Gondwana Research, V. 7, No. 1, pp. 75-89.

© 2003 International Association for Gondwana Research, Japan.

ISSN: 1342-937X GR Gondwana
Research

Sr and Nd Characteristics of Brasiliano/Pan-African Granitoid

Plutons of the Araçuaí Orogen, Southeastern Brazil: Tectonic
Implications
Veridiana T. de S. Martins1, Wilson Teixeira1, Carlos M. Noce2 and Antonio C. Pedrosa-
Soares2
1
Centro de Pesquisas Geocronológicas, Instituto de Geociências, Universidade de São Paulo, SP, 05508-080, Brazil
2
CPMTC, Instituto de Geociências, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil,
E-mail: veridian@usp.br

(Manuscript received August 29, 2002; accepted June 3, 2003)

Abstract
Nd and Sr isotope data were obtained for three plutonic suites (595-505 Ma) and distinct young granitoid intrusions
(503 Ma), from the southern part of the Neoproterozoic Araçuaí Orogen. The Sr and Nd isotopes (87Sr/86Sr, εNd) and
TDM values from the plutons and distinct basement rocks are used to constrain the magma genesis of the granitoid
plutons. These isotopic parameters, with e Nd values ranging from –4 to –24 and TDM ages from 1.3 to 2.8 Ga, for the
granitoid suites, and –5 to –40 and 3.5 to 1.5 Ga, for the distinct Archean and Proterozoic basement complexes, suggest
that the Jequitinhonha Complex metasediments are the main crustal source for most of these plutons, except for the
youngest granitoid intrusions, which may have a protolith similar to the Mantiqueira and Guanhães complexes.
Furthermore, the isotope data indicate a minor, but important, participation of Neoproterozoic oceanic lithosphere in
the granite genesis, which corroborates with a confined orogenic model and a narrow oceanic consumption (B-subduction)
for the Araçuaí Orogen.
Key words: Araçuaí Orogen, Brasiliano, Pan-African, granitoid plutons, Sr and Nd isotopes.

Introduction
Granite genesis plays an important role in plate
tectonics, as plutonic rocks provide information on crust
generation processes, and may also constrain the tectonic
environment (e.g. Bennett and DePaolo, 1987; Pitcher,
1995; Barbarin, 1999).
Considering such potential implications, we report new
Sr and Nd isotope data on nine plutonic bodies, grouped
in three suites, as well as data on a young granitoid
intrusion of the southern Neoproterozoic (Brasiliano/Pan-
African) Araçuaí Orogen of Western Gondwana (Almeida,
1977; Brito Neves and Cordani, 1991; Pedrosa-Soares et
al., 2001) (Fig. 1). These isotope data, supported by
geochemical and petrographic information, are interpreted
together with available conventional U–Pb and Pb–Pb
geochronology for the granitoid plutons to address issues
related to orogenic processes. In addition, isotope data
from distinct Archean and Proterozoic terranes that make
up the basement of the Araçuaí Orogen are compared to
the Nd and Sr characteristics of the plutonic suites in order
to constrain the granite genesis.
The Araçuaí Orogen (including its African counterpart,
the West Congo belt) is a peculiar orogenic zone due to
its confinement in the embayment outlined by the São
Francisco and Congo cratons (Fig. 1; Pedrosa-Soares et
al., 2001). This particular framework led several authors
to propose ensialic models for the evolution of the Araçuaí
Orogen (e.g., Siga Jr., 1986; Trompette, 1997).
Nevertheless, the presence of oceanic crust in the Araçuaí
Orogen has been cited in the literature since the beginning
of the 1990s, when Neoproterozoic (816±72 Ma) mafic
and ultramafic rocks were found and interpreted to be
oceanic remnants. As a result a B-subduction model
for basin closure has been proposed for the orogen
(e.g., Pedrosa-Soares et al., 1992, 1998, 2001;
Cunningham et al., 1998; Aracema et al., 2000). This
76 VERIDIANA T. DE S. MARTINS ET AL
assessment is consistent with the idea of break up of the
Rodinia Supercontinent followed by the closure of the
Adamastor Ocean (formation of the Gondwana
Supercontinent) in Neoproterozoic times (Dalziel, 1997).
Such evolution is also consistent with the emplacement
of basic dykes and mafic-ultramafic complexes that record
extensional events ranging from 1100 Ma and 900 Ma
(Machado et al., 1989; D´Agrella-Filho et al., 1990; Abreu,
1991), whereas the Adamastor Ocean closure is marked
by metamorphism and plutonism between 600 Ma and
560 Ma (e.g., Rb–Sr whole-rock and Sm–Nd mineral
isochrons, and Pb–Pb and U–Pb zircon ages, in Siga, 1986;
Nalini, 1997; Martins, 2000; Noce et al., 2000; Silva et
al., 2002). In the West Congo belt, the counterpart of the
Araçuaí Orogen in Africa, rift-related, bimodal volcanic
rocks and anorogenic granites that record the extensional
events yielded U-Pb SHRIMP zircon ages ranging from
1000 Ma to 910 Ma (Tack et al., 2001).
Our data help to distinguish the nature of the plutonic
suites of the Araçuaí Orogen, as well as reinforce the
involvement of oceanic lithosphere subduction in the
orogeny. We also infer the participation of distinctive
basement terranes in the paleotectonic setting of the
orogen.
Geological Setting
The studied area is situated in the northeastern region
of the State of Minas Gerais, southeastern Brazil. The
Araçuaí Orogen borders the São Francisco Craton and
branches to the Paramirim aulacogen (Fig. 1). This
aulacogen, together with the Sangha aulacogen could have
accommodated the oceanic opening during the evolution
of the precursor basin (Pedrosa-Soares et al., 2001).
Toward the S (latitude 21°S) the Araçuaí Orogen connects
with the Ribeira Orogen (Pedrosa-Soares and Wiedemann-
Leonardos, 2000).
The Araçuaí Orogen is divided into two tectonic
domains (Pedrosa-Soares et al., 2001; Fig. 1). The external
tectonic domain is arc-shaped and consists of Archean and
Paleo/Mesoproterozoic basement covered by Neoproterozoic
supracrustal rocks. Metamorphism and deformation
related to the Brasiliano orogeny (600–500 Ma) increase
toward the internal tectonic domain of the Araçuaí Orogen.
The internal domain consists of higher metamorphosed
volcano-sedimentary sequences and different types of
pre-, syn- and post-collisional granitoid plutons, making
up the metamorphic-anatetic core of the orogen.
Compilation of the geochronological data shows that
the Brasiliano orogeny played an important role in the
geological framework of the study area in terms of the
emplacement of plutons and reworking of basement rocks.
More than 630 isotope analyses are available for the entire
area (Aldrich et al., 1964; Besang et al., 1977; Brito Neves
et al., 1979; Cordani et al., 1979; Brito Neves et al., 1980;
Lima et al., 1981; Müller et al., 1986; Silva et al., 1987;
Söllner et al., 1989, 1991; Teixeira et al., 1990; Dussin et
al., 1993), most of these consisting of K–Ar and Rb–Sr
analyses (73%), whereas Sm–Nd, U–Pb and Pb–Pb make
up 27% of these (166 analyses). In general, the large
amounts of K–Ar data, in different rocks, show decreasing
apparent ages toward the core of the Araçuaí Orogen
(Teixeira and Canzian, 1994; Martins, 2000) and
several Rb–Sr isochrons indicate the Brasiliano overprint
(600-500 Ma) in the country rocks (Martins, 2000). Most
of the radiometric data for the granitoid suites were
obtained by the Pb single zircon evaporation method
(Noce et al., 2000) with ages ranging from ca. 594 to 503
Ma. New zircon U–Pb data broadly corroborate this time
period from pre-collision to post-collision metamorphic-
magmatic records in the Araçuaí Orogen (U–Pb dilution
method data by Whittington et al., 2001; and U–Pb
SHRIMP data by Silva et al., 2002).
Basement Rocks
The basement terranes include Archean gneiss and
greenstone belt remnants, Paleoproterozoic supracrustal
rocks and granitoid plutons, and late Paleoproterozoic to
Mesoproterozoic sequences (Fig. 2). The Archean
complexes (Guanhães, Gouveia and Porteirinha
complexes) show U–Pb and Pb–Pb zircon ages between
2.97 and 2.57 Ga, partly reworked during the Brasiliano
orogeny, as supported by U–Pb zircon ages around 500
Ma (Machado et al., 1989; Silva et al., 2002). The
Guanhães Complex (GU – Fig. 2) shows Sm–Nd TDM model
ages between 3.0 and 3.2 Ga (Martins, 2000).
It was intruded by the Borrachudos A-type granites
(BO – Fig. 2) at 1729±14 Ma (Dussin et al., 1993). These
anorogenic granites are coeval to the rift-related, volcano-
sedimentary sequences of the lower Espinhaço Supergroup
(ES – Fig. 2). Gouveia Complex occurs to the west and is
not shown in figure 2.
The Mantiqueira Complex (MT – Fig. 2) consists of
tonalitic and granodioritic banded gneiss, and subordinate
granulite. Available isotope data for this complex are
Rb–Sr isochron ages and U–Pb SHRIMP ages of 2.2–2.0
Ga (Figueiredo and Teixeira, 1996; Silva et al., 2002),
and Sm–Nd TDM model ages varying from 3.1–2.8 Ga and
2.2–2.1 Ga. Therefore the Mantiqueira Complex was
formed from the combination of both Archean and newly
accreted Paleoproterozoic materials (Teixeira and Sabaté,
2000).
Adjacent to the Mantiqueira Complex, the Juiz de Fora
Complex (gneiss, granitoid, charnockite and granulite)
Gondwana Research, V. 7, No. 1, 2004
 SR AND ND OF BRASILIANO GRANITOID PLUTONS SOUTHEASTERN BRAZIL 77

Fig. 1. Sketch of the Araçuaí-West Congo Orogen, Western Gondwanaland (modified from Pedrosa-Soares et al. (2001). ED = external domain;
ID = internal domain. Suite G-1 = Pre-collisional, I-type; G-2 = Syn-collisional, S-type; G-3=Post-collisional, I-type; G-4=Post-collisonal,
S-type; G-5=Post-collisional, I-type.

yields Rb–Sr isochron ages of ca. 2.2 Ga (Figueiredo
and Teixeira, 1996), but the Sm–Nd T DM model ages
are variable, mainly around 2.2 Ga, but values of 1.5 and
1.4 Ga are also present (Fischel, 1998; Brueckner et al.,
2000). This suggests that younger materials were included
in the Juiz de Fora Complex, representing accretion of
Neoproterozoic components or tectonic slices of a
Neoproterozoic crust. If the first hypothesis is correct,
the Juiz de Fora Complex has a distinctive nature as
compared to the Mantiqueira Complex, in spite of both
having geochemically similar rocks (Teixeira and Sabaté,
2000).
Neoproterozoic Sequences of the Araçuaí
Orogen
These supracrustal rocks belong to the Macaúbas, Rio
Doce, Jequitinhonha and Paraíba do Sul units (Fig. 2).
The western units of the Macaúbas Group (metadiamictite,
quartzite, rythmite, metapelite and sedimentary iron
formation units) include glacio-continental to glacio-
marine sequences related to the rift and transitional phases
of the basin (Noce et al., 1997). SHRIMP (Senstitive High
Resolution Ion Micro-Probe) U–Pb data from detrital
zircons limit the maximum age for the glacio-marine

Gondwana Research, V. 7, No. 1, 2004

78 VERIDIANA T. DE S. MARTINS ET AL

Fig. 2. Geological Map of Araçuaí Orogen showing the granitoid suites (after Pedrosa-Soares et al., 1994; Silva et al., 1987; Pedrosa-Soares et al.,
2001). Palaeo/Meso-Proterozoic basement: GU = Guanhães Complex; PO = Porteirinha Complex; MT = Mantiqueira Complex; JF = Juiz
de Fora Complex; BO = Borrachudos Suite; ES = Espinhaço Supergroup. Neo-Proterozoic basement: MG = Macaúbas Group; RD = Rio
Doce Group; DS = Dom Silvério Group; JC = Jequitinhonha Complex; PS = Paraíba do Sul Complex. Q = Quaternary. Granitoids:
1 = Ataléia; 2 = Caladão; 3 = Padre Paraíso; 4 = Wolff; 5 = Pescador; 6 = Teófilo Otoni; 7 = São Vitor; 8 = Guarataia; 9 = Brasilândia;
10 = Young plutonic intrusion.

sedimentation at around 950 Ma, but additional ages on
the zircon population also indicate Archean and
Paleoproterozoic sources for this sedimentation (Pedrosa-
Soares et al., 2000). This is in agreement with the existence
of old-aged crystalline crust within the external domain
of the Araçuaí Orogen (Pedrosa-Soares et al., 2000).
The eastern part of Macaúbas Group is a distal,
transgressive volcano-sedimentary sequence, free of
diamictite, deposited during the passive margin stage of
the basin. This sequence includes an oceanic crust
component represented by ortho-amphibolite dated at
816±7 Ma (Sm–Nd whole-rock isochron) and with TDM
model ages of 1.1–1.0 Ga. These rocks show ocean-floor
geochemical signature and are interlayered with deep-sea
pelites and volcano-exhalative sediments (Pedrosa-Soares
et al., 1992, 1998). The oceanic spreading is also suggested
by metamorphosed ultramafic rocks thrust into that
volcano-sedimentary pile, which yield a broadly
comparable Sm–Nd isochronic age of 800 Ma (Pedrosa-
Soares et al., 1992, 2001; Aracema et al., 2000).
The Rio Doce Group (micaschist, gneiss, quartzite, calc-
silicate rock and amphibolite) and Jequitinhonha Complex

Gondwana Research, V. 7, No. 1, 2004

 Table 1. The Araçuaí Orogen Granitoids.

SUITES G-1 G-2 G-3S G-3I G-4 G-5

Examples of Brasilândia, Teófilo Ataléia, Pescador, Wolff, Almenara, Santa Guaratinga, Frade (Coronel Caladão, Padre Paraíso,

Gondwana Research, V. 7, No. 1, 2004

Plutons and Otoni, São Vitor,
Batholiths Guarataia, Galiléia,
Mascarenhas, Alvarenga,
Estrela-Muniz Freire
Urucum, Nanuque, Maria do Salto and Santo Antonio do Murta), Itaporé, Medina, ,Pedra Azul,
Buranhém, Montanha, São many bodies inside Jacinto, Rubim, Malacacheta, Santa Angélica, Aimorés
Paulinho, Itaobim, G2 suite and Pedra Grande, Mangabeiras, Santa
Jequitinhonha, Águas Jequitinhonha Filhinha Rosa, Soturno,
Formosas, Medeiros Neto, Complex Rubelita
Novo Cruzeiro, Itaipé

Main rocks amphibole-biotite tonalite two mica granite, garnet- cordierite-garnet biotite-granite two mica granite, biotite granite,
and granodiorite biotite granite, cordierite- leucogranite biotite granite, charnockite and
garnet granite pegmatoid granite enderbite

Relation to show gneissic foliation of
the regional the main deformation
deformation phase and stretched
enclaves parallel to the
mineral lineation
show gneissic foliation of the
main deformation phase and
stretching mineral lineation
free of the main magmatic flow show magmatic flow show magmatic flow
regional tectonic structures; free of structures; free of the structures; enclaves are
structures the main regional main regional tectonic not deformed and sh ow
tectonic structures structures distinct magma mingling
and mixing features

Main metaluminous, peraluminous, peraluminous, metaluminous, peraluminous, metaluminous,

geochemical calc-alkaline, S-type magma S-type magma calc-alkaline, S-type magma calc-alkaline,
features I-type magma I-type magma I-type magma

Age (Ma) 625-575(e), 596-587(dz), 591(e), 585(dz), 560(dz, sz), 535 (dz, 7/6 age), 513 585(e), 523 (dz, 530(e), 504-497(dz) 520-500(dz, e)
573(dm) 537 (dz), 517 and 511 (dm) (dm) 7/6 minimum age)

Tectonic Pre to syn-collisional, Syn-collisional to late- late to late to post-collisional post-collisional

classification continental volcanic arc collisional (anatectic episode) post-collisional (late post-collisional (orogenic collapse) (orogenic collapse)
SR AND ND OF BRASILIANO GRANITOID PLUTONS SOUTHEASTERN BRAZIL

anatectic episode)

Compilation of U–Pb (z, zircon; m, monazite; d, dilution method; s, SHRIMP) and Pb-Pb (zircon evaporation) (e) ages and other characteristics of the granitoid suites of the Araçuaí Orogen.
Underlined names correspond to the studied plutons. Data from Siga (1986), Söllner et al. (1987, 1989, 1991), Nalini (1997), Basílio et al. (1998), Noce et al. (1999, 2000), Paes (1999),
Whittington et al. (2001) and Silva et al. (2002). Tectonic classification according to Pedrosa-Soares et al. (2001).
79
80 VERIDIANA T. DE S. MARTINS ET AL
(peraluminous gneiss sequence, named kinzigites,
intercalated with quartzite and calc-silicatic granulite) are
correlated with the Macaúbas Group (Pedrosa-Soares and
Wiedemann-Leonardos, 2000).
The Paraíba do Sul Complex (paragneiss, kinzigite,
marble, quartzite, amphibolite), situated in the
southeastern region of the Araçuaí Orogen (Fig. 2), could
be also a Neoproterozoic sequence related to the passive
margin stage of the basin (Pedrosa-Soares and
Wiedemann-Leonardos, 2000), but no conclusive isotope
data are available.
Granitoid Suites
The plutonic rocks formed during the evolution of the
Araçuaí Orogen strike roughly NNW-SSE (Fig. 2). Based
on field relationships, geochemical signatures and
geochronological data, Pedrosa-Soares et al. (2001)
grouped them into six different suites, named G-1, G-2,
G-3S, G-3I, G-4, and G-5, each of one containing several
individual plutons and batholiths. The G-2 suite is the
most voluminous, followed by G-1 suite. Table 1 shows
the main characteristics of each suite that have yielded
Pb–Pb and U–Pb ages between 625 and 500 Ma. The oldest
age (625 Ma), obtained by Pb–Pb evaporation analysis of
zircons from a tonalitic gneiss (Paes, 1999), is of doubtful
interpretation and should be confirmed.
The main characteristics of the plutons from the granitic
suites (G-1, G-2 and G-5) are described below. Unique
isotopic patterns, also supported by field relationships,
lead us to define a distinct and younger pluton (Late
Granitic Pluton). G-3 and G-4 suites were not investigated
in this study, because they mostly occur outside of the
study area (Fig. 2).
G-1 suite
This suite comprises metaluminous, calc-alkaline, I-type
granitoid plutons interpreted to have been generated in a
pre- to syncollisional, continental volcanic arc environment
(Pedrosa-Soares et al., 2001). G-1 plutons have a tonalitic
to granodioritic composition, with amphibole and
pyroxene as the essential mafic minerals in tonalite, and
biotite and amphibole in granodiorite. Diorite and granite
are minor components in this suite. G-1 rocks display a
gneissic foliation, locally mylonitic, formed during the
main regional deformation phase. Mafic to intermediate
enclaves and xenoliths are generally stretched parallel to
the mineral lineation imprinted on the gneissic foliation.
Locally, this foliation can be weakly developed in the inner
parts of the plutons.
We have investigated four plutons of the G-1 suite
(Brasilândia, Guarataia, Teófilo Otoni and São Vitor) by
isotope geochemistry (Table 2). Pb–Pb evaporation zircon
ages range from 595 Ma to 575 Ma (Noce et al., 1999,
2000), and agree with U–Pb ages yielded by zircon and
monazite from a G-1 pluton dated by Whittington et al.
(2001).
The Brasilândia pluton (Fig. 2) is composed of medium-
to fine-grained tonalitic to granitic rocks, rich in mafic
enclaves. The rock forming minerals are amphibole,
biotite, microcline and plagioclase. Accessory minerals are
titanite, apatite, allanite, epidote, zircon and opaque
minerals. This pluton yields a Pb–Pb evaporation zircon
age of 595±3 Ma (Noce et al., 2000).
The Guarataia pluton (Fig. 2) lies to the N of the
Brasilândia pluton. It comprises medium- to fine- grained
granodioritic to granitic rocks. The rock forming minerals
are quartz, microcline, plagioclase and biotite, and
accessory minerals are apatite, titanite, zircon, allanite,
epidote and opaque minerals. A Pb–Pb zircon evaporation
age of 574±2 Ma (Noce et al., 2000) is available for this
intrusion.
The Teófilo Otoni pluton (Fig. 2) consists of medium-
to fine-grained granodioritic to granitic rocks, with minor
tonalitic facies. In thin section a peculiar feature is the
presence of monazite in the nuclei of allanite. This is
evidence of the addition of peraluminous material (magma
assimilation of host rocks) to the metaluminous magma
(Broska et al., 2000). The Pb–Pb zircon evaporation age
of this pluton is 576±4 Ma (Noce et al., 1999, 2000), and
the U–Pb (dilution method) ages are 587 Ma (zircon) and
573 Ma (monazite; Whittington et al., 2001).
The São Vitor pluton (Fig. 2) is essentially composed
of medium to coarse-grained granodiorite with porphyritic
amphibole. In thin section quartz, plagioclase, biotite and
amphibole are observed as the principal minerals, with
accessories of zircon, titanite and opaques.
G-2 suite
The G-2 suite consists of peraluminous S-type granitoid
plutons emplaced and variably deformed during the syn-
to late-collisional stage of the orogeny, between 591 and
537 Ma (Noce et al., 2000; Whittington et al., 2001). The
main generation phase of G-2 magma is probably
constrained by the 573–560 Ma (U–Pb SHRIMP) ages
obtained by Silva et al. (2002) from zircons of various G-
2 plutons. The G-2 plutons consist mainly of garnet-biotite
granite, cordierite-garnet granite and/or two-mica granite.
They show gneissic foliation and mineral stretching
lineation concordant with the regional trend of the main
deformation phase, but this foliation may be poorly
developed locally or overprinted by late re-melting and
recrystallization, related to the generation of G-3S and
G-4 granites, during the final stages of the orogeny. Rafts
of paragneiss showing different stages of migmatization
Gondwana Research, V. 7, No. 1, 2004
 Table 2. Sm–Nd and Rb–Sr isotope data.

147 143 87 87 87 87
Suite Pluton Rock Sample Sm/144Nd Nd/144Nd ¦Sm/Nd TDM (Ga) T1 (Ma) εNd(T1) εNd(500) Rb/86Sr Sr/86Sr Sr/86Sri(T1) Sr/86Sr i(500)

Brasilândia tonalite SM-08B 0.10052 0.51174 -0.49 1.76 595 -10.36 -11.46 1.091 0.718020 0.708760 0.710243
tonalite IT-15B 0.11021 0.51188 -0.44 1.70 595 -8.19 -9.18 0.487 0.713961 0.709826 0.710488

São Vitor tonalite IT-16B 0.13072 0.51198 -0.34 1.96 590 -7.97 -8.72 1.157 0.720010 0.710279 0.711769
G-1
Guarataia granite IT-11 0.11252 0.51166 -0.43 2.09 590 -12.80 -13.77 0.792 0.717481 0.710821 0.711841

Gondwana Research, V. 7, No. 1, 2004

granite IT-02F 0.11830 0.51167 -0.40 2.19 590 -12.97 -13.82 0.465 0.714211 0.710299 0.710898

Teófilo Otoni granite TO-01Aa 0.09393 0.51195 -0.52 1.39 590 -5.76 -6.94 0.677 0.728952 0.723256 0.724128
granite TO-02A 0.10133 0.51198 -0.48 1.44 590 -5.62 -6.71 1.006 0.717851 0.709390 0.710685
granite TO-02B3 0.11456 0.51201 -0.42 1.59 590 -6.09 -7.03 0.923 0.716923 0.709155 0.710344

Ataléia granite MU-04E 0.11899 0.51197 -0.40 1.73 591 -7.19 -8.09 1.257 0.721733 0.711136 0.712773
granite AT-01A 0.12858 0.51201 -0.35 1.84 591 -7.08 -7.87 1.812 0.726098 0.710826 0.713186
G-2 enclave AT-01K2 0.09477 0.51164 -0.52 1.80 591 -11.82 -13.01 3.071 0.735868 0.709990 0.713989

Pescador granite MU-12G 0.12189 0.51211 -0.38 1.54 576 -4.73 -5.45 3.197 0.733452 0.707199 0.710675
enclave MU-12.2K 0.11043 0.51200 -0.44 1.53 576 -6.09 -4.96 0.808 0.718029 0.711397 0.712275
granite MU-14 0.10292 0.51208 -0.48 1.33 576 -4.05 -6.92 2.580 0.728851 0.707666 0.710471

Wolff leucogranite MU-15A 0.13792 0.51209 -0.30 1.63 582 -6.38 -7.00 4.477 0.744201 0.707050 0.712303

G-5 Pe. Paraíso

facies charnockite MU-08A 0.10300 0.51197 -0.48 1.48 520 -6.85 -7.09 2.738 0.730073 0.709779 0.710562

Caladão granite MU-01A 0.11256 0.51201 -0.43 1.55 520 -6.67 -6.88 4.419 0.734721 0.701969 0.703233
facies
SR AND ND OF BRASILIANO GRANITOID PLUTONS SOUTHEASTERN BRAZIL

Young Granitic aplite MU-10B 0.08173 0.51121 -0.58 2.57 505 -20.47 -20.54 4.821 0.745350 0.710652 0.710997
Intrusion fine granite MU-13 0.09619 0.51109 -0.51 2.55 505 -23.76 -23.83 3.026 0.742473 0.720693 0.720909

Guanhães gneiss SM-13B 0.13215 0.51129 -0.33 3.01 2570 -5.17 -22.22 1.619 0.762511 0.702328 0.750974
Complex gneiss SS-01A5 0.09941 0.51070 -0.49 3.16 2570 -5.83 -31.52 1.092 0.746542 0.705942 0.738759
gneiss GUA-04A 0.09945 0.51079 -0.49 3.04 2570 -4.13 -29.81 1.937 0.782878 0.710896 0.769079

TDM ages in bold type are double-stage calculation.

81
82 VERIDIANA T. DE S. MARTINS ET AL
and xenoliths of supracrustals rocks are commonly found
inside G-2 plutons.
We selected three plutons of this suite for isotopic
studies: Ataléia, Pescador and Wolff (Fig. 2). They are
very similar and are represented by medium-grained
granitic to granodioritic rocks, rich in Al2O3 as reflected
by high contents of garnet and sillimanite. The Ataléia
pluton crops out close to the contact with metasedimentary
rocks of the Jequitinhonha Complex. It shows a mafic
enclave composed of garnet and oriented biotite
accompanying or not the gneissic foliation, indicating the
presence of relict metasedimentary material. The Pescador
pluton, that occurs near the contact between the G-2 suite,
and metasediments of the Rio Doce, includes two-mica
facies and is richer in micaschist xenoliths than Ataléia
pluton. The accessory minerals from both plutons are
apatite, monazite, zircon, rare opaque and titanite.
The Pb–Pb zircon evaporation age for Ataléia pluton is
591±4 Ma, and the Pescador pluton is 576±4 Ma (Noce
et al., 1999, 2000).
The Wolff pluton is a medium to coarse-grained
leucocratic, two-mica granite. The gneissic foliation is
distinct but poorly developed in many outcrops of this
pluton. This fact, and its gradational contact with the
Pescador pluton, suggest a late-collisional, anatetic nature
for the Wolff pluton (Martins, 2000). Microcline, some
plagioclase, biotite, sillimanite (fibrolite), garnet and
muscovite are the essential minerals of the Wolff pluton.
Zircon, apatite and opaques are the accessory minerals.
The Pb–Pb zircon evaporation age is 582±5 Ma (Noce et
al., 1999, 2000), very similar to the age (584 Ma) of the
Urucum pluton (Nalini, 1997), a typical two-mica G-2
granite.
G-5 suite
This suite includes a biotite granite, generally
porphyritic with large (2 to 10 cm long) euhedral
K-feldspar phenocrysts, and charnockite and enderbite,
rich in mafic enclaves. Granite facies show gradational
contacts with the charnockitic facies. Geochemically, they
are calc-alkaline, metaluminous, I-type granitoids. U–Pb
and Pb–Pb data indicate that they crystallized between
520 Ma and 500 Ma (Siga, 1986; Söllner et al., 1987;
Noce et al., 1999, 2000; Whittington et al., 2001) in a
post-collisional environment related to the extensional
collapse of the Araçuaí Orogen (Pedrosa-Soares et al.,
2001). We studied two facies (charnockite and granite)
of the Caladão batholith (Fig. 2).
The medium to coarse-grained charnockitic facies of
the Caladão batholith, called the Padre Paraíso facies, is
composed essentially of quartz, microcline, plagioclase,
pyroxene, amphibole and biotite. The accessory minerals
are apatite, titanite, zircon, allanite and opaque minerals.
The Pb–Pb zircon evaporation age is 519±19 Ma (Noce
et al., 1999, 2000).
The granitic facies of the Caladão batholith is composed
of coarse-grained, porphyritic biotite granite displaying a
clear igneous flow due to the orientation of euhedral K-
feldspar phenocrysts. Mafic enclaves are common, and
show evidence of magma mingling and magma mixing
processes. The main minerals are quartz, biotite,
plagioclase, microcline and amphibole. The accessory
minerals are apatite, titanite, zircon, allanite and opaque
minerals. The Pb–Pb zircon evaporation age is 520±2 Ma
(Noce et al., 1999, 2000).
The granite and charnockite facies of the Caladão
batholith show gradational contacts, where the green
colour of the charnockite gives place to the light grey
colour of the granite, without any change in texture and
structure. This feature and the very similar ages obtained
for both facies are strong evidence of coeval variations in
the CO2 /H2O pressure ratio inside the same intrusion,
during its crystallization.
Young granitic intrusions
These occur as an undifferentiated metaluminous
(I-type) and non-foliated granitic bodies (not shown in
Fig. 1) that crop out near the Pescador granitoid as well
as aplite veins that cut the Caladão granite. These rocks
are homogenous, isotropic and fine-grained. The essential
minerals are quartz, biotite, microcline and plagioclase,
whereas the accessory minerals are zircon, apatite, titanite
and opaques. These are among the youngest granites of
the Araçuaí Orogen, as indicated by a Pb–Pb zircon
evaporation age of 503±9 Ma (Noce et al., 1999, 2000).
This age is similar to the zircon U–Pb ages in the range of
504–497 Ma obtained by Whittington et al. (2001) for a
G-4 pluton. However, the late granitic pluton could
represent a different plutonic suite (G-6, Martins, 2000),
as the G-4 suite is considered to be S-type.
Geochemical data
Petrographic and geochemical data (e.g., Nalini, 1997;
Aracema et al., 1999; Pedrosa-Soares et al., 1998, 2001;
Pinto et al., 2001) yield strong evidence to suggest that
G-1 and G-2 suites originated from I-type (tonalite and
granodiorite) and S-type (granite) magmas respectively.
The geochemical data are limited to the Teófilo Otoni
and Brasilândia (G-1), and Pescador and Wolff (G-2)
plutons. These samples outline a general calc-alkaline
trend (Fig. 3A) and sub-alkaline (Fig. 3B) and
peraluminous (Fig. 3C) affinities, except the samples from
Brasilândia pluton, which indicate a metaluminous
tendency (Fig. 3C). In the R1 (4Si-11(Na+K)-2(Fe+Ti)
versus R2 (6Ca+2Mg+Al) diagram the Brasilândia (G-1)
and some G-2 samples plot clearly in the pre-collision field,
Gondwana Research, V. 7, No. 1, 2004
 SR AND ND OF BRASILIANO GRANITOID PLUTONS SOUTHEASTERN BRAZIL 83

Fig. 3. Geochemical features of the Araçuaí G-1 and G-2 granitoid suites. Sources of diagrams: a = Miyashiro (1974); b = Irvine and Baragar
(1971); c = Maniar and Piccoli (1989); d = Batchelor and Bowden (1985); e = Boynton (1984); f = Taylor and McLennan (1985)

whereas the data for the Wolff pluton (G-2) plots in the
syncollision field (Fig. 3D). Also, a mantle contribution is
suggested by samples, including mafic enclaves that plot
in the pre-plate collision field (Fig. 3D).
The studied samples display broadly similar REE
(rare-earth element) patterns (Fig. 3E), the data yielding
fractionated patterns with heavy REE depletion and
slightly negative Eu anomalies. The spider-diagram
(Fig. 3F) shows a strong Rb enrichment, and Sr and Nb
depletion in relation to a continental crust. The lack
of clear geochemical differences between samples of
different plutons also suggests a mixed source, i.e., major
crustal components with some involvement of mantle
material.

Gondwana Research, V. 7, No. 1, 2004

84 VERIDIANA T. DE S. MARTINS ET AL

Methodology and 5) is taken from the literature (Nalini, 1997), as well

as from new data obtained in this work (Table 2).
Twenty-two Rb–Sr and Sm–Nd whole-rock analyses
Nd and Sr isotope data from the possible source rocks
were performed at the Geochronological Research Centre
of the Araçuaí Orogen (amphibolites of the Macaúbas
of São Paulo University, Brazil (Martins, 2000).
Group, and rocks from Jequitinhonha and Mantiqueira
Approximately 0.1 mg of powdered rock sample was
complexes, as well as slices of metasediments) were
dissolved in concentrated HNO 3 , HF and HCl.
obtained from the literature (Pedrosa-Soares et al., 1998;
Concentrations of Rb and Sr were obtained by X-ray
Sato, 1998; Figueiredo and Teixeira, 1996), with exception
fluorescence methods prior to isotopic analysis. Samples
the Sm–Nd data for Guanhães Complex, which was
with concentrations lower than 50 ppm and higher than
obtained in this work.
650 ppm were analysed with addition of a spike tracer
(isotope dilution), whereas samples with concentrations
between 50 and 650 ppm were analysed without a spike. Results and Discussion
The Sm and Nd concentrations were determined by Double-stage TDM model ages (DePaolo et al., 1991)
isotope dilution with a combined spike tracer and their were calculated for three samples (Table 1) that
analyses were made in two-column technique, according show fractionation of the Sm/Nd systematic, using their
to procedures described by Sato et al. (1995). All the isotopic ratios (cf. Sato, 1997) applying the following
isotope ratios were measured on a VG-354 multicollector equation age:
and single collector mass spectrometers. The laboratory
blanks for the chemical procedure during the period of
analyses yielded maximum values of 4 ng for Sr, 0.4 ng
for Nd and 0.7 ng for Sm. The average 87Sr/86Sr for NBS-
987 and 143Nd/ 144Nd for La Jolla standards were
respectively 0.710254 (22) and 0.511857 (46), with 2σ
standard deviations in last two decimal places reported
in parentheses.
The Sm-Nd TDM model ages were calculated using
DePaolo (1981) and DePaolo et al. (1991) model
parameters: a=0.25, b= -3, c=8.5 and 146Nd/144Nd=
0.7219 to normalise the isotope ratios (143Nd/144Nd =
Nd(CHUR)0 = 0.512638 and 147Sm/144Nd(CHUR)0 =
0.1967). The ε Nd values were calculated using the
simplified equation εNd (T) = εNd(0) –QNd fSm/Nd T, with the
(CHUR)0 values above and QNd = 25.09. The 87Sr/86Sr(t)
Fig. 4. Time versus eNd isotopic diagram, showing data from the studied
values were determined by the equation: 87Sr/86Sr (t) =
plutons and possible source rocks.
87
Sr/86Sr – 87Rb/86Sr (eλt – 1), where l = 1.42x10-11. Isotope
diagrams (Jahn et al. 2000) are used to constrain the
role of juvenile and crustal components in the granite
genesis.
Table 2 shows the εNd(t) and 87Sr/86Sri, calculated for
the Pb/Pb evaporation age of each granitoid (intrusion
age), used in the isotopic results discussion and in
figure 4 (εNd(t) x T(Ga)). Table 2 also shows the εNd and
87
Sr/86Sri, calculated for a reference age of 500 Ma (young
granitic intrusion age), as used in Figure 5 (εNd (t=500Ma)
and 87Sr/86Sri(t=500Ma)). This allows comparison of Nd and
Sr isotopes of all rock components of the orogen at that
time (after the youngest intrusion). It is inappropriate to
compare, in the same diagram, εNd and 87Sr/86Sri values
for the intrusion ages of the granitoid rocks and source
rocks, as the εNd values for the Archean rocks at their
crystallization age were not the same at the granitoid rocks’ Fig. 5. 87
Sr/86Sr versus eNd isotopic diagram, showing data from the
intrusion age. The G-1 and G-2 isotopic field (Figs. 4 studied plutons and possible source rocks.

Gondwana Research, V. 7, No. 1, 2004

 SR AND ND OF BRASILIANO GRANITOID PLUTONS SOUTHEASTERN BRAZIL
TDM2= λ-1 Ln 1+(143Nd/144Nd)DM - [(143Nd/144Nd)s -
(eλT(fe)-1)[147Sm/144Nd)s - (147Sm/144Nd)f1]] / [(147Sm/
144
Nd)DM - (147Sm/144Nd)f1,
where “fe“ is the age of the fractionation event; (147Sm/
144
Nd)f1 is the average value for the crustal rock source
which is ~0.11 for granitic rocks; “s” is the sample ratio;
( 147 Sm/ 144 Nd) DM = 0.2188 and ( 143 Nd/ 144 Nd) DM =
0.513151 (Millisenda et al., 1994).
The isotopic data constrain significant genetic
differences between the study granitoid plutons in
accordance with their chemical features. The G-1 plutons
mostly form a group with variable negative εNd values
(–12.9 to –5.6) but relatively constant 87Sr/86Sri values
(0.710 to 0.709); there is one exception with high 87Sr/
86
Sri (0.723). This particular sample from the Teófilo Otoni
pluton also displays the least negative eNd value (–5.6)
and the lowest Sm–Nd TDM model age (1.4 Ga); isotopic
and petrographic data (e.g. monazite inclusions in
allanite) for the Teófilo Otoni pluton suggest involvement
and/or assimilation of upper crust, probably the
metasediments of the Araçuaí Orogen.
The remaining isotopic data, with constant 87Sr/86Sri
and variable εNd suggests involvement of a Rb-depleted
lower crust component. On the other hand, chemical data
plot on the pre-collisional, active margin magmatic arc
field of various geotectonic discrimination diagrams
(Pedrosa-Soares et al., 2001), thus suggesting some sort
of mantle contribution. Therefore, a mixed source magma
is indicated for the G-1 granite genesis.
Similarly, the G-2 plutons have negative εNd values
(–11.8 to –4.0) at their crystallization age, indicating their
crustal origin. In general, the εNd values are less negative
than those from the G-1 suite. The Ataléia pluton yields
Sm–Nd T DM model ages (1.3 to 1.8 Ga), which are
consistent with the idea of a Paleoproterozoic component
mixed with the Neoproterozoic juvenile source. The
Pescador granite seems to have larger participation of
juvenile magma, as indicated by its less negative εNd values,
youngest TDM age (1.3 Ga) and the lowest Sri values
compared to all studied plutons. Isotope data (Sm–Nd
T DM model age, εNd values and 87Sr/ 86Sr i ratios; see
Table 2) from the Wolff pluton are broadly comparable to
those from the Ataléia and Pescador plutons. These values
also indicate a crustal derivation.
The two analysed facies of the G-5 Caladão batholith
have very similar isotopic values, for crystallization age,
indicating a common nature in accordance with the field
evidence. The Sm-Nd TDM model age (c. 1.5 Ga) indicates
a mixed source and the εNd values (–6.85, –6.67) point to
a major crustal component. The relatively low 87Sr/86Sri
values (0.709) for the charnockite facies indicates that
the protolith is Rb depleted and had a short crustal history.
Gondwana Research, V. 7, No. 1, 2004
85
An anomalous low 87Sr/86Sri of 0.702 yielded by a sample
of the granitic facies suggests some sort of isotopic
disturbance and/or analytical error. In terms of isotope
data, the late granitic pluton is very different from the
other granitoids described herein (Table 2), leading to
the idea that it could correspond to a distinct suite
(Martins, 2000). The εNd values were found to be the lowest
(–20.4 and –23.7), whereas the T DM ages are the oldest
(2.57 and 2.55 Ga). This clearly indicates the major
participation of an Archean protolith, which is in
agreement with the high 87Sr/86Sri values obtained. These
TDM ages are also in agreement with the age (c. 2.5 Ga)
yielded by the inherited rounded zircon of a G-4 pluton
(Basílio et al., 1998, Basilio, 1999). In this case, the late
granitic pluton could be related to the S-type G-4 suite.
The granitoid plutons (G-1 suite – Guarataia and
Brasilândia plutons) that are exposed to the west yield
more negative εNd values, as well as older Sm–Nd TDM
model and older U–Pb and Pb–Pb ages (not considering
the Young Granitoid Intrusion). The variation in the 87Sr/
86
Sr values, calculated for the intrusion age (Table 2), is
as expected for the range of εNd values.
The possible source rocks for these plutons were
investigated by comparing the isotopic signatures of the
Guanhães, Mantiqueira, Jequitinhonha Complexes and
metasediments slices, as well as that of the amphibolite
from the distal Macaúbas Group. The amphibolite
(Pedrosa-Soares et al., 1992, 1998) displays positive
εNd(810Ma) values (for crystallization age), ranging from +5
to +3 and Sm–Nd TDM model ages around 1.1 Ga. We
considered these values as representing the juvenile
material for the Neoproterozoic granitic genesis.
The Mantiqueira Complex samples yield εNd(2.1Ga) values
between –14 and –2 (at time of crystallization) and
Sm–Nd TDM model ages from 3.4 to 2.4 Ga. These data
suggest that this unit is Proterozoic (low negative εNd
values), but these rocks have had a previous crustal history
(Archean).
The Guanhães Complex yields εNd(2.6Ga) values around -
5 (at its crystallization age) and Sm-Nd TDM model ages
around 3.0 Ga, indicating similarly an Archean protolith.
The Sm–Nd TDM model ages of 1.76 and 1.92 Ga from the
Juiz de Fora Complex (Sato, 1998) suggest that these
samples may not be from Juiz de Fora, as this unit was
crystallized at 2.2 Ga. According to Fischel (1998) these
youngest TDM age rocks must represent tectonic slices of
metasediments from the Jequitinhonha Complex, Rio Doce
Group, or Paraíba do Sul kinzigites. The only sample from
the Jequitinhonha Complex (Sato, 1998) yields an εNd(625Ma)
value of –5 and its Sm–Nd model age is 1.56 Ga.
Figure 4 shows the εNd evolution signature (calculated
for each unit’s crystallization age) against time for the
granitic rocks, compared with the host rock evolution.
86 VERIDIANA T. DE S. MARTINS ET AL
Most of the granitoid suites (G-1, G-2 and G-5) show εNd
values between the isotopic fields of the Macaúbas
amphibolite and the Guanhães and Mantiqueira
complexes, coinciding with those of the values of the
metasedimentary rocks. This diagram indicates that
materials of the Guanhães and Mantiqueira Complexes
may have influenced the sources of the G-1 suite and the
late granitic pluton, whereas the G-2 suite probably had
significant participation of protoliths such as mafic rocks
(amphibolite). The amphibolite is considered to be part
of the oceanic crust generated during the opening of the
Adamastor-Brasilide Ocean (Pedrosa-Soares et al., 2001).
However, the main sources of all plutons are the
metasediments slices and Jequitinhonha Complex.
The εNd(t) versus initial 87Sr/86Sr(t) diagram (Fig. 5) show
the isotopic patterns of all plutons calculated for a
reference age of 500 Ma. In this diagram, possible source
rocks are more clearly seen than in figure 4. The G-1, G-5
and part of the young granitic pluton samples may have a
lower crust compositional trend, whereas the G-2 suite
probably has an upper crust compositional trend. The
Pescador pluton (G-2) plots closer to the Macaúbas
amphibolite field, suggesting contribution from the
juvenile Neoproterozoic oceanic component. The G-5
signature is similarly consistent with juvenile lower crust
participation. Conversely, the data from the late granitic
pluton samples suggest an Archean lower crust influence.
The G-1 suite displays both lower (Guarataia pluton) and
upper crust (Teofilo Otoni pluton) signatures, whereas the
G-2 Wolff Pluton probably has an upper crust component.
The young granitic intrusion samples plot very close to
the Mantiqueira-Guanhães field. Considering that S-type
G-4 granites have two distinct zircon families, the 530 to
497 Ma clean euhedral crystals and the Archean (c. 2.5
Ga) inherited rounded grains (Basílio, 1999; Whittington
et al., 2001), we suggest the young granitic intrusions
could be correlated to this episode of granite genesis, but
represent distinct metaluminous components.
In summary, the minor but important role of
Neoproterozoic juvenile material in the granite generation
is suggested from the integrated isotopic interpretation
(Fig. 5). The isotopic features indicate that the main source
components are metasedimentary slices and the
Jequitinhonha Complex. The youngest granitic intrusion
may be derived mostly from the Mantiqueira-Guanhães
field, in accordance with its Archean Sm-Nd TDM model
ages. However, its isotopic signature is consistent with
the isotopic parameters of the Mantiqueira Complex.
Conclusions
The data presented here suggest that G-1 (pre-
collisional) suite originated mostly from lower crust
components (Neoproterozoic and/or Paleoproterozoic).
The syn-collisional G-2 suite originated from crustal
material with variable amounts of deep-sea sediments
probably including some oceanic material. The post-
collisional G-5 suite incorporated lower crust material in
the source, due to partial melting related to the extensional
collapse of the orogen.
Taking into account all known granitic suites (G1 to
G5), the Araçuaí orogen shows a multistage history of
granite genesis from ca. 600 to 500 Ma. The petrographic,
geochemical and isotope data indicate varied mixed
sources for granite generation. Particularly, the youngest
granitic plutons seem to have originated from an Archean/
Paleoproterozoic source, such as the Guanhães and
Mantiqueira complexes. The limited influence of oceanic
lithosphere (or material or magmas of similar nature) in
the parental granitoid magma can be interpreted from
the relatively high εNd values (–4 to –6), as well as from
the Sm-Nd model ages in the range 1.7–1.3 Ga. With the
exception of those values close to 1.7 Ga (age of the
Borrachudos anorogenic Suite), the ages close to 1.3 Ga
are not related to any known magmatic event in the region.
These younger Sm–Nd model ages could represent mixed
ages that resulted from contributions of younger (e.g.,
the 1000–910 Ma rift-related magmatism Pedrosa-Soares
et al., 2000; Tack et al., 2001;) and older sources (the
rift-related volcanic rocks of the Espinhaço Group and the
Borrachudos granites, and the Archean-Paleoproterozoic
basement). The amount of juvenile material accreted
during the orogeny varied through time, but reached some
importance particularly for the G-2 suite in the study area
(Fig. 5).
The range of εNd values (–4 to –23) implies that minor
contribution from oceanic lithosphere may have occurred
for the pre- and syn-collisional granitoid plutons, because
the participation of a continental crust component would
not explain the variation of compositions and isotopic
patterns found in these plutons. Conversely, the post-
collisional granitoids are derived mostly from the
continental crust, although different components (Archean
and Paleoproterozoic) were involved.
In summary, the isotopic interpretations corroborate a
confined model (Pedrosa-Soares et al., 2001) in which a
narrow ocean lithosphere had been consumed, but in
which the major part of the closed basin was composed
of sialic basement and terrigenous sediments.
Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful to the staff of Geochronological
Research Centre of São Paulo University, for their help in
the analytical work and in some discussions. CAPES
(Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível
Gondwana Research, V. 7, No. 1, 2004
 SR AND ND OF BRASILIANO GRANITOID PLUTONS SOUTHEASTERN BRAZIL
Superior), FAPEMIG (Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do
Estado de Minas Gerais), CNPq (Conselho Nacional de
Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico) and PRONEX
(Programa de Apoio a Núclceos de Excelência) provided
the financial support. The authors are also thankful for
the very important comments and suggestions made by
Nick Mortimer, Randy Van Schmus and Tod Waight.
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