baseband transmission

9N
digital ,
a stream
of l 'sand O 's
represented in the
form of
discrete PAM or PPM
low pass signals is transmitted
directly over a (
baseband
) channel
-

. .

on
digital bandpass ( passband) transmission
the other hand data
,

modulated incoming
on the .

stream is onto a carrier

with fixed But limits
imposed by a

bandpass channel of interest .

.

The modulation process involves switching

(
keying ) the
amplitude
sinusoidal carrier in somefrequency
phase or , , ,

of a
fashion
accordance with
in
stream .
the
incoming data

there are three basic modulation schemes

Amplitude shift keying
,

known as task) ,

phase shift ( PSH and frequency

keying ,

shift keying ( FSK)

g- Binary ASK

£9 -

Binary Psk

¥
←
$

§
-
in
:*:÷÷ .
Amplitude Shift Keying

To transmit the digital signal waveforms through a bandpass

channel by amplitude modulation, the baseband signal waveforms
s_m(t),m = 1, 2, . . . , M are multiplied by a sinusoidal carrier of
the form cos 2π fct, where fc is the carrier frequency and
corresponds to the center frequency in the passband of the
channel.

Thus, the transmitted signal waveforms may be expressed as

①
217ft
-

Um It ) = Smit) Cos

M =L
,
2 - - -

Smite 24ft
]
=
Re [
E is called the equivalent
low pass signal .

Um It
) =
Amg Ttt) Cos zitfct
cos ft}
{ Amg It ) zit
Um (f) = I ,

Amzfft , (f -

f) + Gtfftfe))
Thus, the amplitude modulation of the carrier cos2πfct by the
baseband signal waveforms s_m(t)=A_mg_T(t), shifts the spectrum
of the baseband signal by an amount fc and, thus places the
signal into the passband of the channel.
The result is a DSB-SC AM signal, as illustrated in below Figure
a) spectrum of baseband
signal

b) spectrum of LSB
amplitude
modulated
"B

signee ÷÷ .

A- 21h14

The DSB-SC amplitude-modulated signal occupies a channel

bandwidth of 2W , which is twice the bandwidth required to
transmit the baseband signal.

The
energy of
the bandpass signal waveforms
is by
'

Umlt ) ,
m -
-
1,2g . - -

Ag vers

fafuinctldts.fi/tmgfetAntfagfltllosaitftdt
)Gs3ntfetdt- AzIf gHttdt-
Em -

it
when fe > 71N this

than
,
'
integration becomes zero
Em
.
-

energy ingeltl .
Integration I involves the product of a
slowly
varying function , gfet) ,
with a
rapidly
sinusoidal term cos at ft
varying
as
,

shown below :

←
The
signal
ghettos anft
>t

integration
over a
Because of this the
is zero and
period of cos att ft ,

single arbitrary
hence ,
the
integration
is also zero
over an

no
of cycles
.
.

Remember , Em Ani Eg
for baseband PAM = .

Thus, the energy in the bandpass signal is one-half of the energy in

the baseband signal. The scale factor 1/2 is due to the carrier
component cos 2π fct, which has an average power of 1/2.
The bandpass digital PAM is also called amplitude-shift keying (ASK).

For equiprobable signals ,

the
average
is
energy
i'm
'

e. Em.im .
=

In
 Es
Eff mi km i MT
-
-
-
-

Efg ( 12+34 -
-
+
-

)
( M 112)

II. cnn.IT
FjFF¥s=lm"}GI
energy K -
-

login
bit
energy Es =
Esta
Average
,

§=CMZyE
-
log 6 2M

REPRESENTATION OF BANDPASS
GEOMETRIC
PAI

Um It) -

Mz fezgeftaszitfct
w -
Am
at
 Um It)= Smdlt) m -1,2 M
-

-
-
.

Sm
-_JIg/zAm Am -_ It -13 ICM D
-
- -
-

, ,
,

Note that the only change in the geometric representation of

bandpass PAM signals, compared to baseband signals, is the
scale factorS
2,.

signal space
diagram
for
119=2 , 4,8
-

The map-ping or assignment of k information bits to the M = 2^k

possible signal amplitudes may be done in a number of ways.

The preferred assignment is one in which the adjacent signal

amplitudes differ by one binary digit as illustrated in Figure above.

This mapping is called Gray coding. It is important in the

demodulation of the signal because the most likely errors caused
by noise involve the erroneous selection of an adjacent amplitude
to the transmitted signal amplitude. In such a case, only a single bit
error occurs in the k-bit sequence.
The Euclidean distance bln pair of
signal points is any
dmn -

115¥12
=
feat
I Am -

Aml
hence
Hm
adjacent signal points Ant -_ 2
For
-

the constellations
minimum distance of
dm in = 2
Tegh peg -

-252M
=

1¥
dm
Elgin
-

in -

in

ight
*
¥ .

a four-amplitude level baseband PAM signal and the carrier-modulated

version of the signal is shown in Figure below:
 3
. - - - - -

⇐
I
-

-
3 -
- - -
-

The carrier-modulated PAM signal represented by Equation (1)

is a double- sideband (DSB) signal and requires twice the
channel bandwidth of the equivalent lowpass signal for
-

transmission. Alternatively, we may use single-sideband (SSB)

PAM, which has the representation (lower or upper sideband)
ft
Um Itt = Re
( fifth Amiga
( Am t) ) edit )
m =L ,
2 - -

s M
,
-

gift I = Hilbert Transform of felt ) .

Thus, the bandwidth of the SSB signal is one-half that of the DSB signal.
PHASE SHIFT KEYING
FSK , the of the castles
In M
any one phase
-

takes on of the M possible values ,

Lit ( m D -

Om 9 M =L 2 M
-pg
= -

,
-
-

Accordingly
of
during
duration T one
. each
signalingpossible
interval
, of the M
signals
Smit ) =

gilt) fet-2itlmy-D-J.me
cos .
-
in

eJ2"fm ejzitfet)
=
Reffitt)

is sent. The fc =
note is selected for Some fixed
integer nc .

gut ) is the pulse shape .

Smh ) =

gt-ycoszttlhffloszttfet-gyttjsinzt.tn#Sinzitfet
has
In this case each
signal waveform
equal energy ,
ie

Em =
Es = Eg 12
and Es =

Egs
M
logs
since . gtctlcoszttfet and gtltlsinzitfet
are
orthogonal ,
we can select ortho -

normal
functions as
 And .

The M
signal
circle
points are equally spaced
radius Es and centre at
on
a
of
the
origin as shown below
for M -8
-

902ft)
The preferred mapping
⇐ .
-
-
or assignment of k
i information bits to the M
I' 14
' '
= 2^k possible phases is
-
.

TO , It )
°
⑨ Gray encoding, so that
the most likely errors
caused by noise will
result in a single bit
error in the k-bit symbol.
 ) Eb
Eg=@JzM

M
-
BINARY PS K
coherent BPSK
9N a
system ,
the
pair
of signals Sitt ) and Ect
) used to
represent
defined
binary symbols
as
I 40 ,
respectively is

Sitt ) =

gtf t) cosset ft
Cos @ itfttttt )
Salt)
gift )
-
a

of teh
=
-

gut ) Coszitfef Hb
b
- f -
-
ne

Sf gtblt ) is selected as a
rectangular
pulse
IGHT
{
* et
,

gut, =

o
,
otherwise

haves
Faqs
we

, = cos setft
salt ) -
-
-

JE¥
Cos zitfet
From this
pair of equations ,
it is clear that

for BPSK only one basis

function is

required :

Oct ) =
JIG cos 217ft ,
o# %

JEST dlt)
thus
s, it ) =

Salt) =
-

19154ft)
 Egle
Energy of
silt ) is E, =

, Salt) is Ez z
Egf -

Thus bit es Eels

average energy
=
,

And -

Iszlt) Ef d ft)
I
sect) =
← BPSK
=
-

Efg
-

has dimensional
BPSK one
signal space
-
-
.

←
Antisignals
podal
"

⑨ ← @s→
t)
52
°
s

Ne=2 he =L
 GENERATION & DETECTION OF B PS K SIGNALS

IF
@ ft)
#bloszttfet
=

The
input binary
t and
sequence in
polar form with

amplitude level: ⑨ and

symbols 0
Hep resented
+
by constant
fees respectively -

encoding
.

transmission
The
signal encoder
is performed
by a
polar NRZ level
resulting
.
the
sinusoidal carrier alley
binary applied to
wave and a
are a
product multiplier The .

carrier
generate
and
the
the

binary
timing wave
pulses
are
usually
used to
extracted
from a common on Master clock . Thedesired
BPSK wave is obtained at the ofp of the
modulator .

Detector

Received
signal Alt) Threshold .
PROBABILITY OF BIT ERROR FOR BPSK .

For BPSK ,
dmin = 2. Ebf

thus Pe = Q
( fdT÷)=Q(F¥