NM 2 English 1642140197

Contents
MATHEMATICS
Serial No. UNIT - NM2 Page No.
4. TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATION 1
1.0 TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATION
2.0 SOLUTION OF TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATION
3.0 GENERAL SOLUTIONS OF ELEMENTARY TRIGONOMETRIC
EQUATIONS
4.0 DIFFERENT STRATEGIES FOR SOLVING TRIGONOMETRIC
EQUATIONS
5.0 TRIGONOMETRIC INEQUALITIES
EXERCISE-1
EXERCISE-2
NCERT CORNER
ANSWER KEY
5. SEQUENCE AND SERIES 30

1.0 DEFINITION
2.0 ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION (A.P.)
3.0 PROPERTIES OF A.P.
4.0 ARITHMETIC MEAN
5.0 GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION (G.P.)
6.0 PROPERTIES OF G.P.
7.0 GEOMETRIC MEAN
8.0 HARMONIC PROGRESSION (H.P.)
9.0 HARMONIC MEAN
10.0 A.M., G.M., H.M. INEQUALITY
11.0 ARITHMETICO - GEOMETRIC SERIES
12.0 SIGMA NOTATIONS
13.0 RESULTS
14.0 METHOD OF DIFFERENCE
EXERCISE-1
EXERCISE-2
NCERT CORNER
ANSWER KEY
(i)
Serial No. UNIT - NM2 Page No.
6. DETERMINANT 64
1.0 INTRODUCTION
2.0 VALUE OF A DETERMINANT
3.0 MINORS & COFACTORS
4.0 EXPANSION OF A DETERMINANT IN TERMS OF THE ELEMENTS
OF ANY ROW OR COLUMN
5.0 PROPERTIES OF DETERMINANTS
6.0 MULTIPLICATION OF TWO DETERMINANTS
7.0 SPECIAL DETERMINANTS
8.0 CRAMER'S RULE (SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS)
9.0 APPLICATION OF DETERMINANTS IN GEOMETRY
EXERCISE-1
EXERCISE-2
NCERT CORNER
ANSWER KEY
(ii)
Trigonometric Equation
TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATION
1.0 TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATION
An equation involving one or more trigonometrical ratios of unknown angles is called a trigonometrical equation.
2.0 SOLUTION OF TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATION

A value of the unknown angle which satisfies the given equation is called a solution of the trigonometric
equation.
(A) Principal solution – The solution of the trigonometric equation lying in the interval [0, 2p).
(B) General solution – Since all the trigonometric functions are many one & periodic, hence there are
infinite values of q for which trigonometric functions have the same value. All such possible values of
q for which the given trigonometric function is satisfied is given by a general expression. Such a general
formula is called general solution of trigonometric equation.
(C) Particular solution – The solution of the trigonometric equation lying in the given interval.
3.0 GENERAL SOLUTIONS OF ELEMENTARY TRIGONOMETRIC

EQUATIONS
é -p p ù
(a) If sin q = sin a, then q = np + (–1)na where a Î ê , ú , n Î I
ë 2 2û
(b) If cos q = cos a, then q = 2np ± a, n Î I, a Î [0,p]
æ -p p ö
(c) If tan q = tan a, then q = np + a, n Î I, a Î ç , ÷
è 2 2ø
(d) If sin2 q = sin2 a or cos2 q = cos2 a or tan2 q = tan2 a, then q = np ± a, n Î I
SOME OTHER IMPORTANT RESULTS

(a) If sin q = 0, then q = np, n Î I (set of integers)
p
(b) If cos q = 0, then q = (2n+1) ,nÎI
2
(c) If tan q = 0, then q = np, n Î I
p p
Node-1\Target-2020-21\1. JEE(M +A)\Module\Nurture\English\Maths\02. NM-2\2.Trigonom etric Equation\Th.&Ex.
(d) If sin q =1, then q = 2np + = (4n + 1) , n Î I

2 2
(e) If cos q = 1 then q = 2np, n Î I
(f) For n Î I, sin np = 0 and cos np = (–1)n
(g) sin (np + q) = (–1)n sin q and cos (np + q) = (–1)n cos q
n -1
np np
(h) If n is an odd integer, then sin = ( -1) 2 ,cos = 0,
2 2
n -1
æ np ö
sin ç + q÷ = ( -1) 2 cos q
è 2 ø
n +1
æ np ö
cos ç + q ÷ = (-1) 2 sin q
è 2 ø
1
JEE-Mathem atics
tan 3x - tan2x
Illustration 1. Find the set of values of x for which =1.
1 + tan 3x.tan2x
tan 3x - tan2x
Solution We have, =1 Þ tan(3x – 2x) = 1 Þ tan x = 1
1 + tan 3x.tan2x
p p
Þ tan x = tan Þ x = np + , n Î I {using tanq = tana Û q = np + a)
4 4
But for this value of x, tan 2x is not defined.
Hence the solution set for x is f. Ans.
l For equations of the type sin q = k or cos q = k, one must check that | k | < 1.
l Avoid squaring the equations, if possible, because it may lead to extraneous solutions. Reject extra solutions if
they do not satisfy the given equation.
l Do not cancel the common variable factor from the two sides of the equations which are in a product because
we may loose some solutions.
l The answer should not contain such values of q, which make any of the terms undefined or infinite.
(i) Check that denominator is not zero at any stage while solving equations.
p
(ii) If tan q or sec q is involved in the equations, q should not be odd multiple of .
2
(iii) If cot q or cosec q is involved in the equation, q should not be multiple of p or 0.
1. Find general solutions of the following equations :
1 æ 3q ö æ 3q ö
(A) sin q = (B) cos ç ÷ = 0 (C) tan ç ÷ = 0 (D) cos22q = 1
2 è 2 ø è 4 ø
æqö
(E) 3 sec2q = 2 (F) cosec ç ÷ = -1
è2ø
2. If cos 2q + 3cos q = 0 then cos q can be
17 - 3 17 - 5 17 - 2
(A) (B) (C) (D) None of these
4 4 4
1
3. What is the most general value of q that satisfies both of the equations cos q = - and tan q = 1 ?
2
5p p p
(A) 2np + ,nÎ I (B) 2np + ,nÎI (C) 2np + ,nÎI (D) None of these
4 4 6
4. What is the most general value of q that satisfies both of the equations cot q = - 3 and cosec q = -2 ?
p p p
(A) 2np + nÎI (B) 2np - nÎ I (C) 2 np + nÎI (D) None of these
6 6 4
2
5. Find the general solution of the equation cos 5q = cos 4q
2mp mp
(A) 2 np, n, m Î I (B) np , n Î I (C) 2np, n, m Î I (D) None of these
9 9
6. Find the general solution of the equation tan 3q = cot q
p p
(A) np (B) np + (C) np + (D) None of these
3 4
7. Find the number of solution of the equation 3 tan2q = 1 in q Î [0, 2p]
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) None of these
8. If cos pq = cos qq, p ¹ q then
2np np
(A) q = 2np (B) q = (C) q = (D) None of these
p±q p+q
(Where n Î I)
1
9. The most general solution of tan q = -1 and cos q = is
2
7p n 7p 7p
(A) np + (B) np + (-1) (C) 2np + (D) None of these
4 4 4
(Where n Î I)
10. For m ¹ n, if tan mq = tan nq , then the different values of q are in
(A) A.P (B) H.P (C) G.P (D) no particular sequence
1 ì pü
11*. If a solution set of the equation sin 5q = is í(8m + k ) ý where m Î I, then k can be (k Î I+)
2 î 20 þ
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
12*. Solution set of the equation sin 9q = sin q can be
np np p p
(A) (B) (C) (4n + 1) (D) (2n + 1)
2 4 10 10
(where n Î I)
13*. Solution set of the equation sin 3q = sin 2q can be
p np
(A) np (B) 2np (C) (6n + 1) (D)
5 5
(where n Î I)
14*. Solution set of the of the equation sin 2q = cos 3q is/are.
æ 1öp p p æ 1öp
(A) ç 2n + ÷ (B) 2np - (C) 2np + (D) ç 2n + ÷
è 2ø5 2 2 è 4ø5
(where n Î I)
15*. The general solution of the trigonometric equation tan q = cot a is
p p p p
(A) q = np + -a (B) q = np - +a (C) q = np + +a (D) q = np - -a
2 2 2 2
(Where n Î I)
3
JEE-Mathem atics
16*. Column-I Column-II
(A) Find the angle between 0º and 360º which have respectively (P) 60º
3
their sines equal to
2
(B) Find the angle between 0º and 360º which have respectively (Q) 120º
1
their cosine equal to -
2
(C) Find the angle between 0º and 360º which have respectively (R) 240º
1
their tangents equal to
3
(D) Find the angle between 0º and 360º which have respectively (S) 30º
2
their cosecant equal to (T) 210º
3
17. Column I contains trigonometric equation and Column II contains the general solution.
Column-I Column-II
1 p
(A) sin q = (P) np + (-1) ,nÎ I
n
2 6
3 2p
(B) sin q = - (Q) 2np + ,nÎI
2 3
-1 p
(C) cos q =
n +1
(R) np + (-1)
2 3
3 p
(D) cos q = (S) 2np +
2 6
18. Column I contains trigonometric equation and Column II contains the number of solutions.
Column-I Column-II
1
(A) sin q = , qÎ[0, 2p] (P) 2
2
1
(B) cos q = - , qÎ[0,3p] (Q) 3
2
(C) tan q = 3, qÎ[0, 2p] (R) 4
é 7p ù
(D) tan q = -1, qÎê 0, (S) 5
ë 2 úû
Column-I Column-II
p
(A) sin 2 q = 1 (P) np + , n Î I
6
1 p
(B) tan q = (Q) np + , n Î I
2
3 4
p
(C) 2cot 2 q = cosec 2q (R) np + , n Î I
8
4 p
(D) sec q = (S) np + , n Î I
2
3 2
4
4.0 DIFFERENT STRATEGIES FOR SOLVING TRIGONOMETRIC

EQUATIONS
4.1 Solving trigonometric equations by factorisation
e.g. (2 sin x – cos x) (1 + cos x) = sin 2x
\ (2 sin x – cos x) (1 + cos x) – (1 – cos 2x) = 0
\ (1 + cos x) (2 sin x – cos x – 1 + cos x) = 0
\ (1 + cos x) (2 sin x – 1) = 0
1
Þ cos x = –1 or sin x =
2
Þ cosx = – 1 = cosp Þ x = 2np + p = (2n + 1)p, n Î I
1 p p
or sinx = = sin Þ x = kp + (–1)k ,kÎI
2 6 6
1
Illustration 2. If sinq, cosq and tanq are in G.P. then the general solution for q is -
6
p p p
(A) 2np ± (B) 2np ± (C) np ± (D) none of these
3 6 3
1
Solution Since, sin q, cos q, tan q are in G.P.
6
1
Þ cos2 q = sin q . tan q Þ 6cos3 q + cos2 q – 1 = 0
6
\ (2cos q – 1) (3 cos2 q + 2 cos q + 1) = 0
1
Þ cos q = (other values of cos q are imaginary)
2
p p
Þ cos q = cos Þ q = 2np ± , n Î I. Ans. (A)
3 3
4.2 Solving of trigonometric equation by reducing it to a quadratic equation

e.g. 6 – 10cosx = 3sin2x
\ 6 – 10cosx = 3 – 3cos2x Þ 3cos2x – 10cosx + 3 = 0

1
Þ (3cosx – 1) (cosx – 3) = 0 Þ cosx = or cosx = 3
3
Since cosx = 3 is not possible as – 1 £ cosx £ 1

1 1 æ1ö
\ cosx = = cos æç cos -1 ö÷ Þ x = 2np ± cos–1 ç ÷ , n Î I
3 è 3ø è3ø
1
Illustration 3. Solve sin2q - cosq = for q and write the values of q in the interval 0 £ q £ 2p.
4
Solution The given equation can be written as
1
1 – cos2q – cosq = Þ cos2q + cosq – 3/4 = 0
4
Þ 4cos2q + 4cosq – 3 = 0 Þ (2cosq – 1)(2cosq + 3) = 0
5
JEE-Mathem atics
1 3
Þ cosq = ,–
2 2
Since, cosq = –3/2 is not possible as –1 £ cosq £ 1
1 p p
\ cos q = Þ cos q = cos Þ q = 2np ± , n Î I
2 3 3
For the given interval, n = 0 and n = 1.
p 5p
Þ q= , Ans.
3 3
Illustration 4. Find the number of solutions of tanx + secx = 2cosx in [0, 2p].
Solution Here, tanx + secx = 2cosx Þ sinx + 1 = 2 cos2x
1
Þ 2sin2x + sinx – 1 = 0 Þ sinx = ,–1
2
3p
But sinx = –1 Þ x = for which tanx + secx = 2 cosx is not defined.
2
1 p 5p
Thus sinx = Þx= ,
2 6 6
Þ number of solutions of tanx + secx = 2cos x is 2. Ans.
Illustration 5. Solve the equation 5sin2x – 7sinx cosx + 16cos2 x = 4
Solution To solve this equation we use the fundamental formula of trigonometric identities,
sin2x + cos2x = 1
writing the equation in the form,
5sin2x – 7sinx . cosx + 16cos2x = 4(sin2x + cos2x)
Þ sin2x – 7sinx cosx + 12cos2 x = 0
dividing by cos2x on both side we get,
tan2x – 7tanx + 12 = 0
Now it can be factorized as :
(tanx – 3)(tanx – 4) = 0
Þ tanx = 3, 4
Þ x = np + tan–1 3 or x = np + tan–1 4, n Î I. Ans.
np 2
Illustration 6. If x ¹ , n Î I and (cos x)sin x -3 sin x +2 = 1 , then find the general solutions of x.
2
np
Solution As x ¹ Þ cos x ¹ 0, 1, – 1
2
Þ sin2x – 3sinx + 2 = 0
2
So, (cos x)sin x -3 sin x +2 = 1
\ (sinx – 2) (sinx – 1) = 0 Þ sinx = 1, 2
np
where sinx = 2 is not possible and sinx = 1 which is also not possible as x ¹
2
\ no general solution is possible. Ans.
7
Illustration 7. Solve the equation sin4x + cos4 x = sinx . cosx.
2
7 7
Solution sin4x + cos4x = sinx . cosx Þ (sin2x + cos2x)2 – 2sin2x cos2x= sinx . cosx
2 2
1 7
Þ 1- (sin 2x)2 = ( sin2x ) Þ 2sin22x + 7sin2x – 4 = 0
2 4
1
Þ (2sin2x –1)(sin2x + 4) = 0 Þ sin2x = or sin2x = –4 (which is not possible)
2
p
Þ 2x = np + (–1)n ,nÎI
6
np n p
i.e., x= + ( -1) ,nÎI Ans.
2 12
6
4.3 Solving trigonometric equations by transforming sum of trigonometric functions into

product
e.g. cos 3x + sin 2x – sin 4x = 0
cos 3x – 2 sin x cos 3x = 0
Þ (cos3x) (1 – 2sinx) = 0
1
Þ cos3x = 0 or sinx =
2
p 1 p
Þ cos3x = 0 = cos or sinx = = sin
2 2 6
p p
Þ 3x = 2np ± or x = mp + (–1)m
2 6
2np p p
Þ x= ± or x = mp + (–1)m ; (n, m Î I)
3 6 6
Illustration 8. Solve : cosq + cos3q + cos5q + cos7q = 0

Solution We have cosq + cos7q + cos3q + cos5q = 0
Þ 2cos4qcos3q + 2cos4qcosq = 0 Þ cos4q(cos3q + cosq) = 0
Þ cos4q(2cos2qcosq) = 0
Þ Either cosq = 0 Þ q = (2n1 + 1) p/2, n1 Î I
p
or cos2q = 0 Þ q = (2n2 + 1) ,n ÎI
4 2
p
or cos4q = 0 Þ q = (2n3 + 1) , n3 Î I Ans.
8
4.4 Solving trigonometric equations by transforming a product into sum

e.g. sin5x. cos3x = sin6x. cos2x
sin8x + sin2x = sin8x + sin4x
\ 2sin2x . cos2x – sin2x = 0
Þ sin2x(2 cos 2x – 1) = 0
1
Þ sin2x = 0 or cos2x =
1 p
Þ sin2x = 0 = sin0 or cos2x = = cos
2 3
p
Þ 2x = np + (–1)n × 0, n Î I or 2x = 2mp ± , mÎI
3
np p
Þ x= ,nÎI or x = mp ± ,mÎI
2 6
1
Illustration 9. Solve : cosq cos2q cos3q = ; where 0 £ q £ p .
4
1 1 1
Solution (2cosq cos3q) cos2q = Þ (cos2q + cos4q) cos2q =
2 4 2
7
JEE-Mathem atics
1 1
Þ [2cos22q + 2cos4q cos2q]= Þ 1 + cos4q + 2cos4q cos2q = 1
2 2
\ cos4q (1+ 2cos2q) = 0
cos4q = 0 ......(1) or (1 + 2cos2q) = 0 ......(2)
Now from the first equation : cos4q = 0 = cos(p/2)
æ 1ö p
\ 4q = çè n + ÷ø p Þ q = (2n + 1) ,nÎI
2 8
p 3p 5p 7p
for n = 0, q = ; n = 1, q = ; n = 2, q = ; n = 3, q = (Q 0 £ q £ p )
8 8 8 8
and from the second equation :
1
cos2q = - = –cos(p/3) = cos(p-p/3) = cos (2p/3)
2
\ 2q = 2kp ± 2p/3 \ q = kp ± p/3, k Î I
p 2p
again for k = 0, q = ; k = 1, q = (Q 0 £ q £ p )
3 3
p p 3p 5p 2p 7p
\ q= , , , , , Ans.
8 3 8 8 3 8
1
Find the general solution of the equation cos q - sin q - =0
2
1.
4
p p p
(A) np + (-1) , n ÎI (B) np + (-1) , n ÎI (C) np + (-1) , n ÎI
n n n
(D) None of these
6 4 3
2. Find the number of solution of the equation 2sin 2 q + 3cos q = 0 in [0, 4p]
3. If 3sin 2 q - 2sin q = 1 then sum of all the solution of the equation in [0, 2p] (sin q ¹ 1)
3p
(A) 2p (B) 3p (C) (D) None of these
2
4. The general solution of the equation 2sin 2 x + 3 cos x + 1 = 0 is
7p 5p 5p
(A) x = 2np ± (B) x = 2np ± (C) x = 2np ± (D) None of these
3 3 6
(where n Î I)
5. The quadratic equation 8sec 2 q - 6sec q + 1 = 0 has
(A) exactly two roots (B) exactly four roots (C) infinitely many roots (D) no roots
6. Find number of solution of the equation sin 4 q - sin 2 q = cos3q in [0, 4p]
7. Find the sum of all the solution of the equation cos q - sin 3q = cos 2q in radian ( qÎ [0, 2p])
7p 11p
(A) 7p (B) (C) (D) None of these
2 2
8
8. Find the number of solution of the equation sin 7q = sin q + sin 3q in [0, p]
(A) 8 (B) 6 (D) 9 (D) None of these
9*. If cos q + cos 2 q = 1 then cos q is equal to

(A) 2 sin 18º (B) sin 18º (C) 2 cos 72º (D) 2 sin 162º
p
10*. The values of x,0 £ x £
2 2
which satisfy the equation 81sin x + 81cos x = 30 are
2
p p p 7p
(A) (B) (C) (D)
3 4 6 18
11*. The solution of the equation 7 cos 2 q + 3sin 2 q = 4 is
p 2p p
(A) q = 2np ± (B) q = 2np ± (C) q = np ± (D) None of these
3 3 3
(Where n Î I)
12*. The solution of the equation sin 2x + sin 4x = 2 sin 3x is
np
(A) x = (B) x = np (C) x = 2n p (D) None of these
3
(Where n Î I)
13*. Solution of the equation sin q + sin 7 q = sin 4q is/are
np 2 np p 2 np p 2np
(A) (B) + (C) - (D)
4 3 9 3 9 3
(where n is integer)
14*. Solution of the equation cos q + cos 7 q = cos 4q is/are
np p 2np 2np p 2np p

(A) + (B) (C) + (D) -
4 8 3 3 9 3 9
15*. Solution of the equation cos q + cos 3q = 2 cos 2q is/are
np p np p
(A) np (B) 2np (C) + (D) +
2 4 2 6
(where n is an integer)
16*. Solution of the equation sin(3q + a ) + sin(3q - a ) + sin( a - q) - sin( a + q) = cos a(cos a ¹ 0) is/are
p 5p p 3p
(A) 2np + (B) 2np - (C) np + (-1) (D) np + (-1)
n n
6 6 10 10
17*. Solution of the equation cos(3q + a)cos(3q - a) + cos(5q + a) cos(5q - a ) = cos 2a is/are
np p np p np np p
(A) + (B) + (C) (D) +
8 16 2 4 2 2 8
9
JEE-Mathem atics
Column-I Column-II
p
(A) 2 3 cos 2 q - sin q = 0 (P) np +
4
1 p
(B) sin q - 2cos q + =0 (Q) np +
2
4 6
p
(C) 3(sec2 q + tan 2 q) = 5 (R) 2np +
3
p
(S) np + (-1)
n
(D) tan 2 q × tan q = 1
3
(where n Î I)
19. Column I contains trigonometric equation and Column II contains the number of solutions.
Column-I Column-II
(A) 4 cos q - 3sec q = 2 tan q in qÎ[0,2p] (P) 4
(B) tan 2 q - (1 + 3) tan q + 3 = 0 in qÎ[0,2p] (Q) 2
æ 1 ö
(C) cot q + ç 3 + ÷ cot q + 1 = 0 in qÎ[0, 2p]
2
(R) 3
è 3ø
(D) tan 2 q + cot 2 q = 2 in qÎ[0, 2p] (S) 0
4.5 Solving trigonometric equations by introducing an auxilliary argument

Consider, a sin q + b cos q = c ..... (i)
a b c
\ sin q + cos q =
2 2 2 2
a +b a +b a + b2
2
equation (i) has a solution only if |c| £ a2 + b 2

a b b
let = cos f , = sin f & f = tan-1
2
a +b 2
a +b 2 2 a
by introducing this auxillary argument f, equation (i) reduces to

c
sin (q + f) = Now this equation can be solved easily.
a + b2
2
Illustration 10. Find the number of distinct solutions of secx + tanx = 3 , where 0 £ x £ 3p.
Solution Here,sec x + tanx = 3 Þ 1 + sinx = 3 cosx
or 3 cosx – sinx = 1
dividing both sides by a2 + b2 i.e. 4 = 2 , we get
3 1 1
Þ cosx – sinx =
2 2 2
10
p p 1 æ pö 1
Þ cos cos x - sin sin x = Þ cos ç x + ÷ =
6 6 2 è 6ø 2 7 p/3
p/3
As 0 £ x £ 3p p/6
3p p 2p
p p p
£ x + £ 3p +
6 6 6
3 p+ p/6
p p 5 p 7p p 3p 13p 5p/3
Þ x+ = , , Þ x= , ,
6 3 3 3 6 2 6
3p
But at x = , tanx and secx is not defined.
2
\ Total number of solutions are 2. Ans.
Illustration 11. Prove that the equation kcosx – 3sinx = k + 1 possess a solution iff k Î (–¥, 4].
Solution Here, k cosx – 3sinx = k + 1, could be re-written as :
k 3 k +1
cos x - sin x =
2 2
k +9 k +9 k2 + 9
k +1 3
or cos(x + f) = , where tanf =
2
k +9 k
k +1
which possess a solution only if – 1 £ £1
k2 + 9
k +1
i.e., £1
k2 + 9
i.e., (k + 1)2 £ k 2 + 9
i.e., k2 + 2k + 1 £ k2 + 9
or k£4
Þ The interval of k for which the equation (kcosx – 3sinx = k + 1) has a solution is (–¥,4].
Ans.
4.6 Solving equations by a change of variable

(i) Equations of the form P (sin x ± cos x, sin x. cos x) = 0 can be solved by the substitution
cos x ± sin x = t Þ 1 ± 2 sin x. cos x = t2.
e.g. sin x + cos x = 1 + sin x. cos x.
put sinx + cosx = t
Þ sin2x + cos2x + 2sinx . cosx = t2
Þ 2sinx cosx = t2 – 1 (Q sin2x + cos2x = 1)
æ t2 - 1 ö
Þ sinx.cosx = ç ÷
è 2 ø
Substituting above result in given equation, we get :
t2 - 1
t=1+
2
Þ 2t = t2 + 1 Þ t2 – 2t + 1 = 0
Þ (t – 1)2 = 0 Þ t=1
Þ sin x + cos x = 1
Dividing both sides by 12 + 12 i.e. 2 , we get
11
JEE-Mathem atics
1 1 1 p p 1
Þ sin x + cos x = Þ cosx cos + sinx.sin =
2 2 2 4 4 2
æ pö p p p
Þ cos ç x - ÷ = cos Þ x– = 2np ±
è 4ø 4 4 4
p p
Þ x = 2np or x = 2np + = (4n + 1) , n Î I
2 2
(ii) Equations of the form of asinx + bcosx + d = 0, where a, b & d are real numbers can be solved by
changing sin x & cos x into their corresponding tangent of half the angle.
e.g. 3 cos x + 4 sin x = 5
æ 1 - tan2 x / 2 ö æ 2 tan x / 2 ö
Þ 3ç + 4ç =5
è 1 + tan2 x / 2 ÷ø è 1 + tan2 x / 2 ÷ø
x x
3 - 3 tan2 8 tan
2+ 2 =5
Þ
x x
1 + tan2 1 + tan 2
2 2
x x x x x
Þ 3 – 3tan2 + 8tan = 5 + 5tan2 Þ 8tan2 – 8tan + 2 = 0
2 2 2 2 2
2
x x æ x ö
Þ 4tan2 – 4tan + 1 = 0 Þ ç 2 tan 2 - 1 ÷ = 0
2 2 è ø
x x 1 1
Þ 2tan – 1 = 0 Þ tan = = tan æç tan-1 ö÷
2 2 2 è 2ø
x æ1ö 1
Þ = np + tan–1 ç ÷ , n Î I Þ x = 2np + 2tan–1 , n Î I
2 2
è ø 2
(iii) Many equations can be solved by introducing a new variable.
e.g. sin42x + cos42x = sin 2x. cos 2x
substituting sin2x. cos2x = y Q (sin22x + cos22x)2 = sin42x + cos42x + 2sin22x.cos22x
Þ sin 2x + cos 2x = 1 – 2sin 2x.cos22x substituting above result in given equation :
4 4 2
1 – 2y2 = y
æ 1ö
Þ 2y2 + y – 1 = 0 Þ 2(y + 1) ç y - ÷ = 0
è 2ø
1 1
Þ y = –1 or y= Þ sin2x.cos2x = – 1 or sin2x.cos2x =
2 2
Þ 2sin2x.cos2x = – 2 or 2sin2x.cos2x = 1
Þ sin4x = – 2 (which is not possible) or 2sin2x.cos2x = 1
p p np p
Þ sin 4x = 1 = sin Þ 4x = np + (–1)n ,nÎI Þx= + (–1)n , n Î I
2 2 4 8
Illustration 12. Find the general solution of equation sin4x + cos4x = sinx cosx.
Solution Using half-angle formulae, we can represent given equation in the form :
2 2
æ 1 - cos2x ö æ 1 + cos2x ö
ç 2 ÷ +ç 2 ÷ = sin x cos x
è ø è ø
Þ (1 – cos2x)2 + (1 + cos2x)2 = 4sinx cosx

Þ 2(1 + cos22x) = 2sin2x Þ 1 + 1 – sin22x = sin2x
Þ sin22x + sin2x = 2
12
Þ sin2x = 1 or sin2x = –2 (which is not possible)

p
Þ 2x = 2np + ,nÎI
2
p
Þ x = np + , n Î I Ans.
4
1. The general value of x satisfying the equation 3 sin x + cos x = 3 , is given by
n p p p p p p
(A) x = np + (-1) + (B) x = np + (-1) n - (C) x = np ± (D) x = np ±
4 3 3 6 6 3
(where n Î I)
2. The equation a sin x + b cos x = c where | c | > a 2 + b 2 , has
(A) one solution (B) two solution

(C) no solution (D) infinite number of solutions
3. The general solution of the equation sin x + cos x = 2 cos A is
p p p
(A) x = 2np + ±A (B) x = 2np + ±A (C) x = 2np + ±A (D) None of these
4 3 6
(Where n Î I)
4. If tan(p cot q) = cot(p tan q) . Find the minimum postive value of tan q + cot q is
5 1
(A) 1 (B) (C) (D) None of these
2 4
5. The common roots of the equation 2sin 2 x + sin 2 2x = 2 and sin 2x + cos 2x = tan x are
p p p
(A) (2n - 1) (B) (2n + 1) (C) (2n + 1) (D) None of these
2 2 4
(where n Î I)
6. The number of solution of the equation tan 2q tan q = 1 is (q Î [0,2p])

(A) 2 (B) 8 (C) 6 (D) 4
7. If tan (cot x) = cot (tan x), then
2 4 4
(A) sin 2x = (B) sin x = (C) sin 2x = (D) None of these
(2n + 1)p (2n + 1)p (2n + 1)p
(wherever above ratio exis, n Î I)
p
8. The number of solutions of the equation sin 2x + cos 2x + sin x + cos x + 1 = 0 between x = 0 and x = ,
2
is
13
JEE-Mathem atics
sin 3 q - cos 3 q cos q

9. If - - 2 tan q cot q = -1 , qÎ [0, 2p] , then
sin q - cos q 1 + cot 2 q
æ p ö ìpü æ p ö ì 3p ü æ 3p ö ì 5p ü ìp p ü
(A) qÎ ç 0, ÷ - í ý (B) qÎ ç ,p÷ - í ý (C) qÎ ç p, ÷-í ý (D) qÎ (0, p) - í , ý
è 2 ø î4þ è2 ø î 4 þ è 2 ø î4þ î4 2 þ
10. The general value of q satisfying the equation 3 tan(q - 15o ) = tan (q + 15o ), is
p np p np n p
(A) np + (-1)
n
(B) + (-1) n (C) + ( -1) (D) None of these
4 2 4 2 6
(Where n Î I)
11*. If sin( p cos q) = cos( p sin q) then which option can be true
æ pö 1 æ pö 1 æ pö 1 æ pö 1
(A) cos ç q + ÷= (B) cos ç q - ÷= (C) cos ç q + ÷= (D) cos ç q - ÷=
è 4ø 2 2 è 4ø 2 2 è 4ø 2 è 4ø 2
12*. If sin( p cot q) = cos( p tan q) then which option(s) can be true.
(4n + 1) (4n + 1)
(A) cosec2q = "nÎ I (B) cosec2q = " n Î I - {-1,0}
4 4
4n + 1 n +1
(C) cot 2q = "n Î I (D) cot 2q = "n Î I
4 4
13. Find the number of solution of the equation cos q + cos 2q + cos 3q = 0 in [0, 2 p ]
14. Find the number of solution of the equation sin q + sin 3q + sin 5q = 0 in [0, 2 p ]
kp
15. If the sum of the solution of the equation sin 2q - cos 2q - sin q + cos q = 0 in [0, 2p] is
2
(where k Î N ). Find k
4.7 Solving trigonometric equations with the use of the boundness of the functions
involved
æ x ö æ x ö
e.g. sin x ç cos - 2sin x÷ + ç 1 + sin - 2 cos x÷ .cos x = 0
è 4 ø è 4 ø
x x
\ sin x cos + cos x sin + cos x = 2
4 4
æ 5x ö
\ sin çè ÷ø + cos x = 2
4
æ 5x ö
Þ sin ç ÷ = 1 & cos x =1 (as sin q £ 1 & cos q £ 1)
è 4ø
14
Now consider
cosx = 1 Þ x = 2p, 4p, 6p, 8p .......
5x 2p 10p 18p
and sin =1 Þ x= , , .......
4 5 5 5
Common solution to above APs will be the AP having
First term = 2p
8 p 40p
Common difference = LCM of 2p and = = 8p
5 5
\ General solution will be general term of this AP i.e. 2p + (8p)n, n Î I
Þ x = 2(4n + 1)p, n Î I
Illustration 13. Solve the equation (sinx + cosx)1+sin2x = 2, when 0 £ x £ p .
Solution We know, – a 2 + b2 £ a sin q + b cos q £ a 2 + b2 and –1 £ sinq £ 1.
\ (sinx + cosx) admits the maximum value as 2

and (1 + sin 2x) admits the maximum value as 2.
( 2)
2
Also = 2.
\ the equation could hold only when, sinx + cosx = 2 and 1 + sin 2x = 2
æ pö
Now, sinx + cos x = 2 Þ cos ç x - ÷ = 1
è 4ø
Þ x = 2np + p/4, n Î I ...... (i)
p
and 1 + sin 2x = 2 Þ sin2x = 1 = sin
2
p mp p
Þ 2x = mp + (–1)m ,mÎI Þ x= + ( -1)m ...... (ii)
2 2 4
p
The value of x in [0, p] satisfying equations (i) and (ii) is x = (when n = 0 & m = 0) Ans.
4
Note – sin x + cos x = - 2 and 1 + sin 2x = 2 also satisfies but as x > 0, this solution is not
in domain.
1
Illustration 14. Solve for x and y : 2
2 cos x
y2 - y + 1 / 2 £ 1
1
Solution 2 cos
2
x
y2 - y + 1 / 2 £ 1 ....... (i)
1 2 2
2 æ 1ö æ 1ö
2 cos x
çè y - ÷ø + çè ÷ø £ 1
2 2
1
Minimum value of 2 cos =2

2
x
2 2
æ 1ö æ 1ö 1
Minimum value of çè y - ÷ø + çè ÷ø =
2 2 2
1
2 1
Þ Minimum value of 2 cos x
y2 - y + is 1
2
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JEE-Mathem atics
1 2 2
2 æ 1ö æ 1ö
Þ (i) is possible when 2 cos x
çè y - ÷ø + çè ÷ø = 1
2 2
Þ cos2x = 1 and y = 1/2 Þ cosx = ±1 Þ x = np, where n Î I.
Hence x = np, n Î I and y = 1/2. Ans.
æ xö 1
Illustration 15. The number of solution(s) of 2cos2 çè ÷ø sin2x = x2+ 2 , 0 £ x £ p/2, is/are -
2 x
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) infinite (D) none of these
æ xö 1 1
Solution Let y = 2cos2 çè ÷ø sin2x = x2+ 2 Þ y = (1 + cosx)sin2x and y = x2 +
2 x x2
when y = (1 + cosx)sin2x = (a number < 2)(a number £ 1) Þ y<2 .... (i)
2
1 1
and when y = x2 + = æç x - ö÷ + 2 ³ 2 Þ y³2 .... (ii)
x 2
è xø
No value of y can be obtained satisfying (i) and (ii), simultaneously
Þ No real solution of the equation exists. Ans. (A)
Note–If L.H.S. of the given trigonometric equation is always less than or equal to k and RHS is
always greater than k, then no solution exists. If both the sides are equal to k for same value of q,
then solution exists and if they are equal for different values of q, then solution does not exist.
5.0 TRIGONOMETRIC INEQUATIONS

There is no general rule to solve trigonometric inequations and the same rules of algebra are valid provided the
domain and range of trigonometric functions should be kept in mind. Application of graphs of trigonometric
functions can be taken to solve trigonometric inequations.
Illustration 16. Find the solution set of inequality sin x > 1/2.
1
Solution When sinx = , the two values of x between 0 and 2p are p/6 and 5p/6.
2
From the graph of y = sin x, it is obvious that between 0 and 2p,
1
sinx > for p/6 < x < 5p/6
2
Hence, sin x > 1/2
Þ 2np + p/6 < x < 2np + 5p/6, n Î I
y
1/2
p 2p
x
–2p –p 0 p p 5p
6 2 6
–1
æ p 5p ö
Thus, the required solution set is È ç 2np + ,2np + ÷ Ans.
n ÎI è 6 6ø
16
é p 3p ù
Illustration 17. Find the value of x in the interval ê - , ú for which 2 sin2x + 1 £ 2sin x + 2 cos x
ë 2 2û
Solution We have, 2 sin 2x + 1 £ 2 sin x + 2 cos x Þ 2 2 sin x cos x - 2sin x - 2 cos x + 1 £ 0
Þ 2sin x( 2 cos x - 1) - 1( 2 cos x - 1) £ 0 Þ (2 sin x - 1)( 2 cos x - 1) £ 0
æ 1 öæ 1 ö
Þ ç sin x - 2 ÷ ç cos x - ÷£0
è øè 2ø
Above inequality holds when :
1 1 1 1
Case-I – sin x -£ 0 and cos x - ³ 0 Þ sin x £ and cos x ³
2 2 2 2
Now considering the given interval of x :
1 é p p ù é 5 p 3p ù 1 é p pù
for sin x £ : x Î ê- , ú È ê , ú and for cos x ³ : x Î ê- , ú
2 ë 2 6û ë 6 2 û 2 ë 4 4û
é p pù
For both to simultaneously hold true : x Î ê - , ú
ë 4 6û
1 1
Case-II – sin x - ³ 0 and cos x £
2 2
Again, for the given interval of x :
1 é p 5p ù 1 é p p ù é p 3p ù
for sin x ³ : xÎê , and for cos x £ : x Î ê- , - ú È ê ,
2 ë6 6 û
ú
2 ë 2 4 û ë 4 2 úû
é p 5p ù
For both to simultaneously hold true : x Î ê , ú
ë4 6 û
é p p ù é p 5p ù
\ Given inequality holds for x Î ê - , ú È ê , ú Ans.
ë 4 6û ë4 6 û
Illustration 18. Find the values of a lying between 0 and p for which the inequality : tan a > tan 3 a is valid.
Solution We have : tan a - tan3 a > 0 Þ tana (1– tan2a) > 0
– + – +
Þ (tana)(tana + 1)(tana – 1) < 0 0 1
–1
So tana < –1, 0 < tana < 1
p p 3p ö
\ Given inequality holds for a Î æç 0, ö÷ È æç , ÷ Ans.
è 4ø è2 4 ø
1. If x2 – 4x + 5 – siny = 0, y Î [0, 2p) , then -

(A) x = 1, y = 0 (B) x = 1, y = p/2 (C) x = 2, y = 0 (D) x = 2, y = p/2
2. The number of real solutions of the equation sin (e x ) = 5x + 5- x is

(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) infinitely many
3. The general solution of the equation tan q + tan 4q + tan 7 q = tan q tan 4q tan 7 q is
np np np
(A) q = (B) q = (C) q = (D) None of these
4 12 6
(Where n Î I)
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JEE-Mathem atics
4. The general solution of the equation sin 50 x - cos50 x = 1 is
p p p p
(A) 2np + (B) 2np + (C) np + (D) np +
2 3 2 3
(Where n Î I)
2
5. The most general values of q for which sin q - cos q = min{1,a
aÎR
- 6a + 11} are given by
p p p p p
(B) np + ( -1)
n n
(A) np + (-1) - + (C) 2np + (D) None of these
4 4 4 4 4
(Where n Î I)
6. Number of real ordered pairs (a, x) satisfying the equation sec2 (a + 2)x + a 2 - 1 = 0; - p < x < p is
(A) 2 (B) 1 (C) 3 (D) infinite
æ pö
7. The least difference between the roots, in the first quadrant ç 0 £ x £ ÷ , of the equation
è 2ø
4 cos x (2 - 3sin 2 x) + (cos 2x + 1) = 0, is
p p p p
(A) (B) (C) (D)
6 4 3 2
2p 3
8. The solution set of the system of equation x + y = ,cos x + cos y = , where x and y are real, is
3 2
p p
(A) x = - np, y = np (B) f (C) x = np, y = - np (D) None of these
3 3
(n Î I)
9. The equation sin 4 x - (k + 2)sin 2 x - (k + 3) = 0 posesses a solution if
(A) k > –3 (B) k < –2 (C) -3 £ k £ - 2 (D) k is any positive integer

10. The number of integral values of k for which the equation 7 cos x + 5 sin x = 2k + 1 has a solution is
(A) 4 (B) 8 (C) 10 (D) 12
11. Find the general solution of the equation sec q - 1 = ( 2 - 1) tan q
p p
(A) 2np,2mp + n, m Î I (B) 2np, 2mp + n, m Î I
4 6
p
(C) 2 mp + , np n, m Î I (D) None of these
4
12*. Solution of the equation sin 6x + cos 4x + 2 = 0 ; 0 < x < 2 p is
p p 4p 5p
(A) x = (B) x = (C) x = (D) x =
3 4 3 4
13. Find the solution set of the inequality : cosx ³ –1/2.
14. Find the values of x in the interval [0, 2p] for which 4sin2x – 8sinx + 3 £ 0.
18
SOME WORKED OUT EXAMPLES
Illustration 1. Solve the following equation : tan 2q + sec2q + 3 = 2 ( 2 sec q + tan q)

2 2
Solution We have tan q + sec q + 3 = 2 2 sec q + 2 tan q
Þ tan 2 q - 2 tan q + sec2 q - 2 2 sec q + 3 = 0
Þ tan 2 q + 1 - 2 tan q + sec 2 q - 2 2 sec q + 2 = 0

Þ (tan q - 1)2 + (sec q - 2)2 = 0 Þ tan q = 1 and sec q = 2
As the periodicity of tanq and secq are not same, we get
p
q = 2np + , nÎI
4
Ans.
Illustration 2. Find the solution set of equation 5(1 + log5 cosx)
= 5/2.
Solution Taking log to base 5 on both sides in given equation :
(1 + log5 cosx). log55 = log5(5/2) Þ log5 5 + log5 cosx = log55 – log52
Þ log5 cos x = –log52 Þ cos x = 1/2 Þ x = 2np ± p/3, n Î I Ans.
æ p pö æ ap b p ö
Illustration 3. If the set of all values of x in ç - , ÷ satisfying |4 sin x + 2| < 6 is ç , ÷ then find the
è 2 2ø è 24 24 ø
a-b
value of .
3
Solution |4 sin x + 2| < 6
Þ - 6 < 4 sin x + 2 < 6 Þ - 6 - 2 < 4 sin x < 6 - 2
-( 6 + 2) 6- 2 5p p æ p pö
Þ < sin x < Þ - <x< for x Î ç - , ÷
4 4 12 12 è 2 2ø
ap bp
Comparing with <x< , we get, a = –10, b = 2
24 24
a-b -10 - 2
\ = =4 Ans.
3 3
Illustration 4. Find the values of x in the interval [0,2p] which satisfy the inequality :
3|2 sin x –1| > 3 + 4 cos2x.
Solution The given inequality can be written as :
3|2 sinx – 1| > 3 + 4 (1– sin2x) Þ 3|2sin x –1| > 7 – 4 sin2x
Let sin x = t Þ 3|2t – 1|> 7 – 4t 2
Case I – For 2t – 1 > 0 i.e. t > 1/2 we have , |2t – 1| = (2t – 1)

Þ 3(2t –1) > 7 – 4t 2 Þ 6t – 3 > 7 – 4t2
Þ 2
4t + 6t – 10 > 0 Þ 2t2 + 3t – 5 > 0
5
Þ (t–1) (2t + 5) > 0 Þ t £ - and t > 1
2
1
Now for t > , we get t > 1 from above conditions i.e. sin x > 1
2
p
The inequality holds true only for x satisfying the equation sin x = 1 \ x = (for x Î [0,2p])
2
19
JEE-Mathem atics
1
Case II – For 2t – 1 < 0 Þ t<
2
we have, |2t – 1| = – (2t – 1)
Þ –3(2t – 1) > 7 – 4t2 Þ –6t + 3 > 7 – 4t2
Þ 4t2 – 6t – 4 > 0 Þ 2t2 – 3t – 2 > 0
1
Þ (t – 2) (2t + 1) > 0 Þ t<– and t > 2
2
1 1
Again, for t < we get t < – from above conditions
2 2
1 7p 11
i.e. sin x < – Þ £x£ p (for x Î [0,2p])
2 6 6
é 7p 11p ù ì p ü
Thus, xÎê , úÈí ý Ans.
ë 6 6 û î2 þ
Illustration 5. Find the values of q, for which cos 3q + sin 3q + (2 sin 2q – 3) (sinq – cosq) is always positive.
Solution Given expression can be written as :
4cos3q – 3 cosq + 3 sinq – 4 sin3q + (2 sin2q – 3) (sinq – cosq)
Applying given condition, we get
Þ –4 (sin3q – cos3q) + 3(sinq – cosq) + (sinq – cosq) (2sin2q – 3) > 0
Þ –4(sinq – cosq) (sin2q + cos2q + sinqcosq) + 3(sinq – cosq) + (sinq – cosq) (2sin2q–3)>0
Þ –4(sinq – cosq) (1+ sinq cosq) + 3(sinq – cosq) + (sinq – cosq) (4 sinq cosq – 3) > 0
Þ (sinq – cosq) {–4 – 4sinq cosq + 3 + 4sinq cosq –3} > 0
Þ –4(sinq – cosq) > 0
æ pö æ pö p
Þ -4 2 sin ç q - ÷ > 0 Þ sin ç q - ÷ < 0 Þ 2np – p < q – < 2np, n Î I
è 4ø è 4ø 4
3p p æ 3p pö
Þ 2np – < q < 2np + Þ q Î ç 2np - ,2np + ÷ , n Î I Ans.
4 4 è 4 4ø
20
SINGLE CORRECT
1. The number of solutions of the equation tan2x – sec10x + 1 = 0 in (0, 10) is -
(A) 3 (B) 6 (C) 10 (D) 11
2. If (cosq + cos2q)3 = cos3q + cos32q, then the least positive value of q is equal to -
p p p p
(A) (B) (C) (D)
6 4 3 2
3. The solutions of the equation sinx + 3sin2x + sin3x = cosx + 3cos2x + cos3x in the interval 0 < x < 2p, are
p 5p 2p p 5p 9p 13p 4p 9p 2p 13p p 5p 9 p 4 p
(A) , , (B) , , , (C) , , , (D) , , ,
8 8 3 8 8 8 8 3 3 3 8 8 8 3 3
4. If cos(sinx) = 0, then x lies in -
æ p pö æp ö p
(B) - , 0
FG IJ FG
(C) p ,
3p IJ
(A) ç , ÷ È ç , p ÷
è 4 2ø è2 ø 4 H K H 2 K (D) null set
é 5p 5p ù
5. If x Î ê - , ú , then the greatest positive solution of 1 + sin4 x = cos2 3x is -
ë 2 2 û
5p
(A) p (B) 2p (C) (D) none of these
2
2 2
x x
6. Number of values of ‘x’ in (– 2p, 2p) satisfying the equation 2sin + 4.2cos = 6 is -
(A) 8 (B) 6 (C) 4 (D) 2
7. General solution for |sin x| = cos x is -
p p p
(A) 2np + ,nÎI (B) 2np ± ,nÎI (C) np + ,nÎI (D) none of these
4 4 4
8. The equation (cos p – 1) x2 + (cos p) x + sin p = 0, in the variable x has a real root. Then p can take any value
in the interval
æ -p p ö
(A) (0, p) (B) ç , ÷ (C) (-p,0) (D) (0, 2 p)
è 2 2ø
æp ö
9. If tan (p cos x) = cot ( p sin x), then cos ç - x ÷ may be equal to
è4 ø
1 1 1
(A) ± (B) ±1 (C) ± (D) ±
2 2 2 2
10. Total number of solutions of the equation sin 4 x + cos 4 x = sin x.cos x in [0, 2p] is
11. |cos x| = cos x – 2 sin x if
p
(A) x = np (B) x = 2 np or (2n + 1)p +
4
p p
(C) x = np + (D) x = np or np +
4 4
(where n Î I)
21
JEE-Mathem atics
26 ( a - 3)
12. If 5sin q + 12 cos q = 4 - 3a has a real solution for q, then complete ‘a’ is
( )
é4 ö
(A) ( -¥, -2] È [ 2, ¥ ) (B) ( – 2, 2) (C) ê , ¥ ÷ (D) None of these
ë3 ø
13. The values of k for which the equation sin x + cos (k + x) + cos (k – x) = 2 has real solutions, are
é p pù é p pù é p pù
(A) ê np - , np + ú (B) ê np - , np + ú (C) ê np - , np + ú (D) None of these
ë 2 2û ë 6 6û ë 4 4û
(Where n Î I)
14. The number of solutions of equation 2 + 7tan2q = 3.25 sec2q(0° < q < 360°) is -
(A) 2 (B) 4 (C) 6 (D) 8
15. The number of solutions of cos x + cos 2x + cos 3x + cos 4x + cos 5x = 5 in the interval [0, 2 p] is
(A) 0 (B) 10 (C) 20 (D) 2
16. Complete set of values of x in (0, p) satisfying 1 + log 2 sin x + log 2 sin 3x ³ 0 , is
é p pù é 3p 5p ù æ p 2p ö æ pö æ 2p ö æ p 2p ö
(A) ê , ú È ê , ú (B) ç , ÷ (C) ç 0, ÷ È ç , p÷ (D) ç , ÷
ë6 4û ë 4 6 û è3 3 ø è 2ø è 3 ø è2 3 ø
1
17. cos2x - 3cos x + 1 =
(cot 2x - cot x)sin(x - p) holds
(A) if cos x = 0 (B) if cos x =1 (C) if cos x = 2/5 (D) for no real value of x
cos ec 4 x - 2cos ec 2 x + 1
18. Let f (x) = . The sum of all the solution of f (x) =0 in [0,
sin x - cos x
cos ecx(cos ecx - sin x ) + + cot x
sin x
100p] is
(A) 2550p. (B) 2500p. (C) 5000p. (D) 5050p.
2 æ1 ö 2 æ1 ö
19. A set of values of x satis fying the equation cos ç px ÷ + cos ç qx ÷ = 1 from an arithmetic progression with
è2 ø è2 ø
common difference (p ¹ q)
2 2p p
(A) (B) (C) (D) cannot be decided
p+q p-q p+q
20. If 32 tan 8 q = 2cos 2 a - 3cos a and 3cos 2q = 1 , then the general value of a is
p p 2p
(A) 2np ± (B) 2np ± (C) 2np ± (D) None of these
3 6 3
(where n Î I)
MORE THAN ONE OPTION CORRECT

21. The solution(s) of the equation cos2x sin6x = cos3x sin5x in the interval [0, p] is/are -
p p 2p 5p
(A) (B) (C) (D)
6 2 3 6
22
22. If cos2x + cos22x + cos23x = 1 then -

p p p
(A) x = (2n + 1) , n Î I (B) x = (2n + 1) , n Î I(C) x = np ± , n Î I (D) none of these
4 2 6
23. The solution(s) of 4cos2xsinx – 2sin2x = 3sinx is/are -
p
(A) np ; n Î I (B) np + (–1)n ;nÎI
10
(C) np + (–1)n æç - 3p ö÷ ; n Î I (D) none of these

è 10 ø
24. Using four values of q satisfying the equation 8 cos 4q + 15 cos2q – 2 = 0 in the interval (0,4p), an arithmetic
progression is formed, then :
(A) The common difference of A.P. may be p. (B) The common difference of A.P. may be 2p.
(C) Two such different A.P. can be formed. (D) Four such different A.P. can be formed.
25. If 4 cos q - 3sec q = 2 tan q, if q =
(A) np + ( -1)n p / 10 (B) n p + ( -1) n p / 6 (C) n p - ( -1)n 3p / 10 (D) n p

(where n Î I)
26. 2sin 2 x + sin 2 2x = 2, - p < x < p, if x =
(A) ± p / 2 (B) ± p / 4 (C) ± 3p / 4 (D) None of these
1 2 2 1
27. A solution (x, y) of the system of equations x - y = and cos (px) - sin (py) = is/are given by
3 2
æ 7 5ö æ 2 1ö æ 5 7ö æ 13 11 ö
(A) ç , ÷ (B) ç , ÷ (C) ç - , - ÷ (D) ç , ÷
è 6 6ø è 3 3ø è 6 6ø è6 6ø
sin 6x
28. The equation 8 cos x cos 2x cos 4x = has a solution if
sin x
(A) sin x = 0 (B) sin 8x = sin 6x (C) cos 7x = 0 (D) cos x = 0
3 1
sin 2 x - sin x +
29. If cos x 2 2 = 1, then possible values of x can be.
(A) np or np + (-1)n p / 6, n ÎI (B) np or 2np + p / 2or np + ( -1) n p / 6, n ÎI
(C) np + (-1)n p / 6, n ÎI (D) np, n ÎI
30. cos 2x + 1 + sin 2x = 2 sin x + cos x if

(A) sin x + cos x = 0 (B) x = 2 n p
p -1 æ 1ö
(C) x = np - (D) x = 2np ± cos ç - ÷
4 è 5ø
(where n Î I)
31. Set of values of 'a' in [0, 2p] for which log F ( 2 sin a - 1) £ 0 , is -
GH x + 1x IJK
LM p , 5p OP FG p , 5p IJ FG 0 , p IJ È FG 5p , pIJ FG 5p , 7p IJ
(A)
N6 6 Q (B) H6 6 K (C) H 6K H 6 K (D) H 6 6K
32. Set of values of x in (-p, p) for which |4sinx – 1|< 5 is given by -
æ p 3p ö æ p 3p ö æ p 3p ö æ p 3p ö
(A) ç , ÷ (B) ç - , ÷ (C) ç , - ÷ (D) ç - , - ÷
è 10 10 ø è 10 10 ø è 10 10 ø è 10 10 ø
23
JEE-Mathem atics
Comprehension Based Questions

Comprehension – 1
An equation of the form f(sin x ± cos x, sin x cos x) = 0 can be solved by changing variable.
æ t2 -1 ö
Let sin x ± cos x = t Þ sin x + cos x ± 2 sin x cos x = t Þ ± sin x cos x = ç
2 2 2 ÷.
è 2 ø
æ t2 -1 ö
Hence, reduce the given equation into f ç t, ÷ =0.
è 2 ø
On the basis of above information, answer the following questions :

1. If 1 – sin 2x = cos x – sin x, then complete set of values of x is
p p p p
(A) 2np , 2np - , n ÎI (B) 2 np , np + , n ÎI (C) 2np - , np + n ÎI (D) None of these
2 4 2 4
2. If sin x + cos x = 1 + sin x cos x, then x is
p p p p
(A) 2np , 2np + , n ÎI (B) 2 np , np + , n ÎI (C) 2 np - , np + , n ÎI (D) None of these
2 4 2 4
3. If sin4 x + cos4 x = sin x cos x, then x is
p p
(A) np, n Î I (B) (6n + 1) , nÎI (C) (4n + 1) , n ÎI (D) None of these
6 4
Comprehension –2
Consider the cubic equation x 3 - (1 + cos q + sin q)x 2 + (cos q sin q + cos q + sin q)x - sin q.cos q = 0 whose
roots are x1, x2 and x3.
4. The value of x12 + x 22 + x 32 equals
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 2cos q (D) sin q (sin q + cos q)
5. Number of values of q in [0, 2p] for which at least two roots are equal
(A) 3 (B) 4 (C) 5 (D) 6
6. Greatest possible difference between two of the roots if qÎ[0, 2p] is
(A) 2 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 2 2
24
Match the Column

Following question contains statements given in two columns, which have to be matched. The statements in
Column-I are labelled as A, B, C and D while the statements in Column-II are labelled as p, q, r and s. Any given
statement in Column-I can have correct matching with ONE statement in Column-II.
7. On the left, equation with interval is given and on the right number of solutions are given, match the column.
Column-I Column-II
(A) n|sinx|= m |cosx| in [0, 2p] (p) 2
where n > m and are positive integers
5
(B) å cos rx = 5 in [0,2p] (q) 4
r =1
2
(C) 21 +|cos x|+|cos x| ......¥ = 4 in (–p, p) (r) 3
(D) tanq + tan2q + tan3q = tanq tan2q tan3q in (0, p) (s) 1

8. Column I contain trigonometric equation in interval [0, 2p ] and Column II contains number of solu-
tion in given interval.
Column – I Column – II
(A) sin 3q + cos 2q = 0 (p) 6
(B) 3 cos q + sin q = 2 (q) 2
(C) sin q + cos q = 2 (r) 1
(D) 3 sin q - cos q = 2 (s) 5
1
(A) If a, b are the solutions of sin x = – in [0, 2p] and a, g are the solutions (p) a– b=p
2
3
of cos x = – in [0, 2p], then (q) b–g=p
2
(B) If a, b are the solutions of cot x = – 3 in [0, 2p] and a, g are the (r) a– g=p
solutions of cosec x = – 2 in [0, 2 p], then
1
(C) If a, b are the solutions of sin x = – in [0, 2p] and a, g are the (s) a + b = 3p
2
1
solutions of tan x = in [0, 2p], then (t) b + g = 2p
3
10. Column - I Column - II
(A) Number of roots of the equation cos7 x + sin 4 x = 1 in the interval [0, 2p] is (p) 1
(B) The value of ‘a’ for which the equation a 2 - 2a + sec2 p (a + x) = 0 (q) 0
has solution
(C) Number of solutions of the equation |cos x| = 2 [x] is (where [x] is greatest (r) 4
integerfunction)
25
JEE-Mathem atics
INTEGER/SUBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS
11. Find the number of solution of the equation cosec q = cot q + 3 in [0, 10p]
12. Find the least positive value of x in degree such that cosec x = 1 + cot x
13. Find the number of solution of the equation tan q + sec q = 3 in [0, 10p]
14. Number of solutions of the equation (2 + 3)cos x = 1 - sin x in the interval [-p, p] is
15. The number of integral values of a for which the equation cos 2x + a sin x =2a – 7 possesses a solution is
1
16. Total number of solutions of the equation max.{sin x,cos x} = in x Î( -2p,5p), are equal to
2
17. Let qÎ[0, 4p] satisfying the equation (sin q + 2)(sin q + 3)(sin q + 4) = 6. If the sum of all value of q is of
the form kp then the value of ‘k’, is
18. Number of real numbers x with 0 £ x £ p , satisfying the equation
sin 3x(sin 3x – cos x) = sin x (sin x – cos 3x), is

19. Total number of integral values of ‘n’ such that sin x (sin x + cos x) = n has at least one real solution is
26
Very Short Answer

1. Find the principal and general solutions of the equation : tan x = 3
2. Find the principal and general solutions of the equation : sec x = 2
3. Find the principal and general solutions of the equation : cot x = - 3
4. Find the principal and general solutions of the equation : cosec x = -2
5. Find the general solution for the equation : cos 3x + cos x - cos 2x = 0
Short Answer
6. Solve the equation 3 tan q + cot q = 5 cosec q.
7. Find all the numbers between 0 and 2p which satisfy the equation 2 sin2 q = 3 cos q.
8. Solve the equation sin mq = cos nq.

9. Solve the equation cos x + sin x = cos 2x + sin 2x.
1 2
10. Find the most general value of q which satisfies both the equations cot q = , cosecq = - .
3 3
2
11. Solve the equation tan 2q = tan .
q
Long Answer
13. Solve the equation sin x + sin 3x = sin 2x .
14. Solve the equation tan q + sec q = 3.
15. Solve the equation cosec x = 1 + cot x .

27
JEE-Mathem atics
ANSWER KEY
BEGINNER'S BOX-1
n p p 4np
1. (A) q = np + ( -1) , nÎI (B) q = (2n + 1) , n Î I (C) q= , nÎI
6 3 3
np p
(D) q = , nÎI (E) q = np ± , nÎI (F) q = 2np + (-1)n +1 p , n Î I
2 12
2. (A) 3. (A) 4. (B) 5. (A) 6. (D) 7. (C)
8. (B) 9. (C) 10. (A) 11. (AC) 12. (ABCD)
13. (ABC) 14. (AB) 15. (AD) 16. [(A)- P, Q ; (B)-Q, R ; (C)-S, T ; (D)-P, Q]
17. [(A)-P ; (B)-R ; (C)-Q ; (D)-S] 18. [(A)-P ; (B)-Q ; (C)-P ; (D)-Q]
19. [(A)-S ; (B)-P ; (C)-Q ; (D)-P]
BEGINNER'S BOX-2
1. (A) 2. (B) 3. (B) 4. (C) 5. (D) 6. (D)
7. (A) 8. (A) 9. (ACD) 10. (A,C) 11. (A,B,C)
12. (A,B,C)13. (ABC) 14. (ACD) 15. (BC) 16. (AC) 17. (AB)
18. [(A)-S ; (B)-R ; (C)-Q ; (D)-Q] 19. [(A)-P ; (B)-P ; (C)-P ; (D)-P]
BEGINNER'S BOX-3
1. (B) 2. (C) 3. (A) 4. (B) 5. (C) 6. (D)
7. (C) 8. (A) 9. (D) 10. (B) 11. (A,B) 12. (B,C)
13. (6) 14. (7) 15. (11)
BEGINNER'S BOX-4
1. (D) 2. (A) 3. (D) 4. (C) 5. (B) 6. (C)
7. (A) 8. (B) 9. (C) 10. (B) 11. (A) 12. (B,D)
é 2p 2p ù é p 5p ù
13. È 2np -
nÎI ê
, 2np + 14. ê6 , 6 ú
3 úû
ë 3 ë û
EXERCISE-1
(SINGLE CORRECT & MORE THAN ONE OPTION CORRECT)
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. A B B D B C B A C A
Que. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. B A B B D A D C B C
Que. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Ans. ABD ABC ABC ACD AC ABC ACD BCD ACD ABC
Que. 31 32
Ans. B B
28
EXERCISE-2 (MISCELLANEOUS)
l Comprehension Based Questions
Comprehension – 1 1. D 2. A 3. C
Comprehension – 2 4. B 5. C 6. A
l Match the Column 7. (A)®(q), (B)®(p), (C)®(q), (D)®(p)

8. (A)®(s), (B)®(q), (C)®(r), (D)®(q)
9. (A) ® (q,s); (B) ® (p,t); (C) ® (r,s,t)
10. (A) ® (r);(B) ® (p); (C) ® (q)
l Integer/Subjective Type Questions

11. (5) 12. (90)
13. (5) 14. (2)
15. (5) 16. (7)
17. (5) 18. (5)
19. (2)
NCERT CORNER
p 4p p 5p 5p 11p 7p
1. , . 2. , 3. and 4. and
3 3 3 3 6 6 6
p p p p 5p
5. x = (2n + 1) , n Î I , x = 2np ± , n Î I 6. 2np ± , n Î I 7. , .
4 3 3 3 3
p
pp + (-1) p 2 p 4p
8. 2 , pÎI . 9. x = 2 np, n Î I or x = np + , n Î I . 10. 2np + , n ÎI .
m + ( -1)p n 3 6 3
np ± n 2 p2 + 16 p p
11. q= , n Î I . 12. x = 2 n p ± , n Î I. 13. 2 n p + ,nÎI
4 3 6
p
14. x = 2 np + ,n Î I .
2
****
29
JEE-Mathem atics
SEQUENCE & SERIES

1.0 DEFINITION
l Sequence
A succession of terms a1, a2, a3, a4........ formed according to some rule or law.
Examples are : 1, 4, 9, 16, 25
–1, 1, –1, 1,........
x x2 x 3 x 4
, , , , ......
1! 2! 3! 4!
A finite sequence has a finite (i.e. limited) number of terms, as in the first example above. An infinite sequence
has an unlimited number of terms, i.e. there is no last term, as in the second and third examples.
l Series
The indicated sum of the terms of a sequence. In the case of a finite sequence a1, a2, a3,................,an the
n
corresponding series is a1 + a2 + a3 + ........ + an = å ak . This series has a finite or limited number of terms
k =1
and is called a finite series.
2.0 ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION (A.P.)

A.P. is a sequence whose terms differ by a fixed number. This fixed number is called the common difference. If
a is the first term & d the common difference, then A.P. can be written as
a, a + d, a + 2d, .............., a + (n – 1) d , ..........
th
(a) n term of AP Tn = a + (n – 1)d , where d = tn – tn–1
(b) The sum of the first n terms : S = n [a + l] = n [2a + (n - 1)d]

n
2 2
where l is the last term.
NOTE
th
(i) n term of an A.P. is of the form An + B i.e. a linear expression in 'n', in such a case the coefficient of n
is the common difference of the A.P. i.e. A.
2
(ii) Sum of first 'n' terms of an A.P. is of the form An + Bn i.e. a quadratic expression in 'n', in such case the
2
common difference is twice the coefficient of n . i.e. 2A
th
(iii) Also n term Tn = Sn – Sn–1
th
Illustration 1. If (x + 1), 3x and (4x + 2) are first three terms of an A.P. then its 5 term is -
Node-1\Target-2020-21\1.JEE(M+A)\M odule\Nurture\English\Maths\02. NM -2\1.Sequence & Series\Th.
(A) 14 (B) 19 (C) 24 (D) 28

Solution (x + 1), 3x, (4x + 2) are in AP
Þ 3x – (x + 1) = (4x + 2) – 3x Þ x=3
\ a = 4, d = 9 – 4 = 5 Þ T5 = 4 + 4(5) = 24 Ans. (C)
Illustration 2. The sum of first four terms of an A.P. is 56 and the sum of it's last four terms is 112. If its first term
is 11 then find the number of terms in the A.P.
Solution a + a + d + a + 2d + a + 3d = 56
4a + 6d = 56
44 + 6d = 56 (as a = 11)
6d = 12 hence d = 2
Now sum of last four terms.
a + (n – 1)d + a + (n – 2)d + a + (n – 3)d + a + (n – 4)d = 112
Þ 4a + (4n – 10)d = 112 Þ 44 + (4n – 10)2 = 112
Þ 4n – 10 = 34
Þ n = 11 Ans.
30
Sequence & Series
7n + 1 th
Illustration 3. The sum of first n terms of two A.Ps. are in ratio . Find the ratio of their 11 terms.
4n + 27
Solution Let a1 and a2 be the first terms and d1 and d2 be the common differences of two A.P.s respectively
then
n æ n - 1ö
[2a1 + (n - 1)d1 ] a1 + ç d
2 7n + 1 è 2 ÷ø 1 7n + 1
= Þ =
n 4n + 27 æ n - 1 ö 4n + 27
[2a 2 + (n - 1)d2 ] a2 + ç d
2 è 2 ÷ø 2
th
For ratio of 11 terms
n -1
= 10 Þ n = 21
2
th 7(21) + 1 148 4
so ratio of 11 terms is = = Ans.
4(21) + 27 111 3
1. If nth term of a sequence is 2n2 + 1, find the sequence. Is this sequence in A.P. ?
2. Find the first five terms of the sequence for which t 1 = 1, t2 = 2 and tn+2 = tn+1 + tn.
3. How many terms are there in the A.P. 20, 25, 30,.........100.
4. Find the first negative term of the sequence 2000, 1995, 1990, 1985, ......... .
5. How many terms are identical in the two Arithmetic Progressions 2, 4, 6, 8, .... up to 100 terms and 3, 6, 9
,...... up to 80 terms.
6. If (m + 1)th term of an A.P. is twice the (n + 1)th term, prove that (3m + 1)th term is twice the (m+n+1)th term.
7. If log10 2, log10 (2x – 1) and log10 (2x + 3) be three consecutive terms of an A.P., then
(A) x = 0 (B) x = 1 (C) x = log2 5 (D) x = log10 2
8. The 4th term of an A.P. is three times the first and the 7 th term exceeds twice the third term by 1.Find the first
term and the common difference.
9. An A.P. consists of 60 terms. If the first and the last terms be 7 and 125 respectively, find 32 nd term.
a4 2 a
10. If < an > is an A.P. such that = ,find 6 .
a7 3 a8
11. The sum of n, 2n, 3n terms of an A.P. are S1, S2, S3 respectively. Prove that S3 = 3 (S2 – S1).
12. If S1, S2, S3, ..... Sm are the sums of n terms of m A.P.’s whose first terms are 1, 2, 3, .... m and common
difference are 1, 3, 5, .... , (2m – 1) respectively. Show that
mn
S1 + S 2 + ..... + Sm = (mn + 1)
2
13. The number of terms of an A.P. is even; then sum of odd terms is 24, of the even terms is 30, and the last term
exceeds the first by 10.5, find the number of terms and the series.
14. A polygon has 25 sides, the lengths of which starting from the smallest side are in A.P. If the perimeter of the
polygon is 2100 cm and the length of largest side 20 times that of the smallest, then the length of the smallest
side and the common difference of the A.P. is
1 1 1
(A) 8 cm, 6 cm (B) 6 cm, 6 cm (C) 8 cm, 5 cm (D) None of these
3 3 3
31
JEE-Mathem atics
15. The first and last term of an AP are a and l respectively. If S be the sum of all the terms of the AP, then the
common difference is
l2 - a2 l2 - a 2 l2 + a2 l2 + a 2
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2S - (l + a) 2S - (l - a) 2S + (l + a) 2S - (l + a)
1 1 1
16. Sum of n terms of the series , , , ....... is
1+ x 1- x 1- x
(A)
n
2(1 - x)
(
2 + ( n - 3) x ) (B)
n
2(1+ x)
(2 + ( n - 3) x )
(C)
n
2(1+ x)
(
2 - ( n - 3) x ) (D) None of these
3.0 PROPERTIES OF A.P.

(a) If each term of an A.P. is increased, decreased, multiplied or divided by the same nonzero number, then
the resulting sequence is also an A.P.
(b) Three numbers in A.P. : a – d, a, a + d
Four numbers in A.P. : a – 3d, a – d, a + d, a + 3d
Five numbers in A.P. : a – 2d, a – d, a, a + d, a + 2d
Six numbers in A.P. : a – 5d, a – 3d, a – d, a + d, a + 3d, a + 5d etc.
(c) The common difference can be zero, positive or negative.
th th
(d) k term from the last = (n – k +1) term from the beginning.
(e) The sum of the two terms of an AP equidistant from the beginning & end is constant and equal to the
sum of first & last terms. Þ Tk + Tn–k+1 = constant = a + l.
(f) Any term of an AP (except the first ) is equal to half the sum of terms which are equidistant from it.
a n = (1 / 2 ) (a n - k + a n + k ), k < n
For k = 1, a n = (1 / 2)(a n -1 + a n+1 ) ; For k = 2, a n = (1/ 2)(a n -2 + a n+ 2 ) and so on.

(g) If a, b, c are in AP, then 2b = a + c.
4.0 ARITHMETIC MEAN

If three terms are in A.P. then the middle term is called the A.M. between the other two, so if a, b, c are in A.P.,
a+c
b is A.M. of a & c. So A.M. of a and c = = b.
2
l n- Arithmetic Means Between Two Numbers

If a,b be any two given numbers & a, A1, A2, .........., An, b are in AP, then A1, A2,........An are the 'n' A.M’s
b-a
between a & b then. A1 = a + d , A2 = a + 2d ,......, An= a + nd or b – d, where d =
n +1
b-a 2(b - a)
Þ A1 = a + , A2 = a + ,.......
n +1 n +1
Note : Sum of n A.M's inserted between a & b is equal to n times the single A.M. between a & b
n
i.e. åA r = nA where A is the single A.M. between a & b.

r =1
32
Sequence & Series
Illustration 4. Four numbers are in A.P. If their sum is 20 and the sum of their squares is 120, then the middle
terms are -
(A) 2, 4 (B) 4, 6 (C) 6, 8 (D) 8, 10
Solution
Let the numbers are a – 3d, a – d, a + d, a + 3d
given, a – 3d + a – d + a + d + a + 3d = 20 Þ 4a = 20 Þ a = 5
2 2 2 2 2 2
and (a – 3d) + (a – d) + (a + d) + (a + 3d) = 120 Þ 4a + 20d = 120
2 2 2
Þ 4 × 5 + 20d = 120 Þ d = 1 Þ d = ± 1
Hence numbers are 2, 4, 6, 8 Ans. (B)
Illustration 5. Four different integers form an increasing A.P. One of these numbers is equal to the sum of the
squares of the other three numbers. Find the numbers.
Solution Let the numbers be a – d, a, a + d, a + 2d, where a, d Î I, d > 0
2 2 2
according to the question; (a – d) + a + (a + d) = a + 2d
2 2
i.e., 2d – 2d + 3a – a = 0
1
\ d= [1 ± (1 + 2a - 6a2 ) ]
2
Since, d is positive integer,
2 2 a 1 æ 1- 7ö æ 1 + 7ö
Þ 1 + 2a – 6a > 0 Þ a – - <0 Þ çè a - ÷ø çè a - ÷ <0
3 6 6 6 ø
æ1 - 7ö æ1 + 7ö
\ çè ÷ø < a < çè ÷
6 6 ø
Q aÎI
\ a=0
1
then d= [1 ± 1] = 1 or 0. Since, d > 0 \ d=1
2
Hence, the numbers are –1, 0, 1, 2
Illustration 6. If a1, a2, a3,...........,an are in A.P. where ai > 0 for all i, show that :
1 1 1 (n - 1)
+ + ...... + =
a1 + a2 a2 + a3 a n -1 + a n a1 + a n
1 1 1
Solution L.H.S.= + + ...... +
a1 + a 2 a2 + a3 a n -1 + a n
1 1 1
= + + ...... +
a2 + a1 a 3 + a2 a n + a n -1
a2 - a1 a3 - a2 a n - a n -1
= + + ...... +
( a2 - a1 ) ( a 3 - a2 ) a n - a n -1
Let 'd' is the common difference of this A.P.

then a2 – a1 = a3 – a2 = ....... = an – an–1 = d
Now L.H.S.
=
1
d
{ a 2 - a1 + a 3 - a 2 + ...... + a n -1 - a n - 2 + a n - a n -1 } = 1d { a n - a1 }
a n - a1 a1 + (n - 1)d - a1 1 (n - 1)d n -1
= = = = = R.H.S.
d ( a n + a1 ) d ( a n + a1 ) d ( a n + a1 ) a n + a1
33
JEE-Mathem atics
1. If a, b, c are in A.P., prove that the following are also in A.P.

(i) b + c, c + a, a + b (ii) a2 (b + c), b2 (c + a), c2 (a + b)
1 1 1 1 1 1
(iii) , , (iv) , ,
b+ c c+ a a+ b bc ca ab
æ 1 1ö æ 1 1ö æ 1 1ö
(v) a ç + ÷ , b ç + ÷ ,c ç + ÷ (vi) [(b + c)2 – a2], [(c + a)2– b2], [(a + b)2 – c2]
èb cø èc aø èa bø
ab + ca bc + ba ca + bc
(vii) , ,
bc ca ab
1 1 1
2. If , , are in A.P., prove that
a b c
b+c c +a a+b
(i) , , are in A.P. (ii) a (b + c), b (c + a), c(a + b) are in A.P.
a b c
b+c -a c + a-b a+b-c 1 1 1

3. If , , are in A.P., prove that , , are also in A.P.
a b c a b c
4. If a2, b2, c2 are in A.P., then prove that the following are also in A.P.
1 1 1 a b c
(i) , , (ii) , ,
b+c c +a a+b b+c c +a a+b
5. The sum of three number in A.P. is 27 and the sum of their squares is 293. Find the numbers.
6. Insert A.M.s between 7 and 71 in such a way that the 5 th A.M. is 27. Find the number of A.M.s.
1 1 1 k æ1 1 1 ö
7. Let a1, a2, a3,.......,an be in A.P. If + + ....... + = ç + + ..... + ÷ , then k is
a1a n a 2 a n -1 a n a1 a1 + a n è a1 a 2 an ø
equal to
8. The digits of a positive integer having three digits are in A.P. and their sum is 15. If the number obtainted by
reversing the digits is 594 less than the original number, then the number is
2 2 2 2
9. Let the sequence a1, a2, a3,......,an, ....... form an AP. Then a1 - a 2 + a 3 - a 4 +.....+ a 22n -1 - a 2n
2
is equal to
n 2n 2 n
(A) (a12 - a 2n
2
) (B) (a 2n - a12 ) (C) (a12 + a 2n
2
) (D) None of these
2n - 1 n -1 n +1
10. If n A.M.s are inserted between two numbers, prove that the sum of the means equidistant from the beginning
and the end is constant.
11. If x, y, z are in A.P. and A1 is the A.M. of x and y and A2 is the A.M. of y and z, then prove that the A.M. of
A1 and A2 is y.
12. If n arithmetic means are inserted between 20 and 80 such that the ratio of first mean to the last mean is
1 : 3, then find the value of n.
34
Sequence & Series
13
13. The sum of two number is . An even number of arithmetic means are being inserted between them and their
6
sum exceeds their number by 1. Find the number of means inserted.
5.0 GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION (G.P.)

G.P. is a sequence of non zero numbers each of the succeeding term is equal to the preceeding term multiplied
by a constant. Thus in a GP the ratio of successive terms is constant. This constant factor is called the COMMON
RATIO of the sequence & is obtained by dividing any term by the immediately previous term. Therefore a, ar,
2 3 4
ar , ar , ar , .......... is a GP with 'a' as the first term & 'r' as common ratio.
th
(a) n term ; Tn = a r n–1
n
(b) Sum of the first n terms; Sn = a(r - 1) , if r ¹ l
r -1
a
(c) Sum of infinite G.P. , S¥ = ;0< r <1
1-r
6.0 PROPERTIES OF GP
(a) If each term of a G.P. be multiplied or divided by the some non-zero quantity, then the resulting sequence
is also a G.P.
(b) Three consecutive terms of a GP : a/r, a, ar ;
3 3
Four consecutive terms of a GP : a/r , a/r, ar, ar & so on.
2
(c) If a, b, c are in G.P. then b =ac.
(d) If in a G.P, the product of two terms which are equidistant from the first and the last term, is constant and
is equal to the product of first and last term. Þ Tk. Tn–k+1 = constant = a.l
(e) If each term of a G.P. be raised to the same power, then resulting sequence is also a G.P.
2
(f) In a G.P., Tr = Tr–k. Tr+k, k < r, r ¹ 1
(g) If the terms of a given G.P. are chosen at regular intervals, then the new sequence is also a G.P.
(h) If a1, a2, a3.....an is a G.P. of positive terms, then log a1, log a2,.....log an is an A.P. and vice-versa.
a1 a 2 a 3
(i) If a1, a2, a3..... and b1, b2, b3..... are two G.P.'s then a1b1, a2b2, a3b3..... & , , .......... is also in
b1 b2 b3
G.P.
7.0 GEOMETRIC MEAN
2
If a, b, c are in G.P., then b is the G.M. between a & c, b = ac. So G.M. of a and c = ac = b
l n- Geometric Means Between Two Numbers

If a, b are two given positive numbers & a, G1, G2, ........, Gn, b are in G.P. Then G1, G2, G3 ,.......Gn are
'n' G.Ms between a & b.
2 n
G1 = a(b / a)1/ n +1 = ar, G2 = a(b / a)2 / n +1 = ar , ................, Gn = a(b / a) n / n +1 = ar = b/r,,
1/n+1
where r = (b/a)
th
Note – The product of n G.Ms between a & b is equal to n power of the single G.M. between a & b i.e.
n
P G r = (G) n where G is the single G.M. between a & b
r =1
35
JEE-Mathem atics
Illustration 7. If a, b, c, d and p are distinct real numbers such that
(a 2
) ( )
+ b2 + c2 p2 - 2p ( ab + bc + cd ) + b2 + c2 + d2 £ 0 then a, b, c, d are in
(A) A.P. (B) G.P. (C) H.P. (D) none of these
Solution ( )
Here, the given condition a 2 + b2 + c2 p2 - 2p ( ab + bc + ca ) + b2 + c2 + d2 £ 0
Þ ( ap - b ) + ( bp - c ) + ( cp - d ) £ 0
2 2 2
Q a square can not be negative

b c d
\ ap - b = 0,bp - c = 0,cp - d = 0 Þ p = = = Þ a, b, c, d are in G.P. Ans. (B)
a b c
Illustration 8. If a, b, c are in G.P., then the equations ax2 + 2bx + c = 0 and dx 2 + 2ex + f = 0 have a common
d e f
root if , , are in -
a b c
Solution a, b, c are in G.P Þ b2 = ac
Now the equation ax2 + 2bx + c = 0 can be rewritten as ax2 + 2 acx + c = 0
( ) c c
2
Þ ax + c =0Þ x =- ,-
a a
c
If the two given equations have a common root, then this root must be - .
a
c c d f 2e c 2e 2e d e f
Thus d - 2e +f =0 Þ + = = = Þ , , are in A.P. Ans. (A)
a a a c c a ac b a b c
Illustration 9. A number consists of three digits which are in G.P. the sum of the right hand and left hand digits
exceeds twice the middle digit by 1 and the sum of the left hand and middle digits is two third of
the sum of the middle and right hand digits. Find the numbers.
2
Solution Let the three digits be a, ar and ar then number is
2
100a + 10ar + ar ....(i)
2
Given, a + ar = 2ar +1
2
or a(r – 2r + 1) = 1
2
or a(r – 1) = 1 ....(ii)
2 2
Also given a + ar = (ar + ar )
3
2
Þ 3 + 3r = 2r + 2r
2
Þ 2r – r – 3 = 0
Þ (r + 1)(2r – 3) = 0
\ r = –1, 3/2
1 1
for r = –1, a = = ÏI \ r ¹ –1
(r - 1)2 4
1
for r = 3/2,a = 2
=4 {from (ii)}
æ3 ö
çè - 1÷ø
2
3 9
From (i), number is 400 + 10.4. + 4. = 469 Ans.
2 4
36
Sequence & Series
Illustration 10. Find the value of 0.32 58
Solution Let R = 0.32 58 Þ R = 0.32585858.... .... (i)

Here number of figures which are not recurring is 2 and number of figures which are recurring is
also 2.
then 100 R = 32.585858...... ....(ii)
and 10000 R = 3258.5858..... ....(iii)
Subtracting (ii) from (iii) , we get
1613
9900 R = 3226 Þ R =
4950
Aliter Method : R = .32 + .0058 + .0058 + .000058 +...........
58 æ 1 1 ö
= .32 + 4 ç
1 + 2 + 4 + .........¥ ÷
10 è 10 10 ø
æ ö
58 ç 1 ÷
= .32 + 4 ç ÷
10 ç 1 ÷
ç1 - ÷
è 100 ø
32 58 3168 + 58 3226 1613

= + = = =
100 9900 9900 9900 4950
1. If 5th, 8th and 11th terms of a G.P. are p, q and s respectively, then
(A) p2 = qs (B) q2 = ps (C) s2 = pq (D) None of these
2. If x, 2x + 2, 3x + 3, ............. are in G.P., then the next term of this sequence is -
(A) 27 (B) –27 (C) 13.5 (D) –13.5
29
3. If (1.5)30 = K then the value of å (1.5)
n =2
n
is -
(A) 2K – 3 (B) K + 1 (C) 2K + 7 (D) none of these

4. The sum of three numbers in G.P. is 56. If we subtract 1, 7, 21 from these numbers in that order, we obtain an
A.P. The three numbers are
(A) 8, 16, 32 (B) 10, 18, 26 (C) 9, 16, 23 (D) None of these
cos q cos q cos q

5. The sum of the series cos q + + + + ........ upto ¥, exists when -
sin2 q sin 4 q sin6 q
p 3p p
(A) 0 < q < (B) p < q < (C) <q<p (D) none of these
2 2 2
b g
6. If the roots of the equation x3 + bx2 + cx – 1 = 0 be a, b, g such that = > 1 , then b belongs to the
a b
interval -
(A) (–3, ¥) (B) (–¥, –3) (C) (–1, ¥) (D) (–¥, –1)
37
JEE-Mathem atics
n
æSö
7. If the sum of the n terms of a G.P. be S, their product P and the sum of their reciprocals R, then ç ÷ =
èRø
(A) P (B) P2 (C) 2P2 (D) None of these
4
8. The sum of an infinite G.P., whose first term is 28 and fourth term is , is
49
98 49 78
3 3 3
a a b b c c
9. If r > 1 and x = a + + 2 +......... to ¥, y = b – + 2 –.........to ¥ and z = c + 2 + 4 +.........to ¥,
r r r r r r
xy
then =
z
ab ac bc
c b a
10. The third term of a G.P. is 4. The product of first five terms is
2
x| + |cos3 x| +.......to ¥ )
11. The value of x in (–p, p) which satisfies the equation 8(1 + |cos x| + |cos = 43 is
p p 2p
(A) (B) – (C) (D) All of these
3 3 3
12. The rational number which equals the number 2.357 with recurring decimal is -
2357 2379 785 2355

(A) (B) (C) (D)
999 997 333 1001
ak +1 + bk +1
13. If is the geometric mean between a & b then k is :
ak + bk
1 1
(A) 0 (B) - 1 (C) - (D)
2 2
14. If one G.M. G and two A.M.s p and q be inserted between two given numbers, then (2p – q) (2q – p) =
(A) G2 (B) 4G (C) 2G2 (D) None of these
15. Sum of the series : 9 + 99 + 999 + ..... upto n terms is
1 n 1 n +1 1 n +1
(A)
9
(10 - 9n -10) (B)
9
(10 - 9n - 10) (C)
9
(10 + 9n - 10) (D) None of these
4 44 444
16. Let S = + + + .........¥ . Then S is equal to
19 192 193
38 4 36
81 19 171
38
Sequence & Series
8.0 HARMONIC PROGRESSION (H.P.)

A sequence is said to be in H.P. if the reciprocal of its terms are in AP.
If the sequence a1, a2, a3, ......., an is an HP then 1/a1, 1/a2,........., 1/an is an AP . Here we do not have the
formula for the sum of the n terms of an HP. The general form of a harmonic progression is
1 1 1 1
, , ,.........
a a + d a + 2d a + ( n - 1) d
Note – No term of any H.P. can be zero.
2ac a a-b
(i) If a, b, c are in HP, then b = or =
a+c c b-c
9.0 HARMONIC MEAN
2ac
If a, b, c are in H.P., then b is H.M. between a & c. So H.M. of a and c = = b.
a+c
l Insertion of 'n' HM's between a and b
a, H1, H2, H3 ,........, Hn, b ® H.P

1 1 1 1 1 1
, , , ,.......... , ® A.P.
a H1 H 2 H 3 Hn b
1 1
-
1 1
= + (n + 1)D Þ D= b a
b a n +1
æ1 1ö
1 1 ç - ÷
= + nç b a ÷
Hn a çç n + 1 ÷÷
è ø
1 1 1 1
Illustration 11. If + + + = 0, prove that a, b, c are in H.P, or b = a + c
a c a-b c-b
1 1 1 1
Solution We have + + + = 0,
a c a-b c-b
a+c c-b+a-b a+c (a + c) - 2b

Þ + Þ + =0
ac (a - b)(c - b) ac ac - b(a + c) + b2
Let a + c = l
l l - 2b
\ + =0
ac ac - bl + b2
acl - bl 2 + b2 l + acl - 2abc 2 2

Þ =0 Þ 2acl – bl + b l – 2abc = 0
ac(ac - bl + b2 )
Þ 2ac (l – b) – bl (l – b) = 0 Þ (2ac – bl)(l – b) = 0
2ac
Þ l = b or l =
b
2ac
Þ a + c = b or a + c = (Q a + c = l)
b
2ac
Þ a + c = b or b =
a+c
\ a, b, c are in H.P. or a + c = b.
39
JEE-Mathem atics
1
Illustration 12. The sum of three numbers are in H.P. is 37 and the sum of their reciprocals is . Find the
4
numbers.
Solution Three numbers are in H.P. can be taken as
1 1 1
, ,
a-d a a+d
1 1 1
then + + = 37 ...(i)
a-d a a+d
1 1
and a–d+a+a+d = Þ a=
4 12
12 12 12 12
from (i), + 12 + = 37 Þ + = 25
1 - 12d 1 + 12d 1 - 12d 1 + 12d
24 24
Þ = 25 Þ 1 - 144d2 =
1 - 144d2 25
2 1 1
Þ d = \ d=±
25 ´ 144 60
1 1 1 1 1 1
\ a – d, a, a + d are , , or , ,
15 12 10 10 12 15
Hence, three numbers in H.P. are 15, 12, 10 or 10, 12, 15 Ans.
a-x a-y a-z
Illustration 13. Suppose a is a fixed real number such that = =
px qy rz
If p, q, r are in A.P., then prove that x, y, z are in H.P.
Solution Q p, q, r are in A.P.
\ q–p=r–q .... (i)
Þ p – q = q – r = k (let)
a a
a-x a-y a-z -1 -1 a -1
= = Þ x y
given
px qy rz = = z
p q r
æa ö æa ö æa ö æa ö
çè - 1÷ø - ç - 1÷ ç - 1÷ - çè - 1÷ø
Þ x èy ø èy ø z (by law of proportion)
=
p-q q-r
a a a a
- -
x y y z
Þ =
k k
{from (i)}
æ 1 1ö æ 1 1ö 1 1 1 1
Þ aç - ÷ = aç - ÷ Þ - = -
è x yø è y zø x y y z
2 1 1
\ = +
y x z
1 1 1
\ , , are in A.P.
x y z
Hence x, y, z are in H.P.
40
Sequence & Series
1 1
1. If a, b, c are in H.P. then + =
b-a b-c
1 1 1 1 1 1
(A) + (B) + (C) + (D) None of these
a b a c b c
2. Three consecutive terms of a progression are 30, 24, 20. The next term of the progression is -
1 1
(A) 18 (B) 16 (C) 16 (D) 17
7 7
3. If a, b, c, are in A. P. and a 2 , b 2 ,c2 are in H.P., then (a, b, c > 0)
ac
(C) b =
2
(A) a = b = c (B) 2b = 3a + c (D) None of these
8
2
a + l2 l +c 1
4. If , l2 , be in A.P., then a, 2 , c are in -
1 - al 2 2
1-l c l
c b - c ab + bc
5. If a, b, c are in H.P., then value of + + is :-
a b-a ac
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
6. If three positive real numbers a, b, c (c>a) are in H.P., then log (a+c) + log (a–2b+c) is equal to -
(A) 2log (c–b) (B) 2 log (a+c) (C) 2log(c–a) (D) log a + log b + log c
7. log3 2, log6 2, log12 2 are in
æ 1 1 1 öæ 1 1 1 ö
8. If a, b, c, are in H.P., then ç + - ÷ç + - ÷ =
è a b c øè b c a ø
4 3 4 3 2 3
(A) - (B) + (C) - (D) None of these
ac b 2 ac b 2 ac b 2
a
9*. If the G.M. between a and b be twice the H.M., then is equal to
b
2+ 3 2- 3 4+ 3 4- 3
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2- 3 2+ 3 4- 3 4+ 3
10. The H.M. of two numbers is 4. If their A.M. is A and G.M. is G satisfy the relation 2A + G 2 = 27, then the
numbers are
(A) 2, 6 (B) 3, 6 (C) 1, 3 (D) None of these
11. Given that a , g are roots of the equation Ax 2 - 4x + 1 = 0 , and b , d the root of the equation
Bx 2 - 6x + 1 = 0 , the values of A and B such that a, b, g and d are in H.P. aree

(A) A = 3, B = 8 (B) A = –3, B = 8 (C) A = 3, B = –8 (D) None of these
41
JEE-Mathem atics
10.0 A.M., G.M., H.M. INEQUALITY
l If A, G, H, are respectively A.M., G.M., H.M. between two positive number a & b then
(a) G2 = AH (A, G, H constitute a GP) (b) A ³ G ³ H (c) A = G = H Û a = b
l Let a1, a2,........ ,an be n positive real numbers, then we define their arithmetic mean (A), geometric mean (G)
a1 + a2 + ..... + a n
and harmonic mean (H) as A =
n
1/n n
G = (a1 a2...........an) and H =
æ1 1 1 1ö
çè a + a + a + .... a ÷ø
1 2 3 n
It can be shown that A ³ G ³ H. Moreover equality holds at either place if and only if a1 = a2 =......= an
3 2
Illustration 14. If 2x + ax + bx + 4 = 0 (a and b are positive real numbers) has 3 real roots, then prove that
1/3 1/3
a + b ³ 6(2 + 4 ).
3 2
Solution Let a, b, g be the roots of 2x + ax + bx + 4 = 0. Given that all the coefficients are positive, so
all the roots will be negative.
a
Let a1 = –a, a2 = –b, a3 = – g Þ a1 + a2 + a3 =
2
b
a1a2 + a2a3 + a3a1=
2
a1a2a3= 2
Applying AM ³ GM, we have
a1 + a 2 + a 3
³ ( a1 a 2 a 3 )1 / 3 Þ a ³ 6 ´ 21 / 3
3
a1a 2 + a 2 a 3 + a1a 3
Also > (a1a 2 a 3 )2 / 3 Þ b ³ 6 × 41/3
3
1/3 1/3
Therefore a + b ³ 6(2 + 4 ).
Õa
n
Illustration 15. If ai > 0 " i Î N such that i = 1 , then prove that (1 + a1)(1 + a2)(1 + a3).....(1 + an) ³ 2
i =1
Solution Using A.M. ³ G.M.

1 + a1 ³ 2 a1
1 + a2 ³ 2 a2
M
n 1/2
1 + an ³ 2 a n Þ (1 + a1)(1 + a2)........(1 + an) ³ 2 (a1a2a3.....an)
As a1a2a3.....an = 1
n
Hence (1 + a1)(1 + a2)..........(1 + an) ³ 2 .
42
Sequence & Series
1 1 a x by
Illustration 16. If a, b, x, y are positive natural numbers such that + = 1 then prove that + ³ ab .
x y x y
x x y y
Solution Consider the positive numbers a , a ,.......y times and b , b ,......x times
For all these numbers,
{a x + a x + ......y time} + {b y + b y + ......x times} ya x + xb y

AM = =
x+y (x + y)
1 xy
1
GM = {( a .a ......y times) ( b .b ......x times )}
x x y y ( x + y) = éë( a ) . ( b ) ùû
xy xy ( x+ y )
= (ab) ( x + y)
1 1 x+y
As + = 1, = 1 , i.e, x + y = xy
x y xy
xy
ya x + xb y
So using AM ³ GM ³ (ab) x + y
x+y
ya x + xb y a x by
\ ³ ab or + ³ ab.
xy x y
1. The A.M.between two numbers b and c is a and the two G.M.s between them are g1 and g2. If g13 + g 23 = kabc ,
then k is equal to
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
2. If A1, A2 are the two A.M.s between two numbers a and b and G1, G2 be two G.M.s between same two
A1 + A 2
numbers, then =
G1 × G 2
a+b a+b 2ab ab

(A) (B) (C) (D)
ab 2ab a+b a+b
3. The arithmetic mean between two positive numbers is A and the geometric mean is G. Then these numbers are
(A) A2 - G 2 ± A (B)
1
( A2 + G2 + A ) (C) A ± A 2 - G 2 (D) None of these
2
4. The A.M., G.M. and H.M. of two positive numbers are x, y and z respectively. Then, which of the following is
true ?
(A) z < x < y (B) x < y < z (C) y < x < z (D) z < y < x
5. If a, b, c > 0 and a + b + c = 9, then a 4 b 2 c 3
(A) > 210 . 33 (B) < 210 . 33 (C) £ 210 . 33 (D) = 210.33
6. If ax = by = cz, where x, y, z are unequal positive numbers and a, b, c are in G.P., then x 3 + z3
(A) ³ 2y3 (B) £ 2y3 (C) > 2y3 (B) None of these
7. If a, b,cÎR + such that a + b + c = 18, then the maximum value of a 2 b3 c4 is equal to
(A) 218 .32 (B) 218.33 (C) 219.32 (D) 219.33
43
JEE-Mathem atics
8. If log3 (a + b) + log 3 ( g + d) ³ 2 , where a, b, g, d are positive real numbers, then the minimum value of
a + b + g + d is:-
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 6 (D) 9
9. If a + b + c = 6 where a, b, c Î R+then the maximum value of a3b2c is -
(A) 32 . 23 (B) 32 . 22 (C) 33 . 22 (D) 6
10. If a & b are real numbers such that 3a + 4b = 25, then minimum value of a2 + b2 is equal to -
(A) 1 (B) 5 (C) 25 (D) not defined
(a 2 + 3a +1)(b 2 + 4b +1)(c2 + 5c +1)

11. The minimum value of the quantity , where a, b and c are positive integers,
abc
is -
11.13.15
(A) 125 (B) 210 (C) 60 (D)
23
12. If a,b,c are distinct positive real numbers and 4a2 + 9b2 + c2 = 4, then 6ab + 3bc + 2ca is -
(A) equal to 4 (B) less than 4
(C) greater than 4 (D) any positive real number
11.0 ARITHMETICO - GEOMETRIC SERIES

A series, each term of which is formed by multiplying the corresponding term of an A.P. & G.P. is called the
2 3
Arithmetico-Geometric Series , e.g. 1+ 3x + 5x + 7x + .........
2 3
Here 1, 3, 5, ........ are in A.P. & 1, x, x , x ............. are in G.P.
(a) Sum of n terms of an Arithmetico-Geometric Series
Let S n = a + (a + d)r + (a + 2d)r 2 + .......... + [a + (n - 1)d]r n-1
a dr(1 - r n -1 ) [a + (n - 1)d] r n
then Sn = + - , r ¹1
1- r (1 - r)2 1-r
(b) Sum to Infinity
a dr
If 0 < r < 1 & n ® ¥ , then Lim r n = 0, S ¥ = +
n ®¥ 1 – r (1 – r)2
2 3 4 5
Illustration 17. Find the sum of series 4 – 9x + 16x – 25x + 36x – 49x + ......... ¥.
2 3 4 5
Solution Let S = 4 – 9x + 16x – 25x + 36x – 49x + ......... ¥
2 3 4 5
– Sx = – 4x + 9x – 16x + 25x – 36x + .......... ¥
On subtraction, we get
2 3 4 5
S(1 + x) = 4 – 5x + 7x – 9x + 11x – 13x +........ ¥
2 3 4 5
–S(1 + x)x = –4x + 5x – 7x + 9x – 11x +........ ¥
On subtraction, we get
2 2 3 4 5
S(1 + x) = 4 – x +2x – 2x + 2x – 2x +........ ¥
2 2 2x2 4 + 3x + x 2
= 4 – x + 2x (1 – x + x –..........¥) = 4 – x + =
1+ x 1+ x
4 + 3x + x 2
S= Ans.
(1 + x )3
44
Sequence & Series
2 3
æ 2n + 1ö æ 2n + 1 ö æ 2n + 1 ö
Illustration 18. Find the sum of series upto n terms çè ÷ + 3 çè ÷ + 5 çè ÷ + ......... .
2n - 1 ø 2n - 1 ø 2n - 1 ø
Solution For x ¹ 1, let

2 3 n –1 n
S = x + 3x + 5x + ....... + (2n – 3)x + (2n – 1)x ... (i)
2 3 n –1 n n+1
Þ xS = x + 3x + ....... + (2n – 5)x + (2n – 3)x + (2n – 1)x ... (ii)
Subtracting (ii) from (i), we get
2 3 n–1 n n+1
(1 – x)S = x +2x + 2x + ......... + 2x + 2x – (2n – 1)x
2x 2 (1 - x n -1 )
= x+ - (2n - 1)x n +1
1- x
x n n n+1
= [1 – x + 2x – 2x – (2n – 1)x + (2n – 1)x ]
1- x
x n+1 n
Þ S= [(2n–1)x – (2n + 1)x + 1 + x]
(1 - x ) 2
2 n
æ 2n + 1ö æ 2n + 1 ö æ 2n + 1 ö
Thus çè ÷ + 3 çè ÷ + ........ + (2n - 1) çè ÷
2n - 1 ø 2n - 1 ø 2n - 1 ø
æ 2n + 1 ö æ 2n - 1 ö é 2n + 1 ù
2 n+1 n
æ 2n + 1ö æ 2n + 1ö
= çè ÷ø çè ÷ø ê (2n - 1) çè ÷ø - (2n + 1) çè ÷ø + 1 + ú
2n - 1 2 ë 2n - 1 2n - 1 2n - 1 û
4n2 - 1 4n
= . = n(2n + 1) Ans.
4 2n - 1
12.0 SIGMA NOTATIONS ( S )

l Theorems
n n n n n n
(a) å (a
r =1
r ± b r ) = å a r ± å br
r =1 r =1
(b) åk a
r =1
r = kå a r
r =1
(c) å k = nk ; where k is a constant.
r =1
13.0 RESULTS
n
n(n + 1)
(a) år = (sum of the first n natural numbers)
r= 1 2
n
n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
(b) å r2 =
6
(sum of the squares of the first n natural numbers)
r =1
2
n
n2 (n + 1)2 é n ù
(c) år 3
=
4
= ê å r ú (sum of the cubes of the first n natural numbers)
r =1 ë r =1 û
n
n
(d) år 4
=
30
(n + 1)(2n + 1)(3n2 + 3n - 1)
r =1
(e) å (2r - 1) = n 2
(sum of first n odd natural numbers)
r =1
(f) å 2r = n(n + 1) (sum of first n even natural numbers)

r =1
45
JEE-Mathem atics
13 13 + 23 13 + 23 + 33
Illustration 19. Sum up to 16 terms of the series + + + ..... is
1 1+3 1+3+5
(A) 450 (B) 456 (C) 446 (D) none of these
ïì n ( n + 1) ïü
2
n2 ( n + 1)
2
í ý
13 + 23 + 33 + .... + n3
= îï 2 ïþ
= 4 =
( n + 1)2 = n2 + n + 1
Solution tn =
n n2 4 4 2 4
1 + 3 + 5 + .... (2n - 1)
2
{2 + 2 ( n - 1)}
1 2 1 1 1 n ( n + 1)(2n + 1) 1 n ( n + 1) 1
\ S n = St n = Sn + Sn + S1 = . + . + .n
4 2 4 4 6 2 2 4
16.17.33 16.17 16
\ S16 = + + = 446 Ans. (C)
24 4 4
1 3 7 15
1. The sum to n terms of the series + + + + ..... is given by
2 4 8 16
(A) 2n - 1 (B) 2n - n - 1 (C) 2- n + n - 1 (D) 1 - 2- n
3 5 7
2. The sum to n terms of the series 2
+ 2 2
+ 2 + ......... is
1 1 +2 1 + 2 2 + 32
3n 6n 9n 12n
(A) (B) (C) (D)
n +1 n +1 n +1 n +1
3.
3 3 3
(3 3
) ( ) (
The sum of 3 - 2 + 5 - 4 + 7 - 6 + .... to 10 brackets is
3
)
n
ì s
ü
4. If å íîå r ýþ = an
s =1 r =1
3
+ bn2 + cn , then
1 1 1
(A) a = ,b= ,c= (B) a = 1, b = 2, c = 3
6 2 3
1 1 1
(C) a = - , b = , c = - (D) a = –1, b = 2, c = –3
6 2 3
5. Sum to 20 terms of the series 1.32 + 2.52 + 3.7 2 + .... is

6. The consecutive odd integers whose sum is 452 – 212 are -
(A) 43, 45, ......., 75 (B) 43, 45, ........, 79 (C) 43, 45, ......., 85 (D) 43, 45, ......., 89
46
Sequence & Series
7. 1 + 2.2 + 3.22 + 4.23 + .... + n.2 n -1 =
(A) 1 + (1 + n ) 2 n (B) 1 - (1 + n ) 2n (C) 1 - (1 - n ) 2n (D) None of these
1 1 1 p
8. If + + + ...... (upto 'n' terms) = sec , then the number of terms in sequence -
2+ 5 5+ 8 8 + 11 4
9. Sum to infinity of the series 1 + 22 x + 32 x 2 + 42 x 3 + ... to ¥, | x |< 1 is
1+ x 1- x 2+ x
(1 - x ) (1 + x ) (1 - x )
3 3 3
10. Sum 1 + 3x + 5x2 + 7x3 + 9x4 + ....... to infinity is (x < 1)
1+ x 1- x 1- x 1+ x
(A) 2 (B) (C) (D)
(1 - x) (1 + x)2 (1 + x) (1 - x )
11. Sum of first 8 terms of sereis 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + .......is.

2 3
2 2 2
28 - 5 26 - 5 26 + 5 28 + 5
(A) (B) (C) (D)
26 26 26 26
12. The sum of first 8 terms of the series, whose rth term is (2r + 1)2r, is
(A) 2(212 - 28 + 1) (B) (212 - 28 + 1) (C) (212 - 28 - 1) (D) 2(212 - 28 - 1)
MATRIX MATCH TYPE QUESTIONS

Match the entries of column- I with one or more entries of the elements of column - II.
13. Column - I contains different addition of series up to ¥ terms and Column - II contains general expression
of addition. (where |x| < 1, x ¹ 0).
Column – I Column – II
1- x
(A) Sum of 2 + 5x + 10x2 + 17x3 + 26x4 + ................ (p) .

(1 + x) 2
1
(B) Sum of 1 – 3x + 5x2 – 7x3 + 9x4 – 11x5 + ............ (q)
(1 - x)2
2 - x + x2
(C) Sum of 1 + 2x + 3x2 + 4x3 + 5x4 + ...................... (r)
(1 - x)3
1
(D) Sum of 1 + 3x + 6x2 + 10x3 + 15x4 + .................. (s)
(1 - x)3
47
JEE-Mathem atics
14.0 METHOD OF DIFFERENCE

th
Some times the n term of a sequence or a series can not be determined by the method, we have discussed
th
earlier. So we compute the difference between the successive terms of given sequence for obtained the n terms.
If T1, T2, T3,........,Tn are the terms of a sequence then some times the terms T2– T1, T3– T2,......... constitute
th
an AP/GP. n term of the series is determined & the sum to n terms of the sequence can easily be obtained.
l Case–1
(a) If difference series are in A.P., then
2
Let Tn = an + bn + c, where a, b, c are constant
(b) If difference of difference series are in A.P.
3 2
Let Tn = an + bn + cn + d, where a, b, c, d are constant
l Case–2
(a) If difference are in G.P., then

n
Let Tn = ar + b, where r is common ratio & a, b are constant
(b) If difference of difference are in G.P., then
n
Let Tn = ar + bn + c, where r is common ratio & a, b, c are constant
Determine constant by putting n = 1, 2, 3 ....... n and putting the value of T 1, T2, T3 ......
and sum of series (Sn) = å Tn
th 3 2
l If n term of a sequence is given by Tn = an + bn + cn + d where a, b, c, d are constants,
3 2
then sum of n terms Sn = STn = aSn + bSn + cSn + Sd
This can be evaluated using the above results.
1. Find 1 – 3 + 5 – 7 + 9 – 11 + ........... to n terms.

2. Find the sum of the integers between 1 and 200 which are .
(i) multiples of 3 (ii) multiples of 7
(iii) multiples of 3 and 7 (iv) multiples of 3 or 7

(v) Find the sum of all integers from 1 to 200 which are not multiples of 3 or 7
3. The sum of three numbers in A.P. is 12 and the sum of their cubes is 408, find them.
4. Sum to n terms of the series 2 + 5 + 14 + 41 + ..... is
n 1 n n 3 n n 1 n
(A) + ( 3 - 1) (B) + ( 3 - 1) (C) + ( 3 - 1) (D) None of these
2 4 2 4 2 2
12 12 + 22 12 + 22 + 32 1
5. If Sp = + + + ........p terms and if Sp + Sq – Sr + = 0, then smallest possible value
1.2 2.3 3.4 6
of p + q + r is -
(A) 9 (B) 12 (C) 16 (D) 25
48
Sequence & Series
2 22 32 42 52 62
6. Sum of 1 - + - + - + ........... upto ¥ is
5 52 53 54 55
54 24 25
25 25 54
7. Sum of 9 + 16 + 29 + 54 + 103 + ............. upto 8 terms is
8. Sum of 1.3 + 3.32 + 5.33 + 7.34 + 9.35 + ....... upto 10 terms is
(A) 311 + 3 (B) 312 + 3 (C) 313 + 3 (D) None of these
1
2 3
9*. In the nth row of the triangle 4 5 6 .
7 8 9 10
.......................................
.......................................
1 1 2
(A) Last term =
2
n ( n + 1) (B) First term =
2
(n - n + 2)
1
(C) Sum = n ( n 2 + 1) (D) Sum = n 2 ( n + 1)
2
10*. If å r ( r + 1)( 2r + 3) = an
r =1
4
+ bn3 + cn 2 + dn + e, then
(A) a = 1/2 (B) b = 8/3 (C) c = 9/2 (D) e = 0
n ( n + 1)
2
11. The sum of first n terms of the series 1 + 2.2 + 3 + 2.4 + 5 + 2.6 + .... is
2 2 2 2 2 2 when n is even. when
2
n is odd the sum is
é n ( n + 1) ù
2
n ( n + 1) 3n ( n + 1)
2 2
n 2 (n + 1)
(A) (B) (C) (D) ê ú
4 2 2 ë 2 û
12. Sum the following series to n terms and to infinity:
1 1 1 n
1
(i) + +
1.4.7 4.7.10 7.10.13
+ ........ (ii) å 4r
r =1
2
-1
13. Sum the following series to n terms : å r (r + 1)(r + 2)(r + 3)

r =1
14. Column – I Column – II

(A) Sum of 4 + 14 + 30 + 52 + 80 + ............... upto 10 terms is (p) 91000
(B) Sum of 2 + 12 + 36 + 80 + 150 + ............. upto 10 terms is (q) 4290
(C) Sum of 1.2.3 + 2.3.4 + 3.4.5 + ................. upto 10 terms is (r) 3410
(D) Sum of 1.4.7 + 4.7.10 + 7.10.13 + ........... upto 10 terms is (s) 1210
49
JEE-Mathem atics
SOME WORKED OUT ILLUSTRATIONS

n n
n 1
Illustration 1. If å Tr = 8 (n + 1)(n + 2)(n + 3) , then find å T .
r =1 r =1 r
Solution Q T n = Sn – Sn – 1
n n -1
= å Tr - å Tr
r =1 r =1
n(n + 1)(n + 2)(n + 3) (n - 1)n(n + 1)(n + 2)

= -
8 8
n(n + 1)(n + 2) n(n + 1)(n + 2) n(n + 1)(n + 2)
= [(n + 3) - (n - 1)] Tn = (4) =
8 8 2
1 2 (n + 2) - n 1 1
Þ = = = - .... (i)
Tn n(n + 1)(n + 2) n(n + 1)(n + 2) n(n + 1) (n + 1)(n + 2)
1
Let Vn =
n(n + 1)
1
\ = Vn - Vn +1
Tn
Putting n = 1, 2, 3, .... n
1 1 1 1
n
1 n2 + 3n
Þ + + + ....... + = (V1 - Vn +1 ) Þ å T 2(n + 1)(n + 2)
=
T1 T2 T3 Tn r =1 r
Illustration 2. Find the sum of n terms of the series 1 . 3 . 5 + 3 . 5 . 7 + 5 . 7 . 9 + .......

th
Solution The n term is (2n – 1)(2n + 1)(2n + 3)
Tn = (2n – 1) (2n + 1) (2n + 3 )
1
Tn = (2n–1) (2n + 1) (2n + 3) {(2n + 5) – (2n – 3)}
8
1
= (Vn - Vn -1 ) [Let Vn
8
= (2n – 1) (2n + 1) (2n + 3) (2n + 5)]
1
S n = å Tn = [Vn - V0 ]
8
(2n - 1)(2n + 1)(2n + 3)(2n + 5) 15
3 2
\ Sn = + = n (2n + 8n + 7n – 2) Ans.
8 8
Illustration 3. Find the sum of n terms of the series 3 + 7 + 14 + 24 + 37 + ..........

Solution Clearly here the differences between the successive terms are
7 – 3, 14 – 7, 24 – 14, ........ i.e. 4, 7, 10, 13,........., which are in A.P.
Let S = 3 + 7 + 14 + 24 + ........ + Tn
S= 3 + 7 + 14 + ....... + Tn – 1 + Tn
Subtracting, we get
0 = 3 + [4 + 7 + 10 + 13 +........ (n –1) terms] – Tn
\ Tn = 3 + Sn – 1 of an A.P. whose a = 4 and d = 3.
æ n - 1ö 6 + (n - 1)(3n + 2) 1
or, Tn = (3n - n + 4 )
2
\ Tn = 3 + ç ÷ (2.4 + (n - 2)3) =
è 2 ø 4 2
Now putting n = 1, 2, 3,........, n and adding
50
Sequence & Series
\ Sn =
1
[ 3 å n2 - å n + 4n] = 1 êé3 n(n + 1)(2n + 1) - n(n + 1) + 4n úù = n (n2 + n + 4)
2 2ë 6 2 û 2
Ans.
Aliter Method
2
Let Tn = an + bn + c
Now, T1 = 3 = a + b + c .....(i)
T2 = 7 = 4a + 2b + c .....(ii)
T3 = 14 = 8a + 3 b + c .....(iii)
Solving (i), (ii) & (iii) we get
3 1
a = ,b = - & c = 2
2 2
1
\ Tn = (3n2 - n + 4)
2
Þ sn = STn =
1
[3 å n2 - å n + 4n ] = 1 éê3 n(n + 1)(2n + 1) - n(n + 1) + 4n ùú = n (n2 + n + 4)
2 2ë 6 2 û 2
Ans.
Illustration 4. Find the sum of n-terms of the series 1 + 4 + 10 + 22 + .....
Solution Let S = 1 + 4 + 10 + 22 +.......+ Tn ... (i)
S = 1 + 4 + 10 + ....... + Tn – 1 + Tn .... (ii)
(i) – (ii) Þ Tn = 1 + (3 + 6 + 12 + ........ + Tn – Tn – 1)
æ 2n -1 - 1 ö
Tn = 1 + 3 çè ÷
2 -1 ø
n–1
Tn = 3 . 2 –2
n–1
So Sn = STn = 3S2 – S2
æ 2n - 1ö n
= 3 çè ÷ –2n = 3.2 – 2n – 3 Ans.
2 -1 ø
Aliter Method
n
Let Tn = ar + b, where r = 2
Now T1 = 1 = ar + b ....(i)
2
T2 = 4 = ar + b ....(ii)
Solving (i) & (ii), we get
3 n–1
a = ,b = -2 \Tn = 3.2 –2
2
n–1
Þ Sn = STn = 3S2 – S2
æ 2n - 1ö n
= 3 çè ÷ –2n = 3.2 – 2n – 3 Ans.
2 -1 ø
Illustration 5. The series of natural numbers is divided into groups (1), (2, 3, 4), (5, 6, 7, 8, 9) ....... and so on.
th 3 3
Show that the sum of the numbers in n group is n + (n – 1)
Solution The groups are (1), (2, 3, 4), (5, 6, 7, 8, 9) .......
The number of terms in the groups are 1, 3, 5......

51
JEE-Mathem atics
th
\ The number of terms in the n group = (2n – 1)
th 2
the last term of the n group is n
If we count from last term common difference should be –1
th æ 2n - 1 ö
So the sum of numbers in the n group = ç
è 2 ø
2
÷ 2n + (2n - 2)( -1) { }
2 3 2 3 3
= (2n – 1)(n – n + 1) = 2n – 3n + 3n – 1 = n + (n – 1)
n
Illustration 6. Find the natural number 'a' for which å ƒ(a + k) = 16(2 n
- 1) , where the function ƒ satisfied
k =1
ƒ(x+y) = ƒ(x). ƒ(y) for all natural number x,y and further ƒ(1) = 2.
Solution It is given that
ƒ (x+y) = ƒ (x) ƒ (y) and ƒ (1) = 2
2 3
ƒ (1+1) =ƒ (1) ƒ (1) Þ ƒ (2) = 2 , ƒ (1+2) = ƒ (1) ƒ (2) Þ ƒ (3) = 2 , ƒ (2 + 2) = ƒ (2) ƒ
4
(2) Þ ƒ (4) = 2
k a
Similarly ƒ (k) = 2 and ƒ (a) = 2
n n n n
Hence , å ƒ(a + k) = å ƒ(a)ƒ(k) = ƒ(a)å ƒ(k) = 2 å 2 k =1

a
k =1
k a 1 2
=2 {2 + 2 + .........+2 }
n
k =1 k =1
ì 2 (2n - 1) ü
= 2a í ý = 2a+1(2n–1)
î 2 -1 þ
n
But å f(a + k) = 16(2 n
- 1)
k =1
a+1 n n
2 (2 –1) = 16 (2 –1)
a+1 4
\ 2 =2
\ a+1 = 4 Þ a=3 Ans.
52
Sequence & Series
SINGLE CORRECT
1. The maximum value of the sum of the A.P. 50, 48, 46, 44, .................... is -
(A) 325 (B) 648 (C) 650 (D) 652
2. A particle begins at the origin and moves successively in the
following manner as shown, 1 unit to the right, 1/2 unit up, 1/4 unit to the right, 1/8 unit down, 1/16 unit to the
right etc. The length of each move is half the length of the previous move and movement continues in the
‘zigzag’ manner indefinitely. The co-ordinates of the point to which the ‘zigzag’ converges is -
1/4
1/8
1 1/2 1/16
x
0
(A) (4/3, 2/3) (B) (4/3, 2/5) (C) (3/2, 2/3) (D) (2, 2/5)
100 100
3.
th
Let an be the n term of a G.P. of positive numbers. Let å a2n = a & å a2n -1 = b such that a ¹ b . Then
n =1 n =1
the common ratio of the G.P. is -
a b a b
(A) (B) (C) (D)
b a b a
4. If p, q, r in harmonic progression and p & r be different having same sign then the roots of the equation
2
px + qx + r = 0 are -
(A) real and equal (B) real and distinct (C) irrational (D) imaginary
1 1 1
5. If x > 1, y > 1, z >1 are in G.P., then , , are in -
1 + ln x 1 + ln y 1 + ln z
(A) A.P. (B) H.P. (C) G.P. (D) none of above
6. If ln (a + c) , ln (c – a), ln (a – 2b + c) are in A.P., then :

2 2 2
(A) a, b, c are in A.P. (B) a , b , c are in A.P
(C) a, b, c are in G.P. (D) a, b, c are in H.P.
Node-1\Target-2020-21\1.JEE(M+A)\M odule\Nurture\English\Maths\02. NM -2\1.Sequence & Series\Ex.
2
7. The sum of roots of the equation ax + bx + c = 0 is equal to the sum of squares of their reciprocals. Then
2 2 2
bc , ca and ab are in -
(A) AP (B) GP (C) HP (D) none of these
8. The quadratic equation whose roots are the A.M. and H.M. between the roots of the equation,
2
2x – 3x + 5 = 0 is -
2 2
(A) 4x – 25x + 10 = 0 (B) 12x – 49x + 30 = 0
2 2
(C) 14x – 12x + 35 = 0 (D) 2x + 3x + 5 = 0
9. If the sum of the first n natural numbers is 1/5 times the sum of the their squares, then the value of n is -
(A) 5 (B) 6 (C) 7 (D) 8
10. Suppose p is the first of n(n > 1) AM's between two positive numbers a and b, then value of p is -
na + b na - b nb + a nb - a
(A) (B) (C) (D)
n +1 n +1 n +1 n +1
53
JEE-Mathem atics
1 1 1 1
11. If + + + = 0 and a, b, c are not in A.P., then -
a a - 2b c c - 2b
b b
(A) a, b, c are in G.P. (B) a, , c are in A.P. (C) a, ,c are in H.P. (D) a, 2b, c are in H.P.
2 2
1 1 1 4
1 1 1
12. If 4
+ 4 + 4 + ........ + to ¥ = p , then 4 + 4 + 4 + ...... + to ¥ is equals to -
1 2 3 90 1 3 5
p4 p4 89 p4
(A) (B) (C) (D) none of these
96 45 90
æ 5c ö æ 3b ö æ a ö
13. If a, b, c are positive numbers in G.P. and log ç ÷ , log ç ÷ and log ç ÷ are in A.P., then a, b, c forms the
è a ø è 5c ø è 3b ø
sides of a triangle which is -
(A) equilateral (B) right angled (C) isosceles (D) none of these
14. Let a = 1 1 1 ... 1 (55 digits),
b = 1 + 10 + 102 +...+ 104 ,
c = 1 + 105 + 1010 + 1015 +.... + 1050 , then
(A) a = b + c (B) a = bc (C) b = ac (D) c = ab
¥ ¥
1
15. If a = å
1
r4
, then å (2r - 1)
r =1
4 =
r =1
16 a 15 14
(A) a (B) (C) a (D) a
15 2 16 15
n n
16. If år
r =1
2
= 2870 , then år
r =1
3
=

¥ ¥ ¥
17. If a, b, c are proper fractions and are in H.P. and x = å a n , y = å bn , z = å cn , then x, y, z are in
n =1 n =1 n =1

n
1
18. å log
r =1 4
is equal to
2r
n(n + 1) n(n + 1)
(A) (B) (C) n(n + 1) (D) None of these
4 2
1 1 1
19. Sum of the series S = 1 + (1 + 2 ) + (1 + 2 + 3) + (1 + 2 + 3 + 4 ) + .... upto 20 terms is
2 3 4
(A) 110 (B) 111 (C) 115 (D) 116
20. If l, m, n be the three positive roots of the equation x 3 - ax 2 + bx - 48 = 0 then the minimum value of
1 2 3
+ + equals
l m n
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3/2 (D) 5/2
54
Sequence & Series
21. If x > 0, and log 2 x + log 2 ( x ) + log ( x ) + log ( x ) + log ( x ) + .... = 4 then x equals
2
4
2
8
2
16
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 5

22. Let a1, a2, a3, .......be in arithmetic progression and g1, g2, g3, ............... be in geometric progression. If a1= 2
= g1 and a10 = 3 = g10, then the value of ( a 7g19 + a19g 28 ) equals

(A) 17 (B) 39 (C) 21 (D) 23
23. Consider an A.P. with first term ‘a’ and the common difference d. Let Sk denote the sum of the first K terms.
S kx
Let S is independent of x, then -
x
(A) a = d/2 (B) a = d (C) a = 2d (D) none of these

3 2
24. Let a, b, g be the roots of the equation x + 3ax + 3bx + c = 0. If a, b, g are in H.P. then b is equal to -
(A) – c/b (B) c/b (C) – a (D) a
2 2 2
25. If a, b and c are distinct positive real numbers and a + b + c = 1, then ab + bc + ca is -
(A) equal to 1 (B) less than 1 (C) greater than 1 (D) any real number
+ 3 3 4 5
26. Let p, q, r Î R and 27 pqr ³ (p + q + r) and 3p + 4q + 5r = 12 then p + q + r is equal to -
27.
2 3
If a, b, c are positive such that ab c = 64 then least value of
FG 1 + 2 + 3IJ is -
H a b cK
(A) 6 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 32
+
28. If a 1, a 2 ,..................a n Î R and a 1 .a 2 ....... an = 1 then the least value of
(1 + a1 + a12 )(1 + a 2 + a22 ).....(1 + a n + a2n ) is -
n n 3n
(A) 3 (B) n3 (C) 3 (D) data inadequate
29. Let a1, a2, ......., a10 be in A.P. & h1, h2, .......h10 be in H.P. . If a1= h1 = 2 & a10 = h10 = 3 then a4h7 is -
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 5 (D) 6
å
¥
(2r - 1)
FG 9 IJ r
30.
r= 1
H 11K is equal to -
(A) 45 (B) 55
(C) sum of first nine natural numbers (D) sum of first ten natural numbers
31. For the A.P. given by a1, a2, ............., an, ........, with non-zero common difference, the equations satisfied are-
(A) a1 + 2a2 + a3 = 0 (B) a1 – 2a2 + a3 = 0
(C) a1 + 3a2 – 3a3 – a4 = 0 (D) a1 – 4a2 + 6a3 – 4a4 + a5 = 0
32. If the AM of two positive numbers be three times their geometric mean then the ratio of the numbers is -
(3 - 2 2 )
-2
(A) 3 ± 2 2 (B) 2 ±1 (C) 17 + 12 2 (D)
33. Let a, x, b be in A.P. ; a, y, b be in G.P. and a, z, b be in H.P. If x = y + 2 and a = 5z then -
2 9 1
(A) y = xz (B) x > y > z (C) a = 9, b = 1 (D) a = ,b=
4 4
55
JEE-Mathem atics
th th
34. The p term Tp of H.P. is q(q + p) and q term Tq is p(p + q) when p > 1, q > 1, then -
(A) Tp + q = pq (B) Tpq = p + q (C) Tp + q > Tpq (D) Tpq > Tp+q
35. a, b, c are three distinct real numbers, which are in G.P. and a + b + c = xb, then -
(A) x < –1 (B) –1 < x < 2 (C) 2 < x < 3 (D) x > 3
2 th
36. If sum of n terms of a sequence is given by S n = 3n – 5n + 7 & tr represents its r term, then -
(A) t7 = 34 (B) t2 = 7 (C) t10 = 34 (D) t8 = 40
1
37. If 10 harmonic means H1, H2, H3 ......... H10 are inserted between 7 and – , then -
3
3 1 7
(A) H1 = –7 (B) H2 = (C) H1 = – (D) H10 = -
7 7 19
th
38. If tn be the n term of the series 1 + 3 + 7 + 15 + ........, then -
7 10 50
(A) t5 + 1 = 32 (B) t7 = 2 + 1 (C) t10 = 2 – 1 (D) t100 = 2 + 1
p ¥ ¥ ¥
39. Indicate the correct alternative(s), for 0 < f < , if x = å cos2n f, y = å sin2n f and z = å cos2n f sin2n f ,
2 n=0 n =0 n =0
then -
(A) xyz = xz + y (B) xyz = xy + z (C) xyz = x + y + z (D) xyz = yz + x
40. If b1 , b 2 , b3 (b1 > 0) are three successive terms of a GP with common ratio r, the value of r for which the
inequality b3 > 4b 2 - 3b1 holds is given by
(A) r > 3 (B) r < 1 (C) r = 3.5 (D) r = 5.2
56
Sequence & Series

Comprehension–1
There are 4n + 1 terms in a sequence of which first 2n + 1 are in Arithmetic Progression and last 2n + 1 are in
Geometric Progression the common difference of Arithmetic Progression is 2 and common ratio of Geometric
Progression is 1/2. The middle term of the Arithmetic Progression is equal to middle term of Geometric Progression.
Let middle term of the sequence is T m and Tm is the sum of infinite Geometric Progression whose sum of first two
FG 5 IJ 2
9
terms is
H 4K n and ratio of these terms is
16
.
On the basis of above information, answer the following questions
1. Number of terms in the given sequence is equal to -

(A) 9 (B) 17 (C) 13 (D) none
2. Middle term of the given sequence, i.e. Tm is equal to -

(A) 16/7 (B) 32/7 (C) 48/7 (D) 16/9
3. First term of given sequence is equal to -

(A) –8/7, –20/7 (B) –36/7 (C) 36/7 (D) 48/7
4. Middle term of given A. P. is equal to -

(A) 6/7 (B) 10/7 (C) 78/7 (D) 11
5. Sum of the terms of given A. P. is equal to -

(A) 6/7 (B) 7 (C) 3 (D) 6
Comprehension–2
If a i > 0, i = 1, 2, 3, ..... n and m 1, m 2 , m 3 , ....., m n be positive rational numbers, then
æ m1a1 + m2 a2 + ..... + mn a n ö
( )
1 /(m1 + m2 + .....m n ) (m1 + m2 + .... + mn)
ç ÷ ³ a1m1 a2m2 .....am
n
n
³
è m1 + m2 + .... + mn ø m1 m2 m
+ + ... + n
a1 a2 an
is called weighted mean theorem
m1a1 + m2 a2 + .... + m n a n
where A* = = Weighted arithmetic mean
m1 + m2 + .... + m n
( )
1 /(m1 + m2 + .... + m n )
G* = a m1 a m2 ....am
n
n = Weighted geometric mean
1 2
m1 + m2 + ..... + m n
and H* = = Weighted harmonic mean
m1 m 2 m
+ + .... n
a1 a2 an
i.e., A* ³ G* ³ H*
2 3
Now, let a + b + c = 5(a, b, c > 0) and x y = 243(x > 0, y > 0)
On the basis of above information, answer the following questions
3
6. The greatest value of ab c is -
(A) 3 (B) 9 (C) 27 (D) 81
57
JEE-Mathem atics
7. Which statement is correct -
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
(A) ³ (B) ³ (C) ³ (D) ³
5 1 3 1 25 1 9 1 5 1 9 1 25 1 6 1
+ + + + + + + +
a b c a b c a b c a b c
2
8. The least value of x + 3y + 1 is -
(A) 15 (B) greater than 15 (C) 3 (D) less than 15
9. Which statement is correct -
2x + 3y 5 2x + 3y 5xy
(A) ³ 3³ 3 2 (B) ³3³
5 + 5 3x + 2y
x y
2x + 3y 5xy 2x + 3y 5xy
(C) ³ 3³ (D) ³3³
5 3x + 4y 5 2x + 3y
Match the column

Following questions contains statements given in two columns, which have to be matched. The statements in
10. Column-I Column-II

(A) If ai's are in A.P. and a1 + a3 + a4 + a5 + a7 = 20, a4 (p) 21
is equal to
(B) Sum of an infinite G.P. is 6 and it's first term is 3. (q) 4
then harmonic mean of first and third terms of G.P. is
3 2
(C) If roots of the equation x – ax + bx + 27= 0, are in G.P. (r) 24
with common ratio 2, then a + b is equal to
4 3 2
(D) If the roots of x – 8x + ax + bx + 16 = 0 are (s) 6/5
positive real numbers then a is

th 2
(A) n term of the series 4, 11, 22, 37, 56, 79,....... (p) 2n + n
2 2 2 2 2
(B) |1 – 2 + 3 – 4 .......... 2n terms| is equal to (q) 2n + n + 1
2
(C) sum to n terms of the series 3, 7, 11, 15,....... is (r) – (n + n)
n 1 2
(D) coefficient of x in 2x(x – 1)(x – 2) ......... (x – n) is (s) (n + n)
2
58
Sequence & Series
1
(A) If three unequal numbers a, b, c are A.P. and b – a, c – b, (p)
3
a 3 + b 3 + c3
a are in G.P., then is equal to (q) 1
3abc
(B) Let x be the arithmetic mean and y, z be two geometric means (r) 2
y3 + z 3
between any two positive numbers, then is equal to (s) 3
xyz
(C) If a, b, c be three positive numbers which form three successive (t) 4

terms of a G.P. and c > 4b –3a, then the common ratio of the
G.P. can be equal to
æ1 1 1ö
(A) If a, b, c be positive numbers then (a + b + c) ç + + ÷ (p) 4
èa b cø
must be greater than or equal to
(B) If h be the H.M. and g be the G.M. of two positive numbers a (q) 9
a
and b such that h : g = 4 : 5, then can be equal to
b
¥
1 n
1
(C) If S = å r and Sn + 1 = å2 r and S – Sn + 1 < 10–3 then n is (r) 10
r =0 2 r =0
greater than or equal to
(D) If (1 + x)(1 + x2)(1 + x4)(1 + x8)......(1 + x128) = åx

r =0
r
(s) 255
then n is equal to
INTEGER / SUBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS

n n
14. Find the value of the sum å å d rs 2r 3s where drs is zero if r ¹ s & drs is one if r = s.
r = 1s = 1
n i j
15. Find the sum of infinite series å å å 1.
i =1 j =1 k =1
1.3 3 .5 5 .7 7.9
16. The sum of the infinite series + 2 + 3 + 4 + .......... ¥ .
2 2 2 2
59
JEE-Mathem atics
2 3
æ 1ö æ 1ö æ 1ö
17. Find the sum of the first n terms of the series : 1 + 2 ç 1 + ÷ + 3 ç1 + ÷ + 4 ç 1 + ÷ + .........
è nø è nø è nø
+
18. If a, b, c Î R & a + b + c = 1; then show that (1 – a)(1 – b)(1 – c) ³ 8abc
19. If exp {( sin 2

}
x + sin 4 x + sin 6 x + .....upto ¥ ) log e 2 satisfies the equation x 2 - 17 x + 16 = 0 then value of
2cos x
( 0 < x < p / 2) is ?
sin x + 2cos x
¥
æ n ö
20. The sum å çè n 4 + 4 ÷ø equals
n =1
21. Let the equation x 4 - 16x 3 + px 2 - 256x + q = 0 has 4 positive real roots in G.P., then find (p + q).
22. Compute the sum of the series (20)3 - (19)3 + (18)3 - (17)3 + ..... + 23 - 13.
¥
n2
23. Evaluate the sum å
n =1 6n
.
24. If the roots of 10x3 – cx2 – 54x – 27 = 0 are in harmonic progression, then find c & all the roots.
25. The sequence a1, a2 , a3,........a98 satisfies the relation an + 1 = an + 1 for n = 1, 2, 3, .....97 and has the sum
49
equal to 4949. Evaluate åa

k =1
2k .
60
Sequence & Series
Very Short Answer

1. Find the sum of 10 terms of the G.P. 1, 1/2, 1/4, 1/8..
2. The sum of an infinite G.P. is 8, its second term is 2, find the first term.
3. How many terms are there in the sequence 3,6,9,12, ..... ,111
4. Find the A.M. between 12 and – 8
5. Write the common difference of an A.P. whose nth term is xn + y.
6. Which term of the G.P. 5, 10, 20, 40, ..... is 5120
3 1 1 2
7. Find the 10th term of G.P. – , , - , ,......
4 2 3 9
1 1
8. Find nth term of the G.P. 3, , ,.......
3 3 3
1
9. If a is the G.M. of 2 and ,find a.
4
Short Answer
1 1 1 1
10. Write the sum to n terms of the series 1.2 + 2.3 + 3.4 + .... + n(n + 1) .
11. Let Sk be the sum of first k terms of an A.P., whose first term is ‘a’. What must this progression be for the ratio
Skx
Sx to be independent of x ?
12. If a, b, c are in A.P., then prove that :

(a – c)2 = 4(b2 – ac)
13. If pth, qth and rth terms of an A.P. as well as a G.P. are a, b and c resepctively.
Prove that ab – c bc – a ca – b = 1
14. If the sum of three numbers in G.P. is 38 and their product is 1728, find them.
15. If a and b are the roots of x2 – 3x + p = 0 and c, d are the roots x2 – 12x + q = 0, where a, b, c, d form a
G.P. Prove that (q + p) : (q – p) = 17 : 15.
16. Find the four numbers in A.P., whose sum is 50 and in which the greatest number is 4 times the least.
17. Find the sum of all three digit natural numbers, which are divisible by 7.
18. If pth, qth and rth terms of an A.P. are a,b,c respectively, then show that
(a – b) r + (b – c)p + (c – a) q = 0
a b c
19. The sum of the first p,q,r terms of an A.P. are a,b,c respectively. Show that p (q - r) + q (r - p) + r (p - q) = 0
Long Answer
20. If the first and the nth terms of a G.P. are a and b respectively and if P is the product of the first n terms, prove
that P2 = (ab)n.
21. Sum the series x(x + y) + x2 (x2 + y2) + x3(x3 + y3) + ....... to n terms
61
JEE-Mathem atics
ANSWER KEY
BEGINNER'S BOX-1
1. 3,9,19,33, . . . No. 2. 1, 2, 3, 5, 8 3. 17 4. –5
5. 33 7. (C)
4
8. First term = 3, common difference = 2 9. 69 10.
5
1 1
13. 8 terms, 1 ,3,4. ,... 14. (A) 15. (A) 16. (A)
2 2
BEGINNER'S BOX-2
5. 4, 9, 14 6. 15 7. (B) 8. (C) 9. (A)
12. 11 13. 12
BEGINNER'S BOX-3
1. (B) 2. (D) 3. (D) 4. (A) 5. (D) 6. (B)
7. (B) 8. (A) 9. (A) 10. (B) 11. (D) 12. (C)
13. (C) 14. (A) 15. (B) 16. (A)
BEGINNER'S BOX-4
1. (B) 2. (D) 3. (A) 4. (C) 5. (B) 6. (C)
7. (C) 8. (A) 9. (A,B) 10. (B) 11. (A)
BEGINNER'S BOX-5
1. (B) 2. (A) 3. (C) 4. (D) 5. (C) 6. (C)
7. (D) 8. (C) 9. (C) 10. (C) 11. (B) 12. (B)
BEGINNER'S BOX-6
1. (C) 2. (B) 3. (A) 4. (A) 5. (C) 6. (D)
7. (C) 8. (A) 9. (A) 10. (A) 11. (A) 12. (A)
13. (A – R; B – P; C – Q; D – S )
BEGINNER'S BOX-7
1. –n(if n is even) & n( if n is odd)
2. (i) 6633 (ii) 2842 (iii) 945 (iv) 8530 (v) 11570
3. 1,4,7 4. (B) 5. (A) 6. (C) 7. (D)
8. (C) 9. (ABC) 10. (ABCD) 11. (B)
12. (i) Sn = (1/24) - [1/{6(3n + 1) (3n + 4)}]; S¥ = (1/24) , (ii) n/(2n + 1) , S¥ =1/2
13. [n (n + 1) (n + 2) (n + 3) (n + 4)]/5
14. (A – S; B – R; C – Q; D – P)
EXERCISE -1 (SINGLE CORRECT & MORE THAN ONE OPTION CORRECT)
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. C B A D B D A B C A
Que. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. D A D B C A C A C C
Que. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Ans. C B A A B C C A D AC
Que. 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
Ans. BD CD ABC ABC AD AD AD AC BC ABCD
62
Sequence & Series
EXERCISE -2 (MISCELLANEOUS)
Comprehension # 1 : 1.C 2.C 3.B 4.A 5.D
Comprehension # 2 : 6.C 7.C 8.B 9.B
l Match the Column 10. (A) ® (q), (B) ® (s), (C) ® (p), (D) ® (r)
11. (A) ® (q), (B) ® (p), (C) ® (p), (D) ® (r)
12. (A) ® (r), (B) ® (r), (C) ® (p,t)
13. (A) ® (p,q), (B) ® (p), (C) ® (r,s), (D) ® (s)
l Integer/Subjective Type Questions
6 n
14. (6 - 1) 15. [n(n+1)(n+2)]/6 16. 23
5
2 1 3
17. n 19. 20. 21. 352 22. 4300
2 8
42
23. S= 24. C = 9; (3, –3/2, –3/5) 25. 2499
125
NCERT CORNER
æ 210 - 1ö (1024 - 1) 1023

1. S10 = 2 ç 10 ÷ = = 2. 4. 3. n = 37
è 2 ø 512 512
8
1 æ 2ö
4. 2 5. x 6. 11th term 7. ç ÷
2 è 3ø
n -1
æ 1ö 1 n
8. 3ç ÷
è 3ø
9. 10.
2 n +1
11. a,3a, 5a, 7a,……, where a is any non-zero number. 14. 8,12,18 or 18, 12, 8.
ì x 2n - 1ü ì (xy)n - 1ü
21. Sn = x í x 2 - 1 ý + xy í xy - 1 ý
2
16. 5,10,15,20 17. 70336
î þ î þ
*****
63
JEE-Mathem atics
DETERMINANT
1.0 INTRODUCTION
If the equations a1x + b1 = 0, a2x + b2 = 0 are satisfied by the same value of x, then a1b2 – a2b1 = 0. The
expression a1b2 – a2b1 is called a determinant of the second order, and is denoted by :
a1 b1
a2 b2
A determinant of second order consists of two rows and two columns.
Next consider the system of equations a1x + b1y + c1 = 0, a2x + b2y + c2 = 0, a3x + b3y + c3 = 0
If these equations are satisfied by the same values of x and y, then on eliminating x and y we get.
a1(b2c3 – b3c2) + b1(c2a3 – c3a2) + c1(a2b3 – a3b2) = 0
The expression on the left is called a determinant of the third order, and is denoted by
a1 b1 c1
a2 b2 c2
a3 b3 c3
A determinant of third order consists of three rows and three columns.
Illustration 1. Eliminate l, m, n from the equations al + cm + bn = 0, cl + bm + an = 0, bl + am + cn

= 0 and express the result in the simplest form.
Solution The given set of equations can also be written as (if n ¹ 0) :
ælö æmö ælö æmö ælö æmö

aç ÷ + cç ÷ + b = 0 ; cç ÷ + bç ÷ + a = 0 ; bç ÷ + a ç ÷ + c = 0
ènø ènø n
è ø ènø n
è ø ènø
l m
Then, let =x; =y
n n
Þ System of equations :
ax + cy + b = 0 ...(i)
cx + by + a = 0 ...(ii)
bx + ay + c = 0 ...(iii)
We have to eliminate x & y from these simultaneous linear equations.
Since these equations are satisfied by the same values of x and y, then eliminating x
and y we get,
a c b
c b a =0
b a c
Node-1\Target-2020-21\1. JEE(M+A)\M odule\Nurture\English\M aths\02. NM-2\3. Determ inants\Th. & Ex.
2.0 VALUE OF A DETERMINANT

a1 b1 c1
D = a2 b2 c2 = a1 b2 c2
- b1
a2 c2
+ c1
a2 b2
a3 b3 c3 b3 c3 a3 c3 a3 b3 = a1(b2c3 – b3c2) – b1(a2c3 – a3c2) + c1(a2b3 – a3b2)
Note – Sarrus diagram to get the value of determinant of order three :

–ve –ve –ve
a1 b1 c1 a1 b1 c1 a1 b1
D = a2 b2 c2 = a2 b2 c2 a2 b2 = (a1b2c3 + a2b3c1 +a3b1c2) – (a3b2c1 + a2b1c3 + a1b3c2)
a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3 a3 b3
+ve +ve +ve
Note that the product of the terms in first bracket (i.e. a1a2a3b1b2b3c1c2c3) is same as the product of the terms
in second bracket.
64
Determinants
1 2 3
Illustration 2. The value of -4 3 6 is -
2 -7 9
(A) 213 (B) – 231 (C) 231 (D) 39
1 32
3 6 -4 6 -4 3
Solution -4 3
6 =1 –2 +3
-7 9 2 9 2 -7
2 -7 9
= (27 + 42) – 2 (–36 –12) + 3 (28 – 6) = 231
Alternative – By sarrus diagram
1 21 2 3 1 2
3
-4 3 6 = -4 3 6 -4 3
2 -7 9 2 -7 9 2 -7
= (27 + 24 + 84) – (18 – 42 – 72)= 135 – (18 – 114) = 231 Ans. (C)
3.0 MINORS & COFACTORS

The minor of a given element of determinant is the determinant obtained by deleting the row & the column in
which the given element stands.
a1 b1 c1
b2 c2 a1 c1
For example, the minor of a1 in a 2 b 2 c 2 is b c 3 & the minor of b2 is a 3 c3 .
a b c 3
3 3 3
Hence a determinant of order three will have “9 minors”.

th th
If Mij represents the minor of the element belonging to i row and j column then the cofactor of that element is
i+j
given by : Cij = (–1) . Mij
2 -3 1
Illustration 3. Find the minors and cofactors of elements '–3', '5', '–1' & '7' in the determinant 4 0 5
-1 6 7
4 5
Solution Minor of –3 = = 33 ; Cofactor of – 3 = –33
-1 7
2 -3
Minor of 5 = = 9 ; Cofactor of 5 = –9
-1 6
-3 1
Minor of –1 = = -15 ; Cofactor of –1 = –15
0 5
2 -3
Minor of 7 = = 12 ; Cofactor of 7 = 12
4 0
4.0 EXPANSION OF A DETERMINANT IN TERMS OF THE ELEMENTS OF

ANY ROW OR COLUMN
a1 b1 c1
Let D = a2 b2 c2
a3 b3 c3
65
JEE-Mathem atics
(i) The sum of the product of elements of any row (column) with their corresponding cofactors is always
equal to the value of the determinant.
D can be expressed in any of the six forms :
a1A1 + b1B1 + c1C1, a1A1 + a2A2 + a3A3,
a2A2 + b2B2 + c2C2, b1B1 + b2B2 + b3B3,
a3A3 + b3B3 + c3C3, c1C1 + c2C2 + c3C3,
where Ai,Bi & Ci (i = 1,2,3) denote cofactors of ai,bi & ci respectively.

(ii) The sum of the product of elements of any row (column) with the cofactors of other row (column) is
always equal to zero.
Hence,
a2A1 + b2B1 + c2C1 = 0,
b1A1 + b2A2 + b3A3 = 0 and so on.
where Ai,Bi & Ci (i = 1,2,3) denote cofactors of ai,bi & ci respectively.
5.0 PROPERTIES OF DETERMINANTS

(i) The value of a determinant remains unaltered, if the rows & columns are inter-changed,
a1 b1 c1 a1 a2 a 3
e.g. if D = a 2 b2 c 2 = b1 b2 b 3
a 3 b3 c 3 c1 c2 c 3
(ii) If any two rows (or columns) of a determinant be interchanged, the value of determinant is changed in
sign only. e.g.
a1 b1 c1 a 2 b2 c2
Let D = a2 b2 c2 & D1 = a1 b1 c1 Then D = – D.
1
a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3
(iii) If all the elements of a row (or column) are zero, then the value of the determinant is zero.
(iv) If all the elements of any row (or column) are multiplied by the same number, then the determinant is
multiplied by that number.
a1 b1 c1 Ka1 Kb1 Kc1

e.g. If D = a2 b2 c2 and D1 = a 2 b2 c2 Then D1 = KD
a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3
(v) If all the elements of a row (or column) are proportional (or identical) to the element of any other row,
then the determinant vanishes, i.e. its value is zero.
a1 b1 c1 a1 b1 c1
e.g. If D = a1 b1 c1 Þ D = 0 ; If D1 = ka1 kb1 kc1 Þ D1 = 0
a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3
66
Determinants
a b c y b q
Illustration 4. Prove that x y z = x a p
p q r z c r
a b c a x p
Solution D= x y z= b y q (By interchanging rows & columns)
p q r c z r
x a p
= -y b q (C1 « C2)
z c r
y b q
= x a p (R1 « R2)
z c r
a2 ab ac
Illustration 5. Find the value of the determinant ab b2 bc
ac bc c 2
a2 ab ac a b c a b c
2 2
Solution D = ab b bc = a ab b bc = abc a b c = 0
ac bc c 2 ac bc c 2 a b c
Since all rows are same, hence value of the determinant is zero.
(vi) If each element of any row (or column) is expressed as a sum of two (or more) terms, then the determi-
nant can be expressed as the sum of two (or more) determinants.
a1 + x b1 + y c1 + z a1 b1 c1 x y z
e.g. a 2 b2 c2 = a2 b2 c2 + a2 b2 c2
a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3
(vii) Row - column operation – The value of a determinant remains unaltered under a column (Ci) opera-
tion of the form Ci ® Ci + aCj + bCk (j, k ¹ i) or row (Ri) operation of the form Ri ® Ri + aRj + bRk (j,
k ¹ i). In other words, the value of a determinant is not altered by adding the elements of any row (or
column) to the same multiples of the corresponding elements of any other row (or column)
a1 b1 c1
e.g. Let D = a2 b2 c2
a3 b3 c3
a1 + aa 2 b1 + ab2 c1 + a c2
D= a2 b2 c2 (R1 ® R1 + aR2; R3 ® R3 + bR2)
a 3 + ba1 b3 + bb1 c3 + b c1
67
JEE-Mathem atics
r r3 2 n
Illustration 6. If D r = n n3 2n , find åD
r =0
r .
2
n(n + 1) æ n(n + 1) ö
ç 2 ÷ 2(n + 1)
2 è ø
2
n n n
n(n + 1) æ n(n + 1) ö
år år 3
å2 2 ç 2 ÷ 2(n + 1)
n
r =0 r=0 r =0 è ø
Solution åD
r =0
r = n n3 2n = n n 3
2n =0 Ans.
2 2
n(n + 1) æ n(n + 1) ö n(n + 1) æ n(n + 1) ö
ç 2 ÷ 2(n + 1) ç 2 ÷ 2(n + 1)
2 è ø 2 è ø
a-b-c 2a 2a
2b b-c -a 2b = (a + b + c) 3
Illustration 7. Prove that
2c 2c c-a-b
a-b-c 2a 2a
Solution D= 2b b-c-a 2b
2c 2c c-a-b
a+b+c a+b+c a+b+c

D= 2b b-c-a 2b (R1 ® R1 + R2 + R3)
2c 2c c-a-b
1 1 1
D = (a + b + c) 2b b - c - a 2b
2c 2c c-a-b
1 0 0
D = (a + b + c) 2b -(a + b + c) 0
(C3® C3 – C1 ; C2 ® C2 – C1)
2c 0 -(a + b + c)
3
D = (a + b + c)
a + b + nc (n - 1)a (n - 1)b
(n - 1)c b + c + na (n - 1)b
Illustration 8. Determinant is equal to -

(n - 1)c (n - 1)a c + a + nb
3 3 3
(A) (a + b + c) (B) n (a + b + c) (C) (n – 1) (a + b + c) (D) none of these
Solution Applying C1 ® C1 + (C2 + C3)
1 (n - 1)a (n - 1)b
D = n(a + b + c) 1 b + c + na (n - 1)b
1 (n - 1)a c + a + nb
1 (n - 1)a (n - 1)b
ìR 2 ® R 2 - R1 ü
D = n(a + b + c) 0 a + b + c 0 í ý
îR 3 ® R 3 - R1 þ
0 0 a+b+c
3
= n(a + b + c) Ans. (B)
68
Determinants
32 + k 42 32 + 3 + k
Illustration 9. If 42 + k 52 42 + 4 + k = 0, then the value of k is-
52 + k 62 52 + 5 + k
(A) 2 (B) 1 (C) –1 (D) 0

Solution Applying (C3 ® C3 – C1)
32 + k 42 3
2 2
D = 4 +k 5 4 =0
52 + k 62 5
9 + k 16 3
Þ 7 9 1 =0 (R3 ® R3 – R2; R2 ® R2 – R1)
9 11 1
Þ k–1=0Þk=1 Ans. (B)
(viii) Factor theorem – If the elements of a determinant D are rational integral functions of x and two rows
(or columns) become identical when x = a then (x – a) is a factor of D.
r–1
Note that if r rows become identical when a is substituted for x, then (x – a) is a factor of D.
a a x
Illustration 10. Prove that m m m = m(x - a)(x - b)
b x b
Solution Using factor theorem,

Put x = a
a a a
D= m m m =0
b a b
Since R1 and R2 are proportional which makes D = 0, therefore (x – a) is a factor of D.

Similarly, by putting x = b, D becomes zero, therefore (x – b) is a factor of D.
a a x
D = m m m = l(x - a)(x - b) ..........(i)
b x b
To get the value of l, put x = 0 in equation (i)
a a 0
m m m = lab
b 0 b
amb = lab Þ l=m
\ D = m(x – a)(x – b)
69
JEE-Mathem atics
(x - a)2 (x - b)2 (x - c)2

Illustration 11. Prove that (y - a)2 (y - b)2 (y - c)2 = 2(x – y) (y – z) (z – x) (a – b) (b – c) (c – a)
(z - a)2 (z - b)2 (z - c)2
(x - a)2 (x - b)2 (x - c)2

Solution D = (y - a)2 (y - b)2 (y - c)2
(z - a)2 (z - b)2 (z - c)2
Using factor theorem,

Put x = y
(y - a)2 (y - b)2 (y - c)2

D = (y - a)2 (y - b)2 (y - c)2
(z - a)2 (z - b)2 (z - c)2
R1 and R2 are identical which makes D = 0. Therefore, (x–y) is a factor of D.

Similarly (y – z) & (z – x) are factors of D
Now put a = b
(x - b)2 (x - b)2 (x - c)2

D = (y - b)2 (y - b)2 (y - c)2
(z - b)2 (z - b)2 (z - c)2
C1 and C2 become identical which makes D = 0. Therefore, (a–b) is a factor of D.

Similarly (b–c) and (c–a) are factors of D.
Therefore, D = l(x – y) (y – z) (z – x) (a – b) (b – c) (c – a)
To get the value of l put x = –1 = a, y = 0 = b and z = 1 = c
0 1 4
D = 1 0 1 = l ( -1)( -1)(2)( -1)( -1)(2)
4 1 0
Þ 4l = 8 Þ l = 2
\ D = 2(x – y) (y – z) (z – x) (a – b) (b – c) (c – a)
f(r) g(r) h(r)

Dr = a b c
l If
a1 b1 c1
where r Î N and a,b,c, a1, b1,c1 are constants, then
n n n
å f(r) å g(r) å h(r)
n r =1 r =1 r =1
å Dr = a b c
r =1
a1 b1 c1
l By using the operation Ri ® xRi + yRj + zRk (j, k ¹ i), the value of the determinant becomes x times the original
one.
l While applying this property ATLEAST ONE ROW (OR COLUMN) must remain unchanged.
70
Determinants
2 1 3
1. Find minors & cofactors of elements '6', '5', '0' & '4' of the determinant 6 5 7 .
3 0 4
5 -3 7
2. Calculate the value of the determinant -2 4 -8
9 3 -10
1 2 0
3. Find the value of 'k', if 2 3 1 = 4
3 k 2
1 z -y
4. Prove that -z 1 x = 1 + x2 + y 2 + z 2
y -x 1
a p l r n c
5. Without expanding the determinant prove that b q m + q m b = 0
c r n p l a
53 106 159
6. Find the value of 52 65 91 .
102 153 221
x 2 0
2 + x 5 -1 = 0
7. Solve for x :
5-x 1 2
a b 0
8. The value of the determinant 0 a b is equal to -
b 0 a
3 3 3 3
(A) a – b (B) a + b (C) 0 (D) none of these
a b 2a 2b
9. If D = , then is equal to -
g d 2g 2d
(A) D (B) 2D (C) 4D (D) 16D
p q r
10. If D = x y z , then KD is equal to -
l m n
p q r p x Kl Kp Kx Kl
Kp q r
q Ky m
(A) x Ky z (B) x y z (C) (D) Kq Ky Km
l m Kn Kl Km Kn Kr z n Kr Kz Kn
71
JEE-Mathem atics
a-b b-c c -a
x-y y-z z-x =
11.
p-q q -r r-p
(A) a(x + y + z) + b( p + q + r) + c (B) 0

(C) abc + xyz + pqr (D) None of these
1 1 1
1 1+ x 1 =
12.
1 1 1+ y
(A) 1 (B) 0 (C) x (D) xy
1 a a2
1 b b2 =
13.
1 c c2
(A) a 2 + b 2 + c 2 (B) (a + b) (b + c) (c + a) (C) (a - b)(b - c )(c - a) (D) None of these
1 5 p
log e e 5 5 =
14.
log 10 10 5 e
(A) p (B) e (C) 1 (D) 0
0 x -a x -b
15. If a ¹ b ¹ c, the value of x which satisfies the equation x + a 0 x - c = 0 , is
x+b x+c 0
(A) x = 0 (B) x = a (C) x = b (D) x = c
a-x c b
16. If a + b + c = 0 , then all the real solution of the equation c b-x a = 0 is ( x Î R), (a, b, c Î R)
b a c-x
3 2 3 2
(a + b 2 + c 2 ) (a + b 2 + c 2 )
(A) 0 (B) ± (C) 0, ± (D) 0, ± a 2 + b2 + c 2

2 2
x +1 3 5
2 x+2 5 =0
17. If , then x =
2 3 x+4
(A) 1, 9 (B) – 1, 9 (C) – 1, – 9 (D) 1, – 9
x +1 x+2 x+4
x+3 x+5 x+8 =
18.
x +7 x + 10 x + 14
(A) 2 (B) – 2 (C) x 2 - 2 (D) None of these
72
Determinants
6i - 3i 1
19. Let 4 3i - 1 = x + iy , then
20 3 i
(A) x = 3, y = 1 (B) x = 0, y = 0 (C) x = 0, y = 3 (D) x = 1, y = 3
a b c 6a 2b 2c
m n p =k 3m n p =
20. If , then
x y z 3x y z
(A) k / 6 (B) 2k (C) 3k (D) 6k
6.0 MULTIPLICATION OF TWO DETERMINANTS
a1 b1 l1 m1 a1 l1 + b1 l2 a1 m1 + b1 m 2
´ =
a 2 b2 l2 m2 a 2 l1 + b 2 l2 a 2 m1 + b 2 m2
Similarly two determinants of order three are multiplied.

(a) Here we have multiplied row by column. We can also multiply row by row, column by row and column by
column.
(b) If D1 is the determinant formed by replacing the elements of determinant D of order n by their
n–1
corresponding cofactors then D1 = D
(a - x)2 (b - x)2 (c - x)2 (1 + ax)2 (1 + bx)2 (1 + cx)2

2
Illustration 12. If a, b, c x, y, z Î R, then prove that (a - y) (b - y)2 (c - y)2 = (1 + ay)2 (1 + by)2 (1 + cy)2
(a - z)2 (b - z)2 (c - z)2 (1 + az)2 (1 + bz)2 (1 + cz)2
(a - x)2 (b - x)2 (c - x)2 a2 - 2ax + x2 b2 - 2bx + x2 c 2 - 2cx + x2

2 2
Solution L.H.S. = (a - y)
2
(b - y)2 (c - y)2 = a - 2ay + y b2 - 2by + y2 c2 - 2cy + y 2
(a - z)2 (b - z)2 (c - z)2 a2 - 2az + z2 b2 - 2bz + z2 c2 - 2az + z 2
1 x x2 a2 -2a 1
2 2
= 1 y y ´b -2b 1 (Row by Row)
2 2
1 z z c -2c 1
1 x x2 a2 2a 1
2 2
= 1 y y ´ ( -1) b 2b 1
2 2
1 z z c 2c 1
1 x x2 1 2a a 2
1 y y 2 ´ (-1)(-1) 1 2b b 2
= (C1 « C3)
1 z z2 1 2c c2
73
JEE-Mathem atics
1 x x2 1 2a a 2
1 y y 2 ´ 1 2b b 2
=
1 z z2 1 2c c2
Multiplying row by row
1 + 2ax + a 2 x 2 1 + 2bx + b2 x 2 1 + 2cx + c 2 x 2

1 + 2ay + a 2 y 2 1 + 2by + b 2 y 2 1 + 2cy + c 2 y 2
=
1 + 2az + a 2 z 2 1 + 2bz + b 2 z 2 1 + 2cz + c 2 z 2
(1 + ax)2 (1 + bx)2 (1 + cx)2

(1 + ay)2 (1 + by)2 (1 + cy)2
=
(1 + az)2 (1 + bz)2 (1 + cz)2
= R.H.S.
2 n n
Illustration 13. Let a & b be the roots of equation ax + bx + c = 0 and Sn = a + b for n ³ 1. Evaluate the
3 1 + S1 1 + S2
value of the determinant 1 + S1 1 + S2 1 + S 3 .
1 + S2 1 + S3 1 + S 4
3 1 + S1 1 + S2 1 +1 +1 1 + a + b 1 + a2 + b2
2 2 3 3
Solution D = 1 + S1 1 + S2 1 + S 3 = 1 + a + b 1 + a + b 1 + a + b
1 + S2 1 + S3 1 + S 4 1 + a2 + b2 1 + a3 + b3 1 + a 4 + b4
2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= 1 a a2 ´ 1 a b = 1 a a2 =[(1 – a)(1 – b)(a – b)]
2
1 b b2 1 a2 b2 1 b b2
2 2
D = (a - b) (a + b - ab - 1)
Q
2
a & b are roots of the equation ax + bx + c = 0
-b c b2 - 4ac
Þ a+b = & ab = Þ a - b =
a a a
2
(b2 - 4ac) æ a + b + c ö (b2 - 4ac)(a + b + c)2
D= 2 ç ÷ = Ans.
a è a ø a4
y5 z6 (z 3 - y 3 ) x 4 z 6 (x 3 - z 3 ) x 4 y 5 (y 3 - x 3 ) x y2 z3
Illustration 14. If D1 = y 2 z 3 (y 6 - z 6 ) xz 3 (z 6 - x 6 ) xy 2 (x 6 - y 6 ) and D 2 = x 4 y5 z6 . Then D1D2 is
y 2 z 3 (z 3 - y 3 ) xz 3 (x 3 - z 3 ) xy 2 (y 3 - x 3 ) x7 y8 z9
equal to
(A) D32 (B) D22 (C) D42 (D) none of these
Solution The given determinant D1 is obtained by corresponding cofactors of determinant D2.

2
Hence D1 = D2 Þ D1D2 = D22D2 = D23 Ans. (A)
74
Determinants
7.0 SPECIAL DETERMINANTS

7.1 Cyclic Determinant
The elements of the rows (or columns) are in cyclic arrangement.
a b c
b c a = -(a3 + b3 + c 3 - 3abc) = –(a + b + c) (a2 + b2 + c2 – ab – bc – ac)
c a b
1 2 2 2
= - (a + b + c) ´{(a - b) + (b - c) + (c - a) }
2
2 2 2
= – (a + b + c) (a + bw + cw ) (a + bw + cw), where w ,w are cube roots of unity
7.2 Other Important Determinants
0 b -c
(i) -b 0 a = 0
c -a 0
1 1 1 1 1 1
(ii) a b c = a b c = (a - b)(b - c)(c - a)
bc ac ab a 2
b 2
c 2
1 1 1
(iii) a b c = (a - b)(b - c)(c - a)(a + b + c)
3 3 3
a b c
1 1 1
2 2
(iv) a b c2 = (a - b) (b - c)(c - a) (ab + bc + ca)
a 3 b3 c 3
1 1 1
a b c = (a - b) (b - c) (c - a) (a2 + b2 + c2 + ab + bc + ca)
(v)
a 4 b4 c 4
1 a a2
3 2
Illustration 15 Prove that a a2 1 = –(1– a ) .
a2 1 a
Solution This is a cyclic determinant.
1 a a2
2 2 4 2 3
Þ a a2 1 = – (1 + a + a )(1 + a + a – a – a – a )
a2 1 a
2 3 4 2 2 2
= – (1 + a + a )(–a + 1 – a + a ) = – (1 + a + a )(1 – a) (1 + a + a )
2 2 2 3 2
= – (1 – a) (1 + a + a ) = –(1 – a )
75
JEE-Mathem atics
xp + y x y
yp + z y z =0
1. The determinant if
0 xp + y yp + z
(A) x, y, z are in A.P. (B) x,y, z are in G.P. (C) x, y, z are in H.P. (D) xy, yz, zx are in A.P.
a2 + x ab ac
2
2. If a, b, c are positive integers, then the determinant D = ab b +x bc is divisible by
ac bc c2 + x
(A) x 3 (B) x 2 (C) (a 2 + b 2 + c 2 ) (D) None of these
p 15 8
Dp = p 2 35 9
3. If , then D1 + D 2 + D3 + D4 + D5 =
p3 25 10
1 x x2
x2 1 x
4. The deteminant D = is equal to
x x2 1
(
(A) 1 - x
3 2
) (B) 1 - x ( 2 3
) (
(C) x - x
2 3
) (D) None of these
a b c p+x q+ y r+z
5. Let a determinant is given by A =
p q r and suppose det A = 6. If B =
a+ x b+ y c+ z
x y z a+ p b+q c+r
then
(A) det B = 6 (B) det B = –6 (C) det B = 12 (D) det B = –12
4 + x2 -6 -2
-6 9 + x2 3
6. The determinant is not divisible by
-2 3 1+ x2
(A) x (B) x 3 (C) 14 + x 2 (D) x 5
-l 2 1 1
1 -l 2
1
7. The number of distinct real values of l, for which the determinant vanishes, is
1 1 -l 2
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3

2
a1 a2 a3
8. If ai2 + bi2 + c i2 = 1, (i = 1,2,3) and a i a j + bi b j + c i c j = 0 (i ¹ j, i, j = 1,2,3) then the value of b1 b2 b3 is
c1 c2 c3
(A) 0 (B) 1/2 (C) 1 (D) 2
76
Determinants
1 2w
9. If w is a complex cube root of unity and D = w w 2 , then D2 is equal to
(A) -w (B) w (C) 1 (D) w2
log 3 512 log 4 3 log 2 3 log 8 3

10. ´ =
log 3 8 log 4 9 log 3 4 log 3 4
(A) 7 (B) 10 (C) 13 (D) 17
1 cos(b - a ) cos(g - a )
cos(a - b ) 1 cos(g - b )
11. The value of is
cos(a - g ) cos(b - g ) 1
2 2 2
cos a sin a 1 sin a cos a 0 cos a sin a 0
(A) cos b sin b 1 (B) sin b cos b 0 (C) sin b 0 cos b (D) None of these
cos g sin g 1 sin g cos g 0 0 cos g sin g
12. If a, b, c and d are complex numbers, then the determinant
2 a+b+c+d ab + cd
D= a+b+c+d 2(a + b)(c + d) ab(c + d) + cd(a + b)
is
ab + cd ab(c + d) + cd(a + b) 2abcd
(A) Dependent on a, b, c and d (B) Independent of a, b, c and d
(C) Dependent on a, c and independent of b, d (D) None of these
2 r -1 2.3 r -1 4.5 r -1 n
13. If Dr = x y z , then the value of å Dr =
r =1
2n - 1 3n - 1 5 n - 1
(A) 1 (B) – 1 (C) 0 (D) None of these
x 2 + 3x x -1 x + 3
14. If px4 + qx3 + rx2 + sx + t º x +1 2 - x x - 3 then find value of t.
x-3 x + 4 3x
a b a+b a c a+c D
15. Let D1 = c d c + d and D2 = b d b + d then find the value of 1 , where b ¹ 0 and ad ¹
a b a-b a c a+b+c D2
bc.
77
JEE-Mathem atics
8.0 CRAMER'S RULE (SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS)

Simultaneous linear equations
Consistent Inconsistent
(at least one solution) (no solution)
Exactly one solution Infinite solutions

or
Unique solution
Trivial solution Non trivial solution
All variable At least one

zero is the non zero variable
only solution satisfies the system
8.1 Equations involving two variables

(i) Consistent Equations : Definite & unique solution (Intersecting lines)
(ii) Inconsistent Equations : No solution (Parallel lines)
(iii) Dependent Equations : Infinite solutions (Identical lines)
Let, a1x + b1y + c1 = 0
a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 then :
a1 b1
(1) ¹ Þ Given equations are consistent with unique solution
a2 b2
a1 b1 c1
(2) = ¹ Þ Given equations are inconsistent
a2 b 2 c 2
a1 b1 c1
(3) = = Þ Given equations are consistent with infinite solutions
a 2 b 2 c2
8.2 Equations Involving Three variables
Let a1x + b1y + c1z = d1 ............ (i)

a2x + b2y + c2z = d2 ............ (ii)
a3x + b3y + c3z = d3 ............ (iii)
D1 D D3
Then, x = , y= 2 , z= .
D D D
a1 b1 c1 d1 b1 c1 a1 d1 c1 a1 b1 d1
Where D = a 2 b2 c 2 ; D1 = d 2 b2 c2 ; D2 = a 2 d2 c2 a
& D3 = 2 b2 d2
a3 b3 c3 d3 b3 c3 a3 d3 c3 a3 b3 d3
NOTE
(i) If D ¹ 0 and atleast one of D1 , D2 , D3 ¹ 0, then the given system of equations is consistent and
has unique non trivial solution.
(ii) If D ¹ 0 & D1 = D2 = D3 = 0, then the given system of equations is consistent and has trivial
solution only.
(iii) If D = D1 = D2 = D3 = 0, then the given system of equations is consistent and has infinite solutions.
a1 x + b1 y + c1 z = d1 ü
ï
Note that In case a1 x + b1 y + c1 z = d2 ý (Atleast two of d1 , d2 & d3 are not equal)
a1 x + b1 y + c1 z = d 3 ïþ
D = D1= D2 = D3 = 0. But these three equations represent three parallel planes. Hence the system is
inconsistent.
78
Determinants
(iv) If D = 0 but atleast one of D1, D2, D3 is not zero then the equations are inconsistent and have no
solution.
8.3 Homogeneous system of linear equations

Let a1x + b1y + c1z = 0 ............ (i)
a2x + b2y + c2z = 0 ............ (ii)
a3x + b3y + c3z = 0 ............ (iii)
Þ D1 = D2 = D3 = 0
\ The system always possesses atleast one solution x = 0, y = 0, z = 0, which is called Trivial solution, i.e.
this system is always consistent.
Check value of D
D¹0 D=0
Unique Trivial solution Trivial & Non-Trivial solutions (infinite solutions)
Note that if a given system of linear equations has Only Zero solutions for all its variables then the given
equations are said to have TRIVIAL SOLUTION.
Also, note that if the system of equations a1x + b1y + c1 = 0; a2x + b2y + c2 = 0; a3x + b3y + c3 = 0
a1 b1 c1
is always consistent then a 2 b2 c2 = 0 but converse is NOT true.
a3 b3 c3
9.0 APPLICATION OF DETERMINANTS IN GEOMETRY

(i) The lines : a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 ........ (i)
a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 ........ (ii)
a3x + b3y + c3 = 0 ........ (iii)
a1 b1 c1
are concurrent if a 2 b2 c 2 = 0.
a3 b3 c3
This is the condition for consistency of three simultaneous linear equations in 2 variables.
(ii) Equation ax² + 2 hxy + by² + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0 represents a pair of straight lines if :
a h g
abc + 2 fgh - af² - bg² - ch² = 0 = h b f
g f c
x1 y1 1
1
(iii) Area of a triangle whose vertices are (xr , yr) ; r = 1 , 2 , 3 is D = x2 y2 1
2
x3 y3 1
If D = 0 then the three points are collinear.
x y 1
(iv) Equation of a straight line passing through points (x1 , y1) & (x2 , y2) is x1 y1 1 = 0
x2 y2 1
79
JEE-Mathem atics
Illustration 16. Find the nature of solution for the given system of equations :
x + 2y + 3z = 1; 2x + 3y + 4z = 3; 3x + 4y + 5z = 0
1 2 3
Solution D= 2 3 4 =0
3 4 5
1 2 3
Now, D1 = 3 3 4 = 5
0 4 5
Q D = 0 but D1 ¹ 0
Hence no solution. Ans.
Illustration 17. Find the value of l, if the following equations are consistent :
x + y – 3 = 0; (1 + l)x + (2 + l)y – 8 = 0; x – (1 + l)y + (2 + l) = 0
Solution The given equations in two unknowns are consistent, then D = 0
1 1 -3
1+l 2+l -8 = 0
i.e.
1 -(1 + l ) 2 + l
Applying C2 ® C2 – C1 and C3 ® C3 + 3C1
1 0 0
1+ l 1 3l - 5 = 0
\
1 -2 - l 5+l
Þ (5 + l ) - (3l - 5)( -2 - l ) = 0 Þ 3l 2 + 2 l - 5 = 0
\ l = 1, - 5 / 3
Illustration 18. If the system of equations x + ly + 1 = 0, lx + y + 1 = 0 & x + y + l = 0. is consistent then

find the value of l.
Solution For consistency of the given system of equations
1 l 1
D = l 1 1 =0
1 1 l
3 3 2
Þ 3l = 1 + 1 + l or l – 3l + 2 = 0 Þ (l–1) (l + 2) = 0 Þ l = 1 or l =–2 Ans.
Illustration 19. If x, y, z are not all simultaneously equal to zero, satisfying the system of equations
sin(3q) x – y + z = 0; cos(2q)x + 4y + 3z = 0; 2x + 7y + 7z = 0, then find the values
of q(0 £ q £ 2p) .
Solution Given system of equations is a system of homogeneous linear equations which posses non-zero
solution set, therefore D = 0.
sin 3q -1 0
sin3q -1 1
cos 2q 4 7
Þ D = cos2q 4 3 ÞD = (C3 ® C3 + C2)
2 7 14
2 7 7
sin 3q -1 0
R3
D = cos 2q - 1 0.5 0 (R2 ® R2 – )
2
2 7 14
80
Determinants
æ sin 3q ö
D = 14 ç + cos2q - 1 ÷
è 2 ø
Q D=0
\ sin3q + 2cos2q – 2 = 0
3 2 2
Þ 3sinq – 4sin q = 4sin q Þ (sinq)(4sin q + 4sinq – 3) = 0
1 3
Þ (sinq)(2sinq – 1)(2sinq + 3) = 0 Þ sinq = 0 ; sin q = ; sin q = –
2 2
1 p 5p 3
sinq = 0 Þ q = 0, p, 2p; sin q = Þq= , ; sin q = - Þ no solution.
2 6 6 2
p 5p
Þ q = 0, , , p, 2p Ans.
6 6
1. If the system of equations x + y + z = 2, 2x + y – z = 3 & 3x + 2y + kz = 4 has a unique solution then

(A) k ¹ 0 (B) –1 < k < 1 (C) –2 < k < 1 (D) k = 0
2. The system of equations lx + y + z = 0, –x + ly + z = 0 = 0 & –x – y + lz = 0 has a non-trivial solution,
then possible value of l are -
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) –3 (D) 3
3. The following system of equation 3 x - 2y + z = 0 , lx - 14 y + 15 z = 0 , x + 2y - 3z = 0 has a solution other than
x = y = z = 0 for l equal to
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 5
4. If 2 x + 3y - 5 z = 7, x + y + z = 6 , 3 x - 4 y + 2z = 1, then x =
2 -5 7 7 3 -5 -7 3 -5 2 3 -5
(A) 1 1 6 ¸ 6 1 1 (B) - 6 1 1 ¸ 1 1 1
3 2 1 1 -4 2 -1 - 4 2 3 -4 2
7 3 -5 2 3 -5
(C) 6 1 1 ¸ 1 1 1 (D) None of these
1 -4 2 3 -4 2
5. The number of solutions of the equations x + 4 y - z = 0, 3 x - 4 y - z = 0, x - 3y + z = 0 is

(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) Infinite
6. Set of equations a + b - 2c = 0, 2a - 3b + c = 0 and a - 5b + 4 c = a is consistent for a equal to

(A) 1 (B) 0 (C) –1 (D) 2
7. If the lines ax + by + c = 0 , bx + cy + a = 0 and cx + ay + b = 0 be concurrent, then
(A) a 3 + b 3 + c 3 + 3abc = 0 (B) a 3 + b 3 + c 3 - abc = 0 (C) a 3 + b 3 + c 3 - 3abc = 0 (D) None of these
8. The system of equations x - y cos q + z cos 2q = 0
- x cos q + y - z cos q = 0
x cos 2q - y cos q + z = 0
has non trivial solution for q equals
p p
(A) np only, n Î I (B) np + only, n ÎI (C) (2n - 1) only, n Î I (D) all value of q
4 2
81
JEE-Mathem atics
9. If a, b, c are non zeros,then the system of equations (a + a)x + ay + az = 0 , ax + (a + b)y + az = 0,

ax + ay + (a + c)z = 0 has a non-trivial solution if
(A) a -1 = -(a -1 + b -1 + c-1 ) (B) a -1 = a + b + c
(C) a + a + b + c = 1 (D) None of these

10. The system of linear equations
x + 3y + 2z = –2
x + 3y + 4z = –4
x + 3y = 0 has
(A) unique solution (B) infinite solution
(C) no solution (D) unique trivial solution
11. The system of equations ax + 4y + z = 0, 2y + 3z – 1 = 0 and 3x + by + 2 = 0 (a, b parameters)
(A) has a unique solutions if ab ¹ 10
(B) has infinite solutions if ab = 30, a = 5, b = 6
(C) has infinite solutions if a = 3, b = 5
(D) has no solution if ab = 15, a ¹ 3
12. An equilateral triangle has each of its sides of length 4 cm. If (x i , yi )(i = 1, 2,3) are its vertices then the value
2
x1 y1 1
of x 2 y 2 1 is
x3 y3 1
(A) 192 (B) 768 (C) 1024 (D)128
a2 b2 c2
( a + 1) ( b + 1) ( c + 1)
2 2 2
=0
13. If a, b, c are sides of a triangle and , then
( a - 1) ( b - 1) ( c - 1)
2 2 2
(A) DABC is an equilateral triangle

(B) DABC is a right angled isosceles triangle
(C) DABC is an isosceles triangle
(D) None of the above
14. For what values of p, the equations : x + y + z = 1 ; x + 2 y + 4 z = p & x + 4 y + 10 z = p 2 have a solution ?

Solve them completely in each case .
15. Investigate for what values of l ,m the simultaneous equation x + y + z = 6;

x + 2 y + 3 z = 10 & x + 2 y + lz = m have;
(A) A unique solution
(B) An infinite number of solutions.
(C) No solutions.
82
Determinants
SINGLE CORRECT
a a2 a3 + 1
2
1. If a, b, c are unequal what is the condition that the value of the following determinant is zero D = b b b3 + 1
c c2 c3 +1
(A) 1 + abc = 0 (B) a + b + c + 1 = 0 (C) (a - b)(b - c)(c - a) = 0 (D) None of these
-a b c
2. The value of the determinant a - b c is equal to -
a b -c
(A) 0 (B) (a – b)(b – c)(c – a) (C) (a+b)(b+c)(c+a) (D) 4abc
sin2 A cot A 1
3. For any DABC, the value of determinant sin2 B cot B 1 is equal to -
sin2 C cot C 1
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) sin A sin B sin C (D) sin A + sin B + sin C
1 log x y log x z
4. For positive numbers x, y and z, the numerical value of the determinant log y x 1 log y z is -
logz x log z y 1
(A) 0 (B) log xyz (C) log(x + y + z) (D) logx logy logz
a2 + b2
c c
c
b2 + c 2
5. For a non-zero real a, b and c a a = a abc, then the values of a is -
a
c 2 + a2
b b
b
(A) –4 (B) 0 (C) 2 (D) 4
1 x x +1
6. If f(x) = 2x x(x - 1) (x + 1)x , then f (100) is equal to -

3x(x - 1) x(x - 1)(x - 2) (x + 1)x (x - 1)
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 100 (D) –100

7. If the system of equations x + 2y + 3z =4, x + py + 2z = 3, m x + 4y + z = 3 has an infinite number of
solutions, then -
(A) p = 2, µ = 3 (B) p =2, µ= 4 (C) 3p = 2µ (D) none of these
1 1 1
1 3 2
w2 is
8. If w = - + i then 1 -1 - w
2 2
1 w2 w4
(A) 3w (B) 3 w (w - 1) (C) 3w2 (D) 3 w (1 - w)
83
JEE-Mathem atics
y+z z y
9. When z z+x x is divided by xyz, the quotient will be
y x x+y
(A) 4xyz (B) 2xyz (C) 4 (D) 2
(sin q + cos ec q) 2 (sin q - cos ec q) 2 1

10. If q Î(0, p / 2) , then value of (cos q + sec q) 2 (cos q - sec q) 2 1=
2 2
(tan q + cot q) (tan q - cot q) 1
(A) sin q + cos q + tan q (B) 1 (C) 0 (D) 4
a b g
b g a
11. If a,b,g are the roots of the equation x3 + px + q = 0 , then the value of the determinant is
g a b
(A) 4 (B) 2 (C) 0 (D) –2

12. If x, y, z are integers in AP, lying between 1 and 9 and x 51, y 41 and z 31 are three digit numbers, then the value
5 4 3
x51 y 41 z 31
of is
x y z
(A) x + y + z (B) x – y + z (C) 0 (D) x = 2y + z
13. The equations l x - y = 2, 2 x - 3 y = -l , 3 x - 2 y = -1 are consistent for
(A) l = -4 only (B) l = -1, 4 only (C) l = -1 only (D) l = 1, -4 only
14. Which of the following determinant(s) vanish(es) ?
1 1
1 ab +
1 bc bc(b + c) a b
1 ca ca(c + a) 1 1
(A) (B) 1 bc +
1 ab ab(a + b) b c
1 1
1 ca +
c a
0 a-b a -c log x xyz log x y log x z

b-a 0 b-c logy xyz 1 log y z
(C) (D)
c-a c-b 0 log z xyz log z y 1
15. The set of equations x – y + 3z = 2, 2x – y + z = 4, x – 2y + a z = 3 has -

(A) unique solution only for a = 0 (B) unique solution for a ¹ 8
(C) infinite number of solutions of a = 8 (D) no solution for a = 8
84
Determinants
sin2x e x sin x + x cos x sin x + x2 cos x

16. If D(x) = cos x + sin x ex + x 1 + x2 , then the value of |ln cos (D(x))| will be -
e x cos x e 2x
e x
(A) independent of x (B) dependent on x (C) 0 (D) non-existent
a b l
17. The value of the determinant a x n is
a b x
(A) independent of l (B) independent of n (C) a(x – l)(x – b) (D) ab(x – l)(x – n)
18. If the system of equations x + y – 3 = 0, (1 + K ) x + (2 + K ) y – 8 = 0 & x – (1 + K) y + (2 + K) = 0 is consistent
then the value of K may be -
3 5
(A) 1 (B) (C) – (D) 2
5 3
a b aa + b
19. The determinant b c ba + c is equal to zero, if -
aa + b ba + c 0
(A) a, b, c are in AP (B) a, b, c are in GP
(C) a is a root of the equation ax2+bx+c=0 (D) (x– a ) is a factor of ax2 + 2bx + c
1/ z 1/ z -(x + y) / z 2
2
20. If D = -(y + z) / x 1/ x 1/ x then
2 2
- y (y + z) / x z (x + 2y + z) / xz - y(x + y) / xz
(A) D is independent of x (B) D is independent of y

(C) D depends only on z (D) D = 0
85
JEE-Mathem atics

Comprehension – 1
x x3 x4 - 1
Let x, y, z Î R+ & D = y y3 y4 - 1
z z3 z4 - 1
On the basis of above information, answer the following questions :
1. If x ¹ y ¹ z & x, y, z are in GP and D = 0, then y is equal to -
2. If x, y, z are the roots of t3 – 21t2 + bt – 343 = 0, b Î R, then D is equal to-

(A) 1 (B) 0 (C) dependent on x, y, z (D) data inadequate
3. If x ¹ y ¹ z & x, y, z are in A.P. and D = 0, then 2xy2z + x2z2 is equal to-

Comprehension – 2
Consider the system of equations
2x + ay + 6z = 8, x + 2y + bz = 5 and x + y + 3z = 4, then
4. This system of equations will have infinite solutions if
(A) b = 3 (B) b = 2 (C) a = 3 (D) a = 2
5. The given system of equations will have no solution if
(A) a = 2, b ¹ 3 (B) a ¹ 2, b ¹ 3 (C) a ¹ 2, b = 3 (D) a = 2, b = 3
6. The given system of equations will have a unique solution if
(A) a ¹ 2, b ¹ 3 (B) a ¹ 2 (C) a = 2, b = 3 (D) a = 2, b ¹ 3
Match the Column
Following question contains statements given in two columns, which have to be matched. The statements in
a+p l+x u+f
(A) If the determinant b+q m+y v+g (p) 3
c+r n+z w+h
splits into exactly K determinants of order 3,
each element of which contains only one
term, then the values of K is
(B) The values of l for which the
system of equations (q) 8
x + y + z = 6,
x + 2y + 3z = 10
& x + 2y + lz = 12
is inconsistent
(C) If x, y, z are in A.P. then the (r) 5
value of the determinant
a + 2 a + 3 a + 2x
a + 3 a + 4 a + 2y is
a + 4 a + 5 a + 2z
(D) Let p be the sum of all possible (s) 0
determinants of order 2 having
0, 1, 2 & 3 as their four elements
(without repeatition of digits).
The value of 'p' is
86
Determinants
1+ x x x2
8. Let x 1+ x x 2 = ax 5 + bx 4 + cx 3 + dx 2 + ex + f . Match the entries from the following columns:
x2 x 1+ x
Column-I Column-II
(A) The value of f is equal to (p) 0
(B) The value of e is equal to (q) 1
(C) The value of a + c is equal to (r) – 1
(D) The value of b + d is equal to (s) 3
INTEGER / SUBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS

9. If sin q ¹ cos q and x, y, z satisfy the equations
x cos p – y sin p + z = cos q + 1
x sin p + y cos p + z = 1 – sin q
x cos(p + q) – y sin (p + q) + z = 2
then find the value of x2 + y2 + z 2.
x+2 2x + 3 3x + 4
10. If a, b are the roots of 2 x + 3 3 x + 4 4 x + 5 = 0. Then a2 + b2 is equal to
3 x + 5 5 x + 8 10 x + 17
-3
x 1
2
11. Let f ( x ) = 2 2 1 . The minimum value of f(x) (given x > 1)
1 1
0
x -1 2
12. Find the sum of all positive integral values of a for which every solution to the system of equation
x + ay = 3 and ax + 4y = 6 satisfy the inequalities x > 1, y > 0.
87
JEE-Mathem atics
Very Short Answer
5 4
1. Evaluate: -2 3
1 log b a
2. Evaluate: log b 1
a
2 3 -2
D= 1 2 3
3. Evaluate by expanding it along the second row..
-2 1 - 3
x - 2 -3
4. If = 3 find the values of x.
3x 2x
1 a b+c
1 b c+a = 0
5. Show that .
1 c a+b
2 3 4
5 6 8
6. Find the value of the determinant D = .
6x 9x 12x
7. If the points (2, – 3), (l,–1) and (0,4) are collinear, find the value of l.
Short Answer
8. Using determinants, find the area of the triangle whose vertices are (– 2,4), (2,–6) and (5,4). Are the given
points collinear.
9. Solve by Cramer’s rule 2x – y = 17, 3x + 5y = 6
3 log 512 log 4 3

10. Evaluate the determinant D = log 8 log 4 9
3
Long Answer
a + bx c + dx p + qx a c p
ax + b cx + d px + q = (1 - x 2 ) b d q
11. Without expanding, prove that .
u v w u v w
x y z
x2 y2 z2
12. Show that = xyz (x – y) (y – z) (z –x)
x3 y3 z3
1 1 1
m m +1 m+2
C1 C1 C1
13. If m Î N and m ³ 2 , prove that m m +1 m+2
=1
C2 C2 C2
x+y x x
5x + 4y 4x 2x = x 3
14. Prove that
10x + 8y 8x 3x
88
Determinants
a b-c c+b
a+c b c-a
15. Show that = (a + b + c) ( a 2 + b 2 + c 2 )
a-b b+a c
a+x a-x a-x

a-x a+x a-x =0
16. Solve
a-x a-x a+x
17. Find the equation of the line joining A(1,3) and B(0,0) using determinants and find k if D(k,0) is a point such
that area of DABC is 3 sq. units.
18. Using determinants, show that the following system of equation is inconsistent 2x – y + z = 4,x + 3y + 2z
=12,3x + 2y + 3z = 10.
19. For what values of a and b, the following system of equations is consistent
x + y + z = 6, 2x + 5y + az = b, x + 2y + 3z = 14
x sin q cos q
20. Prove that the determinant - sin q -x 1

is independent of q.
cos q 1 x
b 2c 2 bc b + c
Without expanding show that c 2a 2 ca c + a = 0 .

2 2
21.
a b ab a + b
89
JEE-Mathem atics
ANSWER KEY
BEGINNER'S BOX-1
1. minors : 4, –1, –4, 4 ; Cofactors : –4, –1, 4, 4 2. –98 3. 0 6. (0)
7. 2 8. (B) 9. (C) 10. (B) 11. (B) 12. (D) 13. (C)
14. (D) 15. (A) 16. (C) 17. (D) 18. (B) 19. (B) 20. (D)
BEGINNER'S BOX-2
1. (B) 2. (B) 3. (D) 4. (A) 5. (C) 6. (D) 7. (C) 8. (C)
9. (B) 10. (B) 11. (B) 12. (B) 13. (C) 14. (21) 15. (–2)
BEGINNER'S BOX-3
1. (A) 2. (A) 3. (D) 4. (C) 5. (B) 6. (B) 7. (C) 8. (D)
9. (A) 10. (B) 11. (A) 12. (A) 13. (C)
14. x = 1 + 2 k , y = – 3k , z = k when p = 1, x = 2k , y = 1 – 3k , z = k when p = 2, k Î R
15. (a) l ¹ 3 , (b) l = 3, m = 10 , (c) l = 3, m ¹ 10
EXERCISE-1
(SINGLE CORRECT & MORE THAN ONE OPTION CORRECT)
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. A D A A D A D B C C
Que. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. C C B ABCD BD AC BC AC BD ABD
EXERCISE-2 (MISCELLANEOUS)
Comprehension – 1 1. (A) 2. (B) 3. (C)
Comprehension – 2 4. (D) 5. (C) 6. (A)
l Match the Column
Match the Column 7. (A) ® (q); (B) ® (p); (C) ® (s); (D) ® (s)
Match the Column 8. (A) ® (q); (B) ® (s); (C) ® (r); (D) ® (q)
l INTEGER/SUBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS

9. (2) 10. (5)
11. (4) 12. (4)
NCERT CORNER
1. 23 2. 0 3. -37 4. 1/2 , - 3 6. 0 7. 10/7.
8. 35 9. x = 7 and y = – 3 10. 15/2
16. x = 0, 3a. 17. 3x – y = 0 18. inconsistent. 19. a = 8 and b = 36.
*****
90

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Contents

5. SEQUENCE AND SERIES 30

2.0 SOLUTION OF TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATION

3.0 GENERAL SOLUTIONS OF ELEMENTARY TRIGONOMETRIC

(d) If sin2 q = sin2 a or cos2 q = cos2 a or tan2 q = tan2 a, then q = np ± a, n Î I

SOME OTHER IMPORTANT RESULTS

(d) If sin q =1, then q = 2np + = (4n + 1) , n Î I

(iii) If cot q or cosec q is involved in the equation, q should not be multiple of p or 0.

1. Find general solutions of the following equations :

2. If cos 2q + 3cos q = 0 then cos q can be

5. Find the general solution of the equation cos 5q = cos 4q

4.0 DIFFERENT STRATEGIES FOR SOLVING TRIGONOMETRIC

4.2 Solving of trigonometric equation by reducing it to a quadratic equation

\ 6 – 10cosx = 3 – 3cos2x Þ 3cos2x – 10cosx + 3 = 0

Since cosx = 3 is not possible as – 1 £ cosx £ 1

4.3 Solving trigonometric equations by transforming sum of trigonometric functions into

Illustration 8. Solve : cosq + cos3q + cos5q + cos7q = 0

4.4 Solving trigonometric equations by transforming a product into sum

4. The general solution of the equation 2sin 2 x + 3 cos x + 1 = 0 is

9*. If cos q + cos 2 q = 1 then cos q is equal to

11*. The solution of the equation 7 cos 2 q + 3sin 2 q = 4 is

np p 2np 2np p 2np p

(B) tan 2 q - (1 + 3) tan q + 3 = 0 in qÎ[0,2p] (Q) 2

(D) tan 2 q + cot 2 q = 2 in qÎ[0, 2p] (S) 0

4.5 Solving trigonometric equations by introducing an auxilliary argument

equation (i) has a solution only if |c| £ a2 + b 2

by introducing this auxillary argument f, equation (i) reduces to

Solution Here,sec x + tanx = 3 Þ 1 + sinx = 3 cosx

dividing both sides by a2 + b2 i.e. 4 = 2 , we get

4.6 Solving equations by a change of variable

Þ (1 – cos2x)2 + (1 + cos2x)2 = 4sinx cosx

Þ sin2x = 1 or sin2x = –2 (which is not possible)

1. The general value of x satisfying the equation 3 sin x + cos x = 3 , is given by

2. The equation a sin x + b cos x = c where | c | > a 2 + b 2 , has

(A) one solution (B) two solution

6. The number of solution of the equation tan 2q tan q = 1 is (q Î [0,2p])

(wherever above ratio exis, n Î I)

sin 3 q - cos 3 q cos q

Illustration 13. Solve the equation (sinx + cosx)1+sin2x = 2, when 0 £ x £ p .

Solution We know, – a 2 + b2 £ a sin q + b cos q £ a 2 + b2 and –1 £ sinq £ 1.

\ (sinx + cosx) admits the maximum value as 2

Minimum value of 2 cos =2

(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) infinite (D) none of these

5.0 TRIGONOMETRIC INEQUATIONS

1. If x2 – 4x + 5 – siny = 0, y Î [0, 2p) , then -

2. The number of real solutions of the equation sin (e x ) = 5x + 5- x is

4. The general solution of the equation sin 50 x - cos50 x = 1 is

4 cos x (2 - 3sin 2 x) + (cos 2x + 1) = 0, is

9. The equation sin 4 x - (k + 2)sin 2 x - (k + 3) = 0 posesses a solution if

(A) k > –3 (B) k < –2 (C) -3 £ k £ - 2 (D) k is any positive integer

11. Find the general solution of the equation sec q - 1 = ( 2 - 1) tan q

SOME WORKED OUT EXAMPLES

Illustration 1. Solve the following equation : tan 2q + sec2q + 3 = 2 ( 2 sec q + tan q)

Þ tan 2 q + 1 - 2 tan q + sec 2 q - 2 2 sec q + 2 = 0

Solution |4 sin x + 2| < 6

Þ - 6 < 4 sin x + 2 < 6 Þ - 6 - 2 < 4 sin x < 6 - 2

Case I – For 2t – 1 > 0 i.e. t > 1/2 we have , |2t – 1| = (2t – 1)

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MORE THAN ONE OPTION CORRECT

22. If cos2x + cos22x + cos23x = 1 then -

(C) np + (–1)n æç - 3p ö÷ ; n Î I (D) none of these

(A) np + ( -1)n p / 10 (B) n p + ( -1) n p / 6 (C) n p - ( -1)n 3p / 10 (D) n p