Year 8

Topics:
Yr 7 Organisms- slides 2-3
Yr 8 Ecosystems slides 4
Yr 7/8 Matter- slide 5-6
Yr 7 Energy slide 7
Yr 8 Electricity (electromagnets) slides 8-9
 An Organelle is a specific part within a living cell that
serves a function e.g. nucleus.
Cells, tissues and organs. Specialised cells have
special features that
Organelle Function make them good at
Nucleus Contains genetic material which controls the cell’s activities their job – e.g lots of
mitochondria
Cell Membrane Controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell

Cytoplasm Where most of the chemical reactions happen

Mitochondria Where most energy is released in respiration

Ribosome Where protein synthesis happens

Cell Wall Strengthens the cell and supports the plant

Chloroplast Absorb light energy for photosynthesis (contains chlorophyll)

Vacuole Filled with cell sap to help keep the cell turgid to provide support.

Cell Tissue Organ Organ system Organism

Plant cells contain all of the above organelles.
Cell
Animal cells contain all of them apart from cell
wall, chloroplasts and large, permanent vacuole. Tissue
Bacterial cells don’t have a nucleus
The building blocks of life, all living things are made up of
cells.
A group of the same type of cell working together to do a
particular job. E.g.. Lots of muscle cells make up a muscle
tissue!

Unicellular organisms
are made of one cell (e.g.
amoeba)
Multicellular organisms
are made of many cells
(e.g. human)
Bacterial cell
Organ Made from a group of different types of tissue, which all
work together to do a particular job. E.g.. The heart
Organ System Made from a group of different organs, which all work
together to do a particular job within the organism. Eg
circulatory system.
Organism A living thing – this can be plants, animals or
microorganisms!
How can we take a closer look inside cells? Magnification
Using a microscope:
1. Stain the sample to make
objects easier to see
Example :
2. Put the slide on the stage
An image of a cell is 3mm long, but it’s
3. Start with the LOWEST
actual size is 0.012mm. Calculate the
magnification
magnification
4. Use the coarse focus to
find cells
Magnification = 3
5. Increase the
0.012
magnification
Magnification = 250 x
6. Use the fine focus to see
How do cells get what they need? them clearly
Internal surfaces

Diffusion takes place across The intestines and lungs are highly
Diffusion is the spreading out of particles from the cell membrane to allow folded to make diffusion as fast and easy
a high concentration to a low concentration substances like oxygen in as possible. The membranes are thin
 Respiration – an exothermic reaction which transfers energy from glucose and happens in the
Ecosystems (photosynthesis and respiration) mitochondria in every cell

Aerobic respiration
Photosynthesis – an endothermic reaction which takes place in chloroplasts in plant cells During exercise, muscles
contract harder and faster so
How are the leaves adapted? more glucose and oxygen
are needed for an increased
rate of respiration

energy

Factors affecting the rate of photosynthesis

Anaerobic respiration (needed when there is

insufficient oxygen)
Investigating the rate of photosynthesis

“Oxygen debt” is
the amount of
extra oxygen your
Anaerobic respiration in plants and yeast body needs (to
break down
lactic acid) after
utilising anaerobic
Providing optimum conditions for
Anaerobic respiration in yeast is known as respiration during
photosynthesis in a greenhouse fermentation. It is used to produce alcohol and exercise
bread
Farmers can maximise the
rate of photosynthesis to
increase the rate of
How glucose produced during plant growth
photosynthesis is used

-Artificial light
supplied
-Paraffin heater
used to increase
CO2 level
-Fertiliser added
-Pests kept away

This is expensive so the farmer must ensure he uses the

minimum input to get the maximum yield
 Explaining the properties of solids Explaining the properties of liquids Explaining the properties gases

Property Reason Property Reason Property Reason

Particles cannot move from place to They flow and The particles can move around each other, as They flow and The particles can move quickly in all directions. The
Fixed shape place. The particles do not have a lot take the shape of the particles have more energy so can completely fill their particles have a lot of kinetic energy so overcome
& cannot of energy so cannot overcome the their container overcome the strong forces between them. container the forces between them.
flow strong forces between the particles
They cannot be
that hold them in place. The particles are close together and have no They can be The particles are far apart and have space to move
compressed
space to move into compressed (squashed) into
Cannot be (squashed)
Particles are close together and have
compressed
no space to move into
(squashed)

Conservation of mass
The particles stay the same when a substance changes state - only their

Particles closeness, arrangement or motion change.

This means that the mass of the substance stays the same.

For example, 10 g of water boils to form 10 g of steam, or freezes to

form 10 g of ice.

Increasing kinetic energy This is called conservation of mass.

Boiling (or
melting evaporating)
Increasing Kinetic energy
Decreasing Kinetic energy

Condensing Freezing Melting Evaporating or boiling

Description Gas to liquid Liquid to solid Description Solid to liquid Liquid to gas
Closeness of Become much closer
Stay close together Closeness of
particles together Stay close together Become much further apart
particles
Freezing Condensing
Arrangement of
Stay random Random to regular Arrangement
particles Regular to random Stay random
of particles
Motion of
Stop moving quickly in all Stop moving around Decreasing Kinetic energy
directions, and can only each other, and only Motion of Start to move Start to move quickly in all
particles particles around each other directions
move around each other vibrate on the spot
 Elements and symbols Compounds Mixtures

Everything in the
universe is made up of
the elements found on
the periodic table. An
element is a pure
substance that cannot
be broken down further.
There are over 100
different elements and
each element is made up
of a different type of
atom.
All elements have a
symbol.
All symbols start with a
capital letter. If they
have a second letter this
will always be lower
case.
Br BR Х
Atoms from different elements bond together to form Some substances are mixtures of elements and/or
new substances called compounds. Compounds have compounds. Air is a common example.
different properties from the elements that they are
A compound is not a mixture because the atoms of different
made up of.
elements are bonded together to make a new substance.
The type of salt we put on our food is a compound
called sodium chloride. Sodium chloride contains a Particle diagrams
metal element called sodium and a non-metal element
called chlorine, which is a green gas. When the atoms We can show the differences using particle diagrams.
of sodium and chlorine bond together, they make
We use different circles to represent atoms of different elements.
something entirely different.
The element hydrogen is a colourless gas which is
explosive. Oxygen is another colourless gas. When
hydrogen reacts with oxygen though, water, H2O is
made.
Water is entirely different from oxygen and hydrogen.
For example, it is a liquid at room temperature and not
a gas. We say that it has different properties. The
diagrams show a molecule of hydrogen, a molecule of
oxygen and a molecule of water. What does each box represent?
O Box A represents an element which exists as single atoms because there is only
H
H O O H H one type of atom and they are not bonded together.

Box B represents a mixture of two different elements. One of the elements

exists as a molecule because the atoms are joined together.
Element symbol Element symbol Molecules
Hydrogen H Chlorine Cl Box C represents a compound because there are atoms of different elements,
Groups of atoms can bond (join) together to
Oxygen O Magnesium Mg bonded together as molecules.
make molecules.
Nitrogen N Iron Fe
Box D represents a mixture of two different compounds. Each compound exists
Carbon C Zinc Zn You can get molecules of atoms from different
as a molecule.
Sulfur S Copper Cu elements, e.g. water. You can get molecules of
Iodine I Sodium Na atoms of the same element, e.g. nitrogen. Box E represents an element, which exists as a molecule.
bromine Br potassium K
Formulae

H2O and O2 are both formulae.

They show us how many particles of each substance are present. You get formulae for
elements which exist as molecules. For example, the formula for oxygen gas is O2
and it shows us that there are 2 atoms of oxygen in a molecule of oxygen gas.

H2O shows us that water contains 2 hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom.
Formula Elements present Element or Name
compound?
Understanding what formulae mean
Carbonates, sulfates and nitrates Br2 2 x bromine element bromine
This is the formula for a gas called methane.
You get particular groups of I2 2 x iodine element iodine
CH4 It shows us that it is made up of one carbon and particles in a formula.
4 hydrogens in methane.
H2 2 x hydrogen element hydrogen
A formula with CO3 in it, will be a
SO2 This is the formula for sulfur dioxide gas. It shows carbonate. For example, sodium N2 2 x nitrogen element nitrogen
carbonate Na2CO3 .
us that there is one sulfur and 2 oxygen. H2S 2 x hydrogen, 1 x sulfur compound Hydrogen sulfide
A formula with SO4 in it, will be a
The di in a formula means 2. MgO 1 x magnesium, 1 x oxygen compound Magnesium oxide
sulfate. For example, sodium
CO2 sulfate, Na2SO4 .
Carbon dioxide contains one carbon and 2 CuCl2 1 x copper, 2 x chlorine compound Copper chloride
oxygens. A formula with NO3 in it will be a compound
nitrate. For example sodium nitrate,
ZnI2 1 x zinc, 2 x iodine Zinc iodide
NaOH This is the formula for a compound called NaNO3 . compound
sodium hydroxide. It shows us that sodium hydroxide FeBr3 1 x iron, 3 x bromine Iron bromide

contains one sodium (Na), one oxygen and one compound

ZnCO3 1 x zinc, 1 x carbon, 3 x oxygen Zinc carbonate
hydrogen. Whenever we have an OH in a formula, it is a
compound
something hydroxide. KOH 1 x potassium, 1 x oxygen, 1 x hydrogen Potassium hydroxide
compound
KOH This is called potassium hydroxide and it contains CuSO4 1 x copper, 1 x sulfur, 4 x oxygen Copper sulfate
one potassium (K), one oxygen and one hydrogen. The compound
first part of the name comes from the first element in
KNO3 1 x potassium, 1 x nitrogen, 3 x oxygen Potassium nitrate

the formula, which is potassium in this case

Different energy stores:
We can measure the Renewable and non-renewable resources:
• Chemical; amount of energy in a The energy laws:
• Kinetic; store 1) Energy can not be destroyed or created, only 1) Non-renewable energy resources cannot be replaced once
• Gravitational potential; transferred - this is called conservation of they are all used up;
•
•
•
•
Elastic potential;
Magnetic;
Electrostatic;
Internal (or thermal);
Units of energy:
joules (J);
kilojoules (kJ);
kilowatt-hours (kWh).
Energy 2)
energy;
Energy tends to spread out and become less
useful (eg hot objects always eventually cool
down).
• Fossil fuels (coal, oil, gas)
- releases carbon dioxide (a greenhouse gas and
increases global warming). - releases sulphur dioxide
and nitrogen oxides, which cause acid rain
Note that electrical, light and sound are not included on this • Nuclear
list, they are not energy stores, but are ways of transferring + nuclear fuels do not produce carbon dioxide or
energy from one store to another. sulphur dioxide;
- non-renewable energy resources. They will run out
one day;
Power is a measure of how fast energy is being transferred.
- risk of radioactive material being released into the
environment
Units of power:
watts (W);
2) Renewable energy resources can be replaced, and will not
kilowatts (kW).
run out;
Power Transferring energy • Wind
Power is calculated by dividing energy transferred by time The following are ways that energy can be transferred: + no release of carbon dioxide or sulphur dioxide
taken • by mechanical work (a force causing an object to move); - if there is no wind, there is no electricity.
• by electrical work (when charges move due to a potential difference); • Water (wave, tidal or hydroelectric)
P = E/t • By heating (due to a difference in temperature); + noif there is no wind, there is no electricity.
• By radiation (due to electromagnetic waves, eg light or to mechanical waves, eg release of carbon dioxide or sulphur dioxide
P= :Power (W); E = energy (J); t = time (s). sound). - difficult for wave machines to produce large amounts
of electricity.
Heat transfer - tidal barrages destroy the habitats;
Conduction – heat transfer in a solid; Energy costs money. - hydroelectric floods farmland and push people from
Particles gain energy and vibrate; they pass vibrations (and To work out how much it costs you need to know: their homes.
therefore energy) to adjacent particles. In metals, this • Geothermal
happens because free electrons gain energy and move • the amount of units of energy used (in kWh not joules); + no release of carbon dioxide or sulphur dioxide
through the metal, colliding with particles and transferring • the cost per unit (1 unit is 1 kWh) – you will be told this - most parts of the world do not have suitable areas
energy to them. for geothermal
total cost (p) = number of kilowatt-hours (kWh) × cost per kilowatt-hour (p) • Solar
Convection – heat transfer in fluids (liquids and gases); + no release of carbon dioxide or sulphur dioxide
Particles in a fluid gain energy and move further apart. This You can work out how many units something uses if you know its power (in kW) and - if there is no sunlight, there is no electricity.
makes the fluid less dense, causing it to rise. how long you have used it for (in hours):

Radiation – heat transfer via infra-red (thermal) radiation – number of units of energy used (kWh) = power (kW) x time (s)
can travel through a vacuum.