IUPAC Naming of Complexes

[Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2 Pentaammine chloro cobalt (III) Chloride

[Ni(CO)4] Tetra carbonyl nickel (0)
[Cr(NH3)4Cl2]Br Tetraammine dichloro chromium(III) bromide
K4[Fe(CN)6] Potassium hexacyao ferrate (II)
[Ag(NH3)2][Ag(CN)2] Diammine silver(I) dicyano argentite(I)
K3[Fe(C2O4)3] Potassium trioxalato ferrate(III)
[PtCl2(NH3)4][PtCl4] Tetraammine dichloro platinum (IV)
[Co(NH3)5SO4]Cl Pentaammine sulphato cobalt(III) chloride tetrachloro palatinate (II)
[Co(NH3)5Cl]SO4 Pentaammine chloro cobalt (III) sulphate 3+
[Cr(en)3] Tris ( ) Chromium (III) ion

Double salts : They dissociate completely in to component ions, when dissolved in water. Eg: Mohr Salt
Complex Salts : They do not dissociate completely.
Ligands : The neutral molecules or ions that are attached directly to the central atom or ion in a complex.

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• Monodentate Ligands : It contains only one donor atom. Eg. Cl-, CN-, NH3
• Bidentate Ligands: Having two donor atoms. Eg : Oxalate (C2O4)2-, Ethylene Diamine (en)
• Polydentate Ligands: Have more than two donor atoms. eg : EDTA (Hexadentate Ligand)
• Chelating ligands: Ligands which can form ring structure with the metal. Eg: [Cu(en)2]2+
• Ambidentate ligands: Monodentate ligands which can link through two different donor atoms. Eg: CN- & NC-

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• Homoleptic Complexes: Complexes having only one type of ligands are homoleptic complexes.
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• Heteroleptic complexes: Complexes having more than one type of ligands are heteroleptic.
Werner’s theory of complexes
i) In co-ordination compounds metals show two types of valencies - Primary valency & Secondary valency
ii) Primary valency (Ionisable, satisfied by negative ions)
iii) Secondary valency (Co-ordination number, fixed for a metal, non-ionisable, satisfied by neutral molecules or
negative ions).
iv) Secondary valency can give direction regarding the spatial arrangements of molecules and the geometry.
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Isomersm in complexes
A. Structural isomerism (Same formula but different structural arrangement)
1. Ionisaion isomerism: Same formula but give different ions in solution. Eg:[Co(NH3)5Br] SO4 & [Co(NH3)5SO4]Br
2. Hydrate isomerism: Differ in No of water molecules inside and outside the sphere.
Eg: [Cr(H2O)6]Cl3 and [Cr(H2O)5Cl]Cl2H2O
3. Linkage isomerism: due to the presence of ambidentate ligands. Eg: [Co(NH3)3(CN)3] and [Co(NH3)3(NC)3]
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4. Coordination isomerism: Due to inter change ligands between anion and cation.
Eg: [Cu ((NH3)4] [PtCl4] and [Pt (NH3)4][CuCl4]
B. Stereo isomerism (Same formula but different spatial arrangement)
1. Geometrical isomerism:- cis – trans isomerism
Cis isomer: identical ligands occupy adjacent position.
Trans isomer: identical ligands occupy opposite position.

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2. Optical isomerism:- Compound differ in optical rotation

Dextro: Compound rotates plane of polarised light to right.
Laevo: Compound rotates plane of polarised light to left.
Bonding in Complexes
Valence bond theory: According to this theory, the metal atom or ion und
underer the in_uence of ligands form inner
orbital and outer orbital complex. These hybridized orbitals are allowed to overlap with ligand orbitals that can
donate electron pairs for bonding.
Co ordination Number Hybridisation Geometry Example
4 sp3 Tetrahedral [Ni(CO)4] Diamagnetic, [NiCl4)]2- Paramagnetic
4 dsp2 Square Planar [Ni (CN)4]2- inner orbital complex diamagnetic
6 3 2
sp d Octahedral [CoF6]3- Outer orbital Complex diamagnetic
6 2 3
d sp Octahedral [Fe(CN)6]3- inner orbital Complex Paramagnetic
Eg: [Co(NH3)6]3+
For this complex action the 6 valance electrons of cobalt will occupy the 3d orbital, whereas the 6 ligands will
occupy 3d,4s and 4p orbitals in d2sp3 hybridisation.
d2sp3 hybrid orbitals of Co3+
3+
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The complex is diamagnetic and
low spin with octahedral geometry.
Magnetic properties of complexes:
Spin only Magnetic moment, µ = BM where n= No. of unpaired electrons.
Crystal field theory

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The five d-orbitals
orbitals are split into lower and higher energy lev
level due to approach of ligands is known as crystal field
theory. The five d-orbitals in a gaseous
ous metal atom/ion have same energy.
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Spectrochemical series: It is a series in which lignds are arranged in the increasing order of field strength.

Applications of co-ordinations
ordinations compounds: Chlorophyll - Complex of Mg
1. Detection and estimation of metals Haemoglobin - Complex of Fe
Vitamin B12 - Complex of Co
2. Estimation of hardness of H2O using EDTA
3. Industrial catalyst (Wilkinson’s catalyst, [RhCl(PP
[RhCl(PPh3)3] in the hydrogenation of alkenes. () ) * + ,
4. Chelating ligands are used for the treatment of met
metal poisoning
5. Cisplatin is used to inhibit the growth of tumours cis [PtCl2(NH3)2]

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