Alternative G.S.:
𝑑𝑥 𝑣
1 y² = 2x²(lnx + c)
vdv = dx
𝑥
 𝑑𝑦 𝑥²+𝑦²
Example #2: x = Given: x = 1 ; y = 4
𝑑𝑥 𝑦
Substitute the given to find c. Getting the Particular Solution
𝑦²
𝑦² ( ) = lnx + c
( ) = lnx + c 2𝑥²
2𝑥²
c=8
4² 𝑦²
( ) = ln(1) + c ( ) = lnx + 8 P.S.D.E.
2𝑥²
2(1)²
Alternative P.S.D.E.:
c=8 y² = 2x²(lnx + 8)
 2𝑦 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑦
Example #3: ( ) =1 Given: x = 2 ; y = 3
𝑦+2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑄 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑦
i. 𝑑𝑥 = ii. y = vx ; 𝑑𝑥 = v + x 𝑑𝑥 iii. Substituting for y and
𝑃 𝑑𝑥
2𝑦 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑦+2𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑦+2𝑥
( 𝑦+2𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 = 1 = 𝑑𝑥
=
(2𝑦 −𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 (2𝑦 − 𝑥)
𝑑𝑦 𝑦+2𝑥 𝑑𝑣 𝑣𝑥+2𝑥
= 𝑦+2𝑥 𝑣𝑥+2𝑥 v+x =
𝑑𝑥 (2(𝑣𝑥) − 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 (2𝑦 − 𝑥) =
(2𝑦 −𝑥) (2(𝑣𝑥) − 𝑥)
𝑣𝑥+2𝑥 𝑥(𝑣+2) 𝑥(𝑣+2) 𝑣+2
= = =
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣 (2(𝑣𝑥) − 𝑥) (2𝑣𝑥 − 𝑥) 𝑥(2𝑣 −1) 2𝑣 −1
=v+x
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑣 𝑣+2
v+x =
𝑑𝑥 2𝑣 −1
 2𝑦 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑦
Example #3: ( ) =1 Given: x = 2 ; y = 3
𝑦+2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑦
iv. Separating the variables Integrate both sides v. Replace v = 𝑥
𝑑𝑣 𝑣+2 2𝑣 − 1 1
v+x = ʃ dv = ʃ dx 1
2 (−𝑣² + 𝑣 + 1) 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2𝑣 −1 ln (-v² + v + 1) = lnx + c
1 2𝑣 − 1 1 2
𝑑𝑣 𝑣+2 2𝑣 −1 ʃ dv = ʃ dx
x = – v( ) 2 (−𝑣² + 𝑣 + 1) 𝑥 1 𝑦 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 2𝑣 −1 2𝑣 −1
u = −𝑣² + 𝑣 + 1
ln [(-𝑥 )² + 𝑥 + 1] = lnx + c
2
𝑑𝑣 1+ 𝑣² - 2𝑣² + 𝑣
x = 𝑑𝑣 1
𝑑𝑥 2𝑣 −1
𝑑𝑢
= -2v + 1 ; dv = −2𝑣+1 G.S.
𝑑𝑣 −2𝑣²+ 2𝑣 + 2 1 2𝑣 − 1 1
x = ʃ ( ) = lnx + c
𝑑𝑥 2𝑣 −1 2 𝑢 −2𝑣+1

𝑑𝑣 2 (−𝑣² + 𝑣 + 1) 1 1
ʃ = lnx + c
x = 2 𝑢
𝑑𝑥 2𝑣 −1
1
2𝑣 − 1 1 ln u = lnx + c
2
dv = dx
2 (−𝑣² + 𝑣 + 1) 𝑥 1
ln (-v² + v + 1) = lnx + c
2
 2𝑦 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑦
Example #3: ( ) =1 Given: x = 2 ; y = 3
𝑦+2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Substitute the given to find c. Getting the Particular Solution
1 𝑦 𝑦 1 𝑦 𝑦
ln [(-𝑥 )² + 𝑥 + 1] = lnx + c ln [(-𝑥 )² + 𝑥 + 1] = lnx + c
2
2
1 3 3 c=0
ln [(-2)² + 2 + 1] = ln(2) + c 1 𝑦 𝑦
2 ln [(-𝑥 )² + 𝑥 + 1] = lnx + 0 P.S.D.E.
2
c=0 Alternative P.S.D.E.:
1 𝑦 𝑦
2
ln [(-𝑥 )² + 𝑥 + 1] = lnx
 LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

𝑑𝑦
An equation of the form + Py = Q, where P and Q are
𝑑𝑥
functions of x only is called a Linear Differential Equation since
y and its derivatives are of the first degree.
 LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
Steps in solving:
𝑑𝑦
1. Rearrange the differential equation into the form + Py = Q where P and Q are functions
𝑑𝑥
of x.
2. Determine ʃ P dx.
3. Determine the integrating factor 𝑒 ʃ P dx
4. Substitute 𝑒 ʃ P dx into the equation.
5. Integrate the right-hand side of the equation to give the general solution of the differential
equation. Given boundary conditions, the particular solution may be determined.
 1 𝑑𝑦
Example #1: + 4y = 2 Given: x = 1 ; y = 2
𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
i. + Py = Q ii. ʃ P dx
𝑑𝑥
1 𝑑𝑦 P = 4x
𝑥 𝑑𝑥
+ 4y = 2
1 𝑑𝑦
ʃ P dx = ʃ 4x dx
[ + 4y = 2 ] x
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ʃ P dx = 2x²
𝑑𝑦
+ 4xy = 2x
𝑑𝑥
 1 𝑑𝑦
Example #1: + 4y = 2 Given: x = 0 ; y = 4
𝑥 𝑑𝑥
iii. 𝑒 ʃ P dx iv. y𝑒 ʃ P dx = ʃ𝑒 ʃ P dx Q dx
ʃ P dx = 2x² ; Q = 2x
ʃ P dx = 2x² y𝑒 2x² = ʃ𝑒 2x² (2x) dx

𝑒 ʃ P dx = 𝑒 2x²
𝑑𝑢 1
u = 2x² ; = 4x ; dx = 4𝑥 du
𝑑𝑥

y𝑒 2x² = ʃ𝑒 u (2x) (4𝑥) du

1

y𝑒 2x² = 2 ʃ 𝑒 u du = 2 𝑒 u + c
1 1

y𝑒 2x² =
1
𝑒 2x² + c G.S
2
 1 𝑑𝑦
Example #1: + 4y = 2 Given: x = 0 ; y = 4
𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Substitute the given to find c. Getting the Particular Solution
y𝑒 2x² =
1
𝑒 2x² + c
y𝑒 2x² =
2
1
𝑒 2x² + c 7
2 c= 2

4𝑒 2(0)² =
1
𝑒 2(0)² + c y𝑒 2x² =
1
𝑒 2x² + 2
7
P.S.D.E.
2 2

1
4𝑒 0 = 𝑒0 + c
Alternative P.S.D.E.:
2
𝑦𝑒 2x² 𝑒 2x² +
1 7
7 = 2 2
c=2 𝑒 2x² 𝑒 2x²

1 7
y = 2 + 2 𝑒 -2x²
 𝑑𝑦 𝑦
Example #2: +1= Given: x = 1 ; y = 1
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑦
i. + Py = Q ii. ʃ P dx
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 1
𝑑𝑥
+1= −𝑥 P=𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1 1
+ (𝑥)y = -1 ʃ P dx = ʃ 𝑥 dx
𝑑𝑥

ʃ P dx = lnx
 𝑑𝑦 𝑦
Example #2: +1= Given: x = 1 ; y = 1
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
iii. 𝑒 ʃ P dx iv. y𝑒 ʃ P dx = ʃ𝑒 ʃ P dx Q dx
𝑒 ʃ P dx = x ; Q = -1
ʃ P dx = lnx
yx = ʃ x (-1) dx
𝑒 ʃ P dx = 𝑒 lnx 𝑥²
yx = - +c
2
𝑒 lnx = x
G.S.
𝑒 ʃ P dx = x
 𝑑𝑦 𝑦
Example #2: +1= Given: x = 1 ; y = 1
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
Substitute the given to find c. Getting the Particular Solution
𝑥²
yx = - 2 + c
𝑥²
yx = -2 +c
𝑥² 3
yx = - +2
(1)² 2
(1)(1) = - +c
2 3 − 𝑥²
yx =
3 2
c=2 3 − 𝑥²
y= P.S.D.E
2𝑥
 BERNOULLI DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

A Bernoulli Differential Equation can be written in the following

standard form:
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥
+ P(x)y = 𝑄𝑦 𝑛
 BERNOULLI DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
NOTE: + Py = 𝑄𝑦 𝑛 B.D.E. 𝑑𝑥
+ Py = Q
𝑑𝑥
1 −𝑛 𝑑𝑦 𝑛 1 v = 𝑦1−𝑛
=𝑦 [ + Py = 𝑄𝑦 ]
𝑦𝑛 𝑑𝑥 𝑦𝑛 𝑑𝑣 1−𝑛 −1
𝑦 1 𝑑𝑦 𝑃𝑦
= (1-n) 𝑦
𝑑𝑦
𝑦𝑛
= 𝑦1−𝑛 (𝑦𝑛 ) 𝑑𝑥 +𝑦𝑛 = Q
𝑑𝑣
= (1-n) 𝑦 −𝑛
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑦 −𝑛 + P𝑦 1−𝑛 = Q 𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑥 −𝑛
= 𝑦 dy
(1−𝑛)
𝑑𝑣
+ Pv = Q L.D.E.
1−𝑛 𝑑𝑥
 SOLVE THE GENERAL SOLUTION OF THE DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

y(6y² – xy – 1) dx + 2xdy = 0
i. Get the Bernoulli Differential Equation
𝑑𝑦 𝑛 𝑑𝑦 6𝑦 3 −𝑥𝑦 −𝑦
𝑑𝑥
+ Py = 𝑄𝑦 + =0
𝑑𝑥 2𝑥

y(6y² – xy – 1) dx + 2xdy = 0 𝑑𝑦
+
6𝑦³ 𝑥𝑦 𝑦
– 2𝑥 – 2𝑥 = 0
𝑑𝑥 2𝑥
1
[(6y³ – xy – y)dx + 2xdy = 0] 𝑑𝑦 3𝑦³ 𝑦 𝑦
2𝑥𝑑𝑥 + – – 2𝑥 = 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2
6𝑦 3 −𝑥𝑦 −𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 2𝑥𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑦 3
2𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
+2𝑥𝑑𝑥 =0 – – 2𝑥 = - 𝑥 (y³)
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦 6𝑦 3 −𝑥𝑦 −𝑦 𝑑𝑦 1 1 3
+ =0 +(– 2 – 2𝑥)y = - 𝑥 (y³) B.D.E.
𝑑𝑥 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
 SOLVE THE GENERAL SOLUTION OF THE DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

y(6y² – xy – 1) dx + 2xdy = 0
ii. Get the Linear Differential Equation
𝑑𝑦 v = 𝑦 −2 NOTE:
+ Py = Q 1
= 𝑦 −3
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑦
= −2𝑦 −3 𝑦³
𝑦
𝑑𝑦 1 1 3 1 = 𝑦 −2
[𝑑𝑥 +(– – )y =- (y³)] 𝑑𝑣
𝑦³
2 2𝑥 𝑥 𝑦³ − = 𝑦 −3 dy
2
𝑑𝑦 1 1 3 1
[𝑑𝑥 +(– – )y =- (y³)] −
𝑑𝑣
+ (– –
1 1
)v =-
3
2 2𝑥 𝑥 𝑦³ 2𝑑𝑥 2 2𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑣 1 1 3
1 𝑑𝑦 1 1 −2 3 -2 [− 2𝑑𝑥 + (– 2 – 2𝑥)v = - 𝑥]
+ (– – )𝑦 =-
𝑦³ 𝑑𝑥 2 2𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑣 1 6
+ (1 + 𝑥)v = 𝑥 L.D.E.
𝑑𝑥
 SOLVE THE GENERAL SOLUTION OF THE DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

y(6y² – xy – 1) dx + 2xdy = 0
iii. Get the General Solution of the Linear Differential Equation
𝑑𝑦
+ Py = Q 𝑒 ʃ P dx = 𝑒 𝑥+𝑙𝑛𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 x NOTE:
𝑑𝑥 𝑒 𝑙𝑛𝑥 = x
𝑑𝑣 1 6 y𝑒 ʃ P dx = ʃ 𝑒 ʃ P dx Q dx
+ (1 + )v =
𝑒 ʃ P dx = ʃ 𝑒 𝑥 x ; Q = 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 6
1
P=1+𝑥 6
𝑦 −2 𝑒 𝑥 x = ʃ 𝑒 𝑥 x (𝑥) dx
1 1
ʃ P dx = ʃ1 + dx or ʃ1 dx + ʃ dx 6
𝑦 −2 𝑒 𝑥 x = ʃ 𝑒 𝑥 x ( ) dx
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
ʃ P dx = x + lnx 𝑦 −2 𝑒 𝑥 x = 6 ʃ 𝑒 𝑥 dx
𝑦 −2 𝑒 𝑥 x = 6𝑒 𝑥 + c G.S.D.E