SUBJECT :- Forensic Psychology Including Neuro Laws.

SUBJECT CODE :- LLT-513

Submitted By: Submitted To: Parneet Kaur Ma;am

NAME: Shruti Ashri
UID: 19BAL5068
BRANCH: BA.LLB
SEMESTER: 9th
SECTION: A

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

1
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to all those who have contributed to the completion
of this assignment. Their support, encouragement, and valuable insights have been instrumental
in shaping the content and quality of this work.

First and foremost, I would like to thank Parneet Kaur Ma;am for her guidance and expertise.
Her feedback and mentorship have been invaluable in helping me understand the subject matter
and improve my writing skills.

I am also thankful to my classmates and friends who provided support and encouragement
throughout the process. Our discussions and collaborations greatly enriched my understanding of
the topic.

I want to extend my appreciation to the library staff and online resources for providing the
necessary materials and references for my research.

Finally, I want to acknowledge the unwavering support of my family. Their encouragement and
belief in my abilities have been a constant source of motivation.

Thank you to all those mentioned and anyone else who has played a part in this assignment.
Your contributions have been deeply appreciated.

Shruti Ashri
19BAL5068
BA.LLB
A (Section)

INDEX

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Sr. Topic Page No.
no.
01. Custodial Death 4-10

1. Parameters for custodial death.

2. Difference between custodial death and encounter.
3. Difference between police custody and judicial custody.
4. Constitutional approach to custody.
5. Case Law: Joginder Kumar vs. State of Uttar Pradesh and
others, 1994

02. Dowry 11-15

1. Dowry in Ancient, Medieval and Modern times.

2. Parameters to decide the liability of dowry.
3. Case Law: Bachni Devi vs State of Haryana, 2011

03. Impact of scientific methods like brain mapping and polygraph tests 16-18
on the justice delivery system.

Case Law: Selvi and Others v. State of Karnataka (2010)

Plagiarism Report 19

CUSTODIAL DEATH

INTRODUCTION

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Custodial death in India is the new uprising of the law backed crime, it’s not legal in any manner
as prescribed by the law but can be overshadowed by the lagoons of the law hidden in the front
sight. It is the death of the person apprehended by the police in the custody of the police by
unnatural means. Criminal deserves death is the common misinterpretation of people made by
shortsightedness. The Justice delivery system is built in a way to serve justice. It is true that
“JUSTICE DELAYED IS JUSTICE DENIED” But at the very same time “DEATH OF THE
INNOCENT IS THE DEATH OF LAW”

The constitution of India grants Fundamental rights to every citizen and non citizen of India,
Living in the territory of India.

Article 21, Clearly states that Right to life and personal liberty is a fundamental right and no
person shall be deprived of it without the due process of law. Custodial deaths mark a dent on the
fabric of the Article 21 of Constitution of India. Custodial death takes place when a person is
subjected to “Torture” of any kind. Depriving of Food, Medical Facilities or the use of extensive
force is also considered unethical and illegal, these are the main cause of Custodial Death.

PARAMETER FOR CUSTODIAL DEATH

The criteria for evaluating custodial deaths in India are multidimensional and include various
legal, procedural and human rights considerations. These parameters are essential to assess the
circumstances surrounding the custodial death of a person. Key parameters of custodial deaths in
India include:

1. Legal Framework: The Constitution of India and various statutory provisions establish
the legal framework under which custodial deaths are addressed. This includes Article 21
(right to life and personal liberty) and other relevant laws.

2. Judicial Oversight: The role of the judiciary is important in investigating custodial

deaths. Through mechanisms such as the habeas corpus petition, the courts ensure that
the rights of detainees are upheld and that the circumstances leading to death are fully
investigated.

3. Proper Documentation: Proper recording of incidents, health status of the detainee and
circumstances surrounding their detention is important. This documentation includes
maintaining custody records and medical reports.

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 4. Post-mortem examination: It is essential to conduct a quick and fair post-mortem
examination to determine the cause of death and assess whether any foul play or
negligence was involved.

5. Independent Investigation: An independent and impartial investigation into a custodial

death is generally mandated to establish the facts and determine responsibility. This
investigation can be conducted by a magistrate or other competent authority.

6. Human Rights Safeguards: Ensuring that the human rights of detainees are protected is
fundamental. This includes measures to prevent torture, inhuman treatment or cruel
practices during detention that may lead to deaths in custody.

7. Transparency and Accountability: Establishing transparency in custody processes and

holding law enforcement agencies accountable for any lapses or misconduct is important
to prevent and address custodial deaths.

8. Immediate Medical Care: Detainees who show signs of illness or distress while in
custody should be provided immediate medical attention. This includes ensuring access
to medical facilities and adequate health care.

9. Legal Aid and Counseling: Prisoners have the right to legal aid and counsel. This is
important to protect their legal rights and ensure that they are aware of their legal
remedies in case of abuse.

10. Compensation and Redress: If the custodial death is found to be a result of wrongful
acts or negligence, the family or dependents of the deceased may be entitled to
compensation and redress under the law.

11. Preventive Measures: Implement preventive measures to reduce the risk of custodial
deaths, such as training for law enforcement personnel, monitoring mechanisms and
awareness campaigns on detainees' rights.

12. International Human Rights Standards: India is a signatory to international human

rights conventions. Compliance with these standards, including the UN Convention
against Torture, is integral to addressing deaths in custody.

These parameters serve as a comprehensive framework to assess and address custodial deaths in
India, ensuring accountability, justice and protection of the rights of detainees in custody.
Upholding the rule of law and human rights is essential in all detention situations to prevent
unnecessary loss of life.

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DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CUSTODIAL DEATH AND ENCOUNTER

Custodial death is the unnatural death of the person apprehended by the police and kept in the
custody i.e Lockup. Usually police use unlawful force to obtain confession from the arrested
person in order to ease out the pressure of investigation. Using methods like beating the person
arrested by a
● Belt
● Stick
● Rod
● Ice
● Wet Clothes

Using these methods in custody is completely illegal and subject to strict action. Sometimes
police arrest the accused of a small offense and beat the accused, later releasing him without
recording anything in the DDR. Police will be subjected to the inquiry u/s 176(1) of code of
criminal procedure.

Encounter is the practice carried out by the police in the field to Kill the person while arresting
in case of threat of mishappening. The law prohibits the police to Kill any person while arresting
as mentioned u/s 46 of code of criminal procedure, which clearly states the police cannot kill the
person while arresting but in case of resistance by the accused or if the accused possess any
threat to the police or civilians and the threat is of such a grave nature that there is no option but
to kill.

Encounters are done in the field where the accused possesses the danger to the police or to the
civilians but in case of custodial death, the accused or the arrested person is subjected to physical
cruelty.

POLICE CUSTODY & JUDICIAL CUSTODY

Police custody and judicial custody are two different stages of the legal process in which a
person can be detained or detained. These terms are often used in the context of criminal
investigations and legal proceedings. Here's a brief description of each:

POLICE CUSTODY

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 ● Police custody refers to the period during which a person suspected of committing
crime is kept in custody by law enforcement agencies such as the police.
● It usually occurs in the early stages of a criminal investigation, usually after an
arrest or when a person is taken into police custody for questioning.
● The purpose of police custody is to allow law enforcement to conduct further
investigation, gather evidence, interrogate the suspect, and potentially obtain a
confession or statement.
● In many jurisdictions, the length of police custody is limited by law, and detainees
have certain rights, including the right to legal counsel and protection from torture
or ill-treatment.
● Police custody is often temporary, and once the preliminary investigation is
completed, the person may be released or transferred to judicial custody.

JUDICIAL CUSTODY

● Judicial custody, on the other hand, refers to the period during which a person is
detained or kept in custody under the authority of a court or judicial magistrate.
● This is when a person is arrested and produced before a judicial authority, who can
decide to send that person to judicial custody.
● Judicial custody is usually a long-term detention which may extend throughout the trial
and legal proceedings.
● During judicial custody, the person may be held in a prison or detention facility, and their
conditions of detention are subject to judicial oversight.
● The purpose of judicial custody is to ensure the presence of the accused in court, to
prevent tampering with evidence and to protect the interests of justice.

It is important to note that the transition from police custody to judicial custody often involves a
formal hearing before a judge or magistrate, where the judge decides whether to grant bail,
extend police custody or remand the person to judicial custody. Is. Additionally, the specific
procedures and legal rights of individuals in police custody and judicial custody may vary by
jurisdiction, depending on applicable laws and regulations.

Both police custody and judicial custody are important components of the criminal justice
system, and they serve different purposes at different stages of the legal process, ensuring that
individuals' rights and due process are upheld, as well. Criminal investigations and court
proceedings are also facilitated.

CONSTITUTIONAL APPROACH TO CUSTODY

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In India, the constitutional approach to custody is governed by various provisions and principles
enumerated in the Constitution of India as well as decisions made by the judiciary. These
constitutional provisions and judicial interpretations are intended to protect the rights and
liberties of persons who come under the custody or control of government authorities,
particularly law enforcement agencies. The major constitutional aspects related to custody in
India include:

1. Fundamental Rights: The Constitution of India contains a chapter on Fundamental

Rights, which are guaranteed to all citizens. These rights, such as the right to life and
personal liberty (Article 21), the right against torture or cruel and inhuman treatment
(Article 20), and the right against self-incrimination (Article 20(3)), are directly related to
the right to freedom of expression. On custody issues. The judiciary has consistently
upheld these rights to protect persons in custody.

2. Prohibition of Torture: The Constitution of India and the judiciary clearly prohibit
torture, inhuman treatment and custodial violence. The Supreme Court of India, through
various judgments, has held that torture or custodial violence violates the fundamental
rights of an individual and is not permitted under any circumstances.

3. Habeas Corpus: The writ of habeas corpus is a fundamental legal remedy provided by
the Constitution. This ensures that the detained person is produced before a court and the
legality of their detention is reviewed. This writ is an important tool to protect persons
from unlawful or arbitrary detention.

4. Right to Legal Counsel: The Constitution guarantees the right to legal counsel and legal
aid to an accused person. This right is essential to ensure that detained persons have
access to legal representation, which is vital to a fair and reasonable legal process.

5. Procedural Safeguards: The Constitution and subsequent laws provide for various
procedural safeguards during arrest and detention. These include the right to inform the
detainee of the grounds of arrest, the right to remain silent and the right to be produced
before a magistrate within 24 hours of arrest.

6. Protection of Juveniles: The Constitution and specific laws address the treatment of
juveniles in custody. Juvenile offenders should be treated in a manner that is appropriate
to their age and their best interests.

7. Right to Compensation: The Judiciary has recognized the right of victims of custodial
violence or wrongful detention to demand compensation under Article 21 of the
Constitution.

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The constitutional approach to detention in India emphasizes the protection of individual rights
and liberties, ensuring that the state and its agencies operate within the bounds of the law and
human rights standards. While these constitutional provisions exist, their effectiveness also
depends on their practical implementation and enforcement through the Indian legal system. The
judiciary plays an important role in interpreting and upholding these constitutional principles in
detention matters.

JOGINDER KUMAR VS. STATE OF U.P AND OTHERS, 1994

It is an important legal landmark in India that deals with the protection of individual rights and
liberties during police custody. Here is a brief description of the case:

Background of the case: In the Joginder Kumar case, the petitioner, Joginder Kumar, was
arrested by the Uttar Pradesh Police on suspicion of theft. He was taken into custody and kept at
a police station for questioning.

Issue: The primary issue in the case revolves around the legality and conditions of detention,
particularly whether the petitioner's rights and personal liberty were violated during his
detention.

Court's decision: The Supreme Court of India ruled in favor of Joginder Kumar in its judgment
delivered by Justice Kuldeep Singh on April 25, 1994. The Court held that the police had
violated the fundamental rights of the petitioner by not following proper arrest and detention
procedures. The Court emphasized that the rights of arrested persons, especially those in police
custody, must be protected.

Key points of the decision:

1. Arrest Procedures: The Court emphasized that the police must follow established arrest
procedures, including recording the grounds of arrest and informing the detained person
of their arrest to a family member or friend. This includes informing them about their
right to be informed.

2. Custody Records: Proper records should be maintained for all arrests and detentions,
detailing the reasons for detention and the names of the police personnel involved.

3. Preventing Torture and Inhumane Treatment: The Court highlighted the need to
prevent torture or inhumane treatment of detainees in police custody, while emphasizing
the importance of human dignity.

9
 4. Right to legal counsel: The judgment emphasized the right of detainees to be informed
of their right to legal counsel and to consult a lawyer during detention.

5. Preventive Measures: Police were directed to implement preventive measures to protect

the rights of detainees and prevent custodial violence or ill-treatment.

The Joginder Kumar case is often cited as a landmark judgment in Indian jurisprudence that
reaffirmed the importance of protecting the rights and dignity of persons in police custody. It set
out specific guidelines and procedures to ensure that the fundamental rights of detainees are
protected and that police actions during detention are in compliance with the law. The case made
significant contributions to the protection of civil liberties and human rights in India, particularly
in the context of custodial detention.

DOWRY

INTRODUCTION

In India, dowry deaths are a particularly serious and disturbing issue that focuses on the specific
practice of dowry within the country. Dowry deaths in India occur when the bride is subjected to
harassment, cruelty or violence by her husband or his family due to insufficiency of the dowry

10
given at the time of marriage. This suffering often results in the bride's tragic and untimely death
by suicide or murder.

The problem of dowry deaths is deeply entrenched in the social and cultural fabric of India,
where giving and taking dowry has historical and traditional significance. The pressure on brides
and their families to comply with dowry demands, as well as the severe consequences for non-
compliance, is a matter of grave concern.

In response to this issue, India has enacted legal measures such as the Dowry Prohibition Act,
which criminalizes the giving and taking of dowry. However, the effectiveness and
implementation of these laws can vary, and the fight against dowry deaths in India remains an
ongoing challenge.

Dowry deaths in India are a clear reflection of broader gender-based issues including
discrimination, patriarchy and violence against women. Solutions to this problem include not
only legal reforms but also a concerted effort to change social attitudes and promote gender
equality.

Understanding the specific context of dowry deaths in India is important to address the problem
comprehensively and work towards a society where such tragic incidents are eliminated.

DOWRY IN ANCIENT, MEDIEVAL AND MODERN TIME

Dowry deaths in India have a long history spanning ancient, medieval and modern periods. The
practice of dowry has evolved over the centuries, but dowry-related violence and deaths still
persist. Here is an overview of dowry deaths in these different historical eras:

Ancient India

Dowry has ancient roots in Indian society and was originally intended to provide the bride with
financial security in her new home. In ancient times, dowry was often seen as a gift or assistance
to the bride, helping her establish a new household. However, over time, dowry became
increasingly materialistic and began to include significant money, property, and valuables.

While dowry existed in ancient India, the concept of dowry death as we understand it today was
less documented. Records show that there were disputes over dowry and marital issues, but the
term "dowry death" and the legal framework to address them were not established.

Medieval India

11
During medieval India, the practice of dowry continued to evolve. For example, the Mughal
period saw an increase in lavish dowry traditions. Dowry was often a reflection of the social
status and wealth of the family. The practice was also influenced by the social norms and
customs of different regions and communities.

Like in ancient India, there were incidents of disputes and harassment regarding dowry in the
medieval period also. However, specific records on dowry deaths during this era are limited, and
there was no comprehensive legal framework to address such cases.

Modern India

Dowry deaths in India gained greater prominence during the modern era, especially in the 20th
century. The practice of demanding dowry often results in severe harassment and violence
against brides. The term "dowry deaths" came into common use to describe cases where brides
faced cruelty, harassment, or even death as a result of dowry disputes.

In response to growing concern, the Government of India enacted the Dowry Prohibition Act in
1961. The purpose of this law was to curb the practice of dowry and provide legal protection to
brides. Nevertheless, dowry deaths and related violence persist, and efforts to address these
issues are ongoing.

In modern India, dowry deaths are a matter of significant social and legal concern. Efforts to
raise awareness and change social attitudes, along with legal measures, are ongoing to tackle this
issue and ensure the safety and well-being of brides. The fight against dowry deaths continues as
India grapples with the complex interplay of tradition, social dynamics and legal reforms.

PARAMETER IN DECIDE LIABILITY IN DOWRY

In India, dowry related obligations are determined based on several legal parameters and
principles. These parameters are important in deciding the responsibility and culpability of the
persons involved in dowry related matters. The primary factors and criteria considered to
establish liability in dowry cases in India include:

1. Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961: The Dowry Prohibition Act is the fundamental legal
framework governing dowry-related matters in India. There is a provision that giving or
taking dowry is a punishable offense. Violating this law may result in legal consequences
including imprisonment and fines. The Act sets a clear criteria for liability by
criminalizing dowry transactions.

2. Complaints and Evidence: Registration of complaints is often the first step in

determining liability. Complaints can be filed by the victim or her family, and they serve

12
 as essential pieces of evidence. The presentation of concrete evidence, such as a written
or documented demand for dowry, can play an important role in establishing liability.

3. Statement and Testimony: Statements and testimony of the victim, her family and
witnesses are important in establishing liability. These statements can provide details
about dowry demands, harassment and any cruel treatment endured by the bride.

4. Medical Report: In cases of physical violence or injuries, medical reports are essential
parameters to decide liability. These reports may serve as evidence of physical abuse.

5. Forensic Evidence: In cases of suspicious deaths or violence, forensic evidence, such as

post-mortem reports and forensic investigations, can help determine the cause of death
and any foul play involved.

6. Statements of the accused: Both oral and written statements made by the accused can be
used to establish their involvement and culpability in dowry-related harassment or
violence.

7. Circumstantial Evidence: Circumstantial evidence, such as phone records, text

messages, or any documentary communication related to dowry demands, can be helpful
in determining liability.

8. Testimony of witnesses: Testimony of witnesses who can corroborate demands for

dowry, harassment, or violence can strengthen the case and help establish liability.

9. Family and community influences: Social pressure, family dynamics, and community
influences may also be considered. In some cases, liability of individuals may be
determined by their role in maintaining dowry-related customs and practices.

10. Legal Precedents: Previous court decisions and legal precedents can guide the
determination of liability in dowry-related cases, providing a framework for
understanding similar situations.

11. Safety of Women: The legal framework in India is ready to protect women from dowry
harassment. Special provisions and considerations in the law give priority to the well-
being and safety of women in such cases.

Liability in dowry related cases is a complex legal process that considers a combination of these
parameters and evidence to establish the culpability of the persons involved. The legal system in
India is designed to protect the rights and welfare of persons who are victims of dowry-related
harassment or violence.

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BACHNI DEVI VS. STATE OF HARYANA, 2011

Facts of the case

Deceased Kanta Devi was married to the accused in May 1990. Two months after the marriage,
the mother-in-law of the deceased (accused 1) went to her father's house and demanded a
motorcycle, as her son (accused 2) wanted it. Start a home milk vending business. But since the
father of the deceased was poor, he expressed his inability to fulfill the demand.

After this, the deceased's husband and mother-in-law started harassing her badly and told her
father that if he did not give her the motorcycle, they would not allow Kanta Devi to live in the
marital home.

Five days before Rakshabandhan, the deceased's husband took her to his father's house and left
her there and returned to his home on the same day.

The deceased told her father about the harassment and abuse by her husband and in-laws. But
two days before Rakshabandhan, Kanta was taken away from her parents' house by her husband
saying that his brother's engagement was to take place. The statement given by her husband was
completely wrong.

About eight days later (on 12 August 1990), the father of the deceased was informed by other
villagers that Kanta was dead. When her father along with some other persons went to the house
of accused 1 and 2, they saw the dead body of Kanta lying in the room. On the other hand, when
Kanta's death appeared to have taken place under unnatural circumstances, the father of the
deceased filed a case.

Decision of the case

The trial court convicted her mother-in-law and husband of committing an offense under Section
304B of the Indian Penal Code. He was sentenced to seven years of rigorous imprisonment.
When an appeal was made to the High Court, the trial court agreed and the appeal was
dismissed.

After this an appeal was made in the Supreme Court. The top court said that demand for any
property or valuable security attached to the marriage is a demand for dowry. The cause or
reason for such demand is immaterial. It was found that the deceased was harassed by the
accused after his father refused to fulfill his demands. Therefore, driving the deceased to commit
suicide due to harassment is dowry death.

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Accordingly, the appeal was dismissed by the Supreme Court, and accused 1 was given two
months' time to surrender to undergo the imprisonment awarded to him.

IMPACT OF SCIENTIFIC METHODS LIKE BRAIN MAPPING AND POLYGRAPHIC

TESTS ON JUSTICE DELIVERY SYSTEMS

Scientific methods such as brain mapping and polygraph tests have had both positive and
controversial impacts on the justice delivery system. These methods are used in various legal
contexts to aid in investigation and decision-making processes. Here are some key aspects of his
influence:

Positive impact

1. Evidence and investigative support: Brain mapping, including techniques such as

functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and electroencephalography (EEG), can
be used to study brain activity patterns. This technique has been used in some cases to

15
 assess the veracity of a witness's statement or to identify the presence of special
knowledge or memories. Similarly, polygraph tests, also known as lie detector tests, have
been used to identify potential deception. These tools can provide investigators with
additional information and help capture suspects or confirm the credibility of witnesses.

2. Screening and Monitoring: Polygraph tests have been employed in a variety of

contexts, such as pre-employment screening for security-sensitive positions or post-
sentence monitoring for parole. They can be a useful tool for ensuring the credibility and
compliance of individuals in specific roles or situations.

3. Solving Cases: In some cases, these techniques have been used to help solve cases by
providing additional evidence or information, thereby speeding up the legal process,
leading to a confession or plea bargain Can.

Controversial and ethical implications

1. Reliability and Validity: Both brain mapping and polygraph testing have been the
subject of debate regarding their reliability and validity. The scientific community is
divided on the accuracy of these methods, and there are concerns about false positives
and negatives. This has raised questions about their use as evidence in court and their
potential to violate individual rights.

2. Privacy and Consent: The use of brain mapping and polygraph tests may raise privacy
concerns, as they involve the collection of personal and sensitive data. Additionally,
issues related to informed consent and the possibility of coercion may arise, particularly
when these methods are used in legal or law enforcement settings.

3. Impact on decision making: There is a risk that judges and jurors may place too much
trust in the results of these tests, even if their scientific credibility is in question. This can
lead to wrongful convictions or acquittals based on unreliable evidence.

4. Stigma: Individuals subjected to these tests, especially polygraph tests, may face stigma
even if they are innocent. The mere fact that a test is administered can raise doubts about
its reliability.

In short, the impact of scientific methods such as brain mapping and polygraph testing on the
justice delivery system is complex. Although they can provide valuable information and support
the investigative process, their use is controversial due to accuracy, ethics, confidentiality, and
the potential for undue influence on legal decisions. As a result, the legal system must carefully
consider the limitations and ethical considerations associated with these methods when
incorporating them into legal proceedings.

16
SELVI AND OTHERS VS. STATE OF KARNATAKA, 2010

Background of the Case: The case involved three accused individuals who were suspected of
being involved in a murder. The police had sought to subject them to narcoanalysis, brain
mapping, and polygraph tests without their consent. The accused individuals challenged the
legality of these tests, arguing that they violated their fundamental rights.

Key Issues and Ruling

The Supreme Court addressed several key issues in this case:

1. Right Against Self-Incrimination: The primary issue was whether the compulsory
administration of narco analysis, brain mapping, and polygraph tests violated the
accused's right against self-incrimination, which is protected under Article 20(3) of the
Indian Constitution. This article states that no person accused of an offense shall be
compelled to be a witness against themselves.

2. Voluntary and Informed Consent: The Supreme Court ruled that narco analysis, brain
mapping, and polygraph tests could not be conducted forcibly or without the informed
consent of the accused. It emphasized that the right against self-incrimination extends to
the right against testimonial compulsion and that any evidence obtained through these
tests without consent would be inadmissible in court.

3. Admissibility of Test Results: The court held that while the results of these tests may
not be admitted as substantive evidence against the accused, they could be used for
investigational purposes to gather leads and evidence. However, the accused could not be
compelled to answer questions or reveal information during these tests.

4. Safeguards and Procedure: The court outlined specific procedural safeguards, including
the presence of a lawyer, family member, or well-wisher of the accused during the tests.
It stressed that the dignity and privacy of the accused must be maintained throughout the
process.

Impact and Significance

17
The "Selvi and Others" case was a landmark decision in Indian jurisprudence. It reaffirmed the
importance of individual rights, particularly the right against self-incrimination and the need for
voluntary and informed consent. It established a framework for the use of narco analysis, brain
mapping, and polygraph tests in criminal investigations, ensuring that they are conducted with
strict adherence to constitutional principles and safeguards.

As a result of this case, law enforcement agencies and investigators in India must obtain the
voluntary consent of individuals before subjecting them to these tests. The case emphasized that
the results of these tests cannot be used as direct evidence against the accused but can be utilized
to aid investigations. It set a precedent for the protection of fundamental rights in the context of
forensic and investigational procedures.

PLAGIARISM SCAN REPORT

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19