19/08/2020

KNE316 and ENG705

Design of Slabs and Beams

1
 19/08/2020

• Quiz 2 Submissions

Slabs
Slabs are thin, planar, horizontal, flexural
members that are used as floors in buildings, in
the decking of bridges and in other structures to
support vertical loads.

2
 19/08/2020

Types of Slabs

One way Slabs

Theoretically, all slabs are two-dimensional systems
with bending in two orthogonal directions or two-
way bending.
In practice, however, some slabs are supported on
parallel and continuous (line) supports in one
direction only or their ratio of longer dimension to
shorter dimension is equal or greater than 2.
These are called one-way slabs.
Consequently, the forces in this one-way strip
include only the bending moment (Mx) – or simply
M – and transverse shear (V)

3
 19/08/2020

One way Slabs

Do not confuse one-way slabs with

single-span slabs (or one-span
slabs)!
A one-way slab can still have
multiple spans (i.e. it can be
continuous)!

One-way Slabs
continuous (line)
supports in one direction
ONLY

Note: The slab

can be a single-
span slab or
continuous-span
slab

Note: In this case

the beam is
usually a band
beam (width
more than
depth) but not
always

Concrete Institute of Australia – Reinforcement Detailing Handbook

4
 19/08/2020

Photo Courtesy Dr Alex Taoum (Aldanmark Consulting Engineers)

One-Way Continuous Slab Supported

by Beams

Continuous
slab
supported
Band Beams by beams
(also continuous)

Carpark in Wrest Point Casino

10

5
 19/08/2020

One-way Slab
Note: The slab
can be a single-
span slab or
continuous-span
slab in one
direction, or both
directions

Note: in some
locations, walls
replace beams

If SPAN 2 / SPAN 1 ≥ 2
Then this is a one-way slab
i.e ratio of longer dimension to shorter
dimension is equal or greater than 2
Concrete Institute of Australia – Reinforcement Detailing Handbook

11

Plan View of a Slab (Continuous)

Diagram Courtesy Dr Alex Taoum (Aldanmark Consulting Engineers)

12

6
 19/08/2020

One-way Slabs

Concrete Institute of Australia – Reinforcement Detailing Handbook

13

One-Way Continuous Slab Supported by Beams

Continuous
one-way Slab Secondary
beams (ribs)
acting as
supports for
slab

Photo Courtesy Dr. Alex Taoum (United Engineers)

14

7
 19/08/2020

One-Way Continuous Slab Supported by Beams

Continuous one-way Slab

Hollow Block (or

Ribs (or beams)
acting as supports for
foam block) to
the slab form a void – does
not have any
structural
Section Through Ribs contribution

15

Example of a Waffle Slab (Ribs in Both Directions)

Photo Courtesy Dr. Alex Taoum (United Engineers)

16

8
 19/08/2020

Example of a Waffle Slab (Ribs in Both Directions) on Ground

Photo Courtesy Dr. Alex Taoum (Gandy and Roberts Consulting Engineers)

17

One Way Slabs

Loo and Chowdhury: Reinforced and Prestressed Concrete. Analysis and design with emphasis on the application of AS 3600-2009. Cambridge

18

9
 19/08/2020

One Way Slabs

Reinforced Concrete Basics By S. J. Foster, A. E Kilpatrick, R. F. Warner, Pearson

19

Simplified Method of Determining Moments for

one-way Slabs (and Beams)
The simplified method can be used provided that:
1) for any two adjacent spans, the span length should be
equal or differ by no more than 20%,
2) Loads are uniformly distributed,
3) Imposed (live) load Q ≤ 2G , where G is the permanent
(dead) load,
4) Members are of uniform cross-section.
(5) the reinforcement is arranged in accordance with the
requirements of Clause 8.1.10.6 (8.3.1.5) or Clause 9.1.3.2;
(6) bending moments at supports are caused only by the
action of loads applied to the beam or slab.

20

10
 19/08/2020

Simplified Method of Determining Moments for

one-way Slabs (and Beams)
• Then the moments at the middle span and at
the support can be determined using:

• Where Fd is the factored design load, Ln is the

clear span

21

Values of α

22

11
 19/08/2020

Values of β

Note that no shear reinforcement is required if

V* ≤ φVuc

23

Simplified method to Determine the Amount of

Reinforcement in a one-way Slab
After determining the moments and shear
forces, the slab can then be designed as a beam
with a section 1m wide and Ds Deep (refer to
Topic 3)
For example, the minimum steel ratio should be:
D f ct . f
Pmin =  b ( ) 2 f ct . f = 0.6 f c'
d f sy
αb = 0.2 since the section is rectangular

24

12
 19/08/2020

Load Patterns (Slabs and Beams)

To account for different loading scenarios,
Clause 2.5.4 of AS 3600 specifies that:
“When design checks are carried out for
continuous beams and continuous floor systems
[…], alternative arrangements of the vertical
loads shall be considered in order to determine
the critical load combinations.
Variations in the load intensity on individual
spans shall be considered, […], together with
variations in the loading patterns, whereby
some spans are loaded and others unloaded.”

25

Load Patterns (Continued)

i.e. If Q is less than three-quarters of G, then the factored Q shall be applied on all spans (no pattern loading required).

26

13
 19/08/2020

Example
of Load
Patterns

Bending moment
diagrams for the
patterns above

Reinforced Concrete – The Designer Handbook by Beletich, Hymas, Reid and Uno.

27

Arrangement of Flexural Reinforcement for

Beams and Slabs – Why we Need it?

Reinforced Concrete – The Designer Handbook by Beletich, Hymas, Reid and Uno.

28

14
 19/08/2020

Arrangement of Reinforcement: One – Way Slabs

Same layer
Same layer

Same layer
Same layer

Clause 9.1.3.2 of AS 3600 - 2018

29

Arrangement of Reinforcement: One – Way Slabs

(Corrections)
Same layer

Steel Reinforcement Institute of Australia (SRIA)

30

15
 19/08/2020
choose
☆ state why you

Minimum Reinforcement for Shrinkage

and Crack Control
For one-way slabs (not prestressed) the ratio of
reinforcement in the secondary direction shall
be not less than the values:
Slab Restraint conditions Exposure Crack control types Steel ratios (x 10-3)
conditions
Unrestraint (slab width 1.75
>=2.5m) (Free to move)
minor 1.75
Fully enclosed in a
moderate 1 3.5
building
Strong 2 6.0
Restrained
moderate 1 3.6
A1 and A2
strong 2 6.0
B1, B2 and C (always Strong) 6.0
1 - Where a moderate degree of control over 2 - Where a strong degree of control over
cracking is required and where cracks are cracking is required for appearance or
inconsequential or hidden from view where cracks may reflect through finishes

31

Reinforcement Requirements for all

Slabs – Crack Control
The centre-to-centre spacing of bars required to
provide a moderate degree of control over
cracking shall not exceed the lesser of 2.0Ds or
300 mm.
For a strong degree of control over cracking, the
centre-to-centre spacing of bars shall not exceed
the lesser of 1.5Ds or 200 mm.

32

16
 19/08/2020

Primary and Secondary Directions

Note: The reinforcement in the primary
direction shall be placed closer to concrete face,
*
in order to maximise “d” better

33

Primary and Secondary Directions

34

17
 19/08/2020

Primary and Secondary Directions

Reinforced Concrete – The Designer Handbook by Beletich, Hymas, Reid and Uno.

35

Clause 8.3.1.5 Deemed to Comply Arrangement

of Flexural Reinforcement for Beams
For continuous reinforced beams designed using simplified methods of analysis, as detailed
in Clause 6.10, the following arrangements are deemed to satisfy the requirements of
Clauses 8.3.1.2 to 8.3.1.4:
(a) Of the negative moment tensile reinforcement provided at the support—
(i) not less than one quarter shall extend over the whole span;
(ii) not less than one half shall extend 0.3Ln or more beyond the face of the support;
and
(iii) the remainder, if any, shall extend 0.2Ln or more beyond the face of the support.
Where adjacent spans are unequal, the extension of negative reinforcement beyond
each face of the common support shall be based on the longer span.
(b) Of the positive moment tensile reinforcement provided at midspan—
(i) not less than one half shall extend into a simple support for a length of 12db with a
cog;
(ii) not less than one quarter shall extend into a support where the beam is
continuous or flexurally restrained; and
(iii) the remainder, if any, shall extend to within 0.1 Ln from the face of the support.
(c) To comply with shear requirements, not more than a quarter of the maximum tensile
reinforcement shall be terminated within any distance 2D.

36

18
 19/08/2020

Arrangement of Reinforcement – Beams

END
OF
PART 1
Reinforced Concrete Basics By S. J. Foster, A. E Kilpatrick, R. F. Warner, Pearson

37

Two-way Slabs Supported by Beams

and Walls
If a slab is supported on all four sides with Ly/Lx ≤
2 (Ly ≥ Lx), bending moment will develop in both
directions and reinforcement is needed in both
directions.

38

19
 19/08/2020

Two-way Slab
Note: The slab
can be a single-
span slab or
continuous-span
slab in one
direction, or both
directions

Note: in some
locations, walls
replace beams

If SPAN 2 / SPAN 1 < 2

Then this is a two-way slab

Concrete Institute of Australia – Reinforcement Detailing Handbook

39

Two-way Slabs Supported by Beams

and Walls

Reinforced Concrete Basics By S. J. Foster, A. E Kilpatrick, R. F. Warner, Pearson

40

20
 19/08/2020

41

Simplified Method for two-way Slabs Supported

on Four Sides (Cl 6.10.3.1 of AS3600)
The design bending moments and shear forces for strength in
reinforced two-way simply supported or continuous rectangular
slabs, which are supported by walls or beams on four sides and
have corners that are prevented from lifting, may be
determined from Clauses 6.10.3.2 to 6.10.3.4 provided—
(a) the loads are essentially uniformly distributed;
(b) the reinforcement is arranged in accordance with the
requirements of Clause 9.1.3.3;
(c) bending moments at supports are caused only by the action
of loads applied to the beam or slab;
(d) any opening or penetration through the thickness of a slab
does not adversely affect strength or stiffness; and
(e) slabs incorporating Ductility Class L reinforcement are
continuously supported on walls

42

21
 19/08/2020

Simplified Method for two-way Slabs Supported

on Four Sides (C 6.10.3 of AS3600)
The design bending moments in a slab shall be
determined as follows:
(a) The positive design bending moments at midspan,
M*x and M*y on strips of unit width spanning Lx and Ly,
respectively, shall be calculated from the following
equations: M * =  F L2
x x d x

M * y =  y Fd L 2
x
Where Fd is the uniformly distributed design load factored
for strength (kPa),
Lx and Ly are the shorter and longer effect spans of a two-
way slab respectively.

43

The moment of Mx* and My* should apply to

3/4Lx and 3/4 Ly over the centre resign of the
slab. Apply the minimum reinforcement for
strength for the outside of the central region.

44

22
 19/08/2020

45

46

23
 19/08/2020

Definitions of Edge Conditions

47

Simplified Method for two-way Slabs Supported

on Four Sides (C 6.10.3 of AS3600)

(b) The negative design bending moments at a

continuous edge shall be taken as—
(i) 1.33 times the midspan values in the
direction considered, when they are taken from
Table 6.10.3.2(A); or
(ii) αx or αy times the midspan values in the
direction considered when they are taken from
Table 6.10.3.2(B).

48

24
 19/08/2020

Simplified Method for two-way Slabs Supported

on Four Sides (C 6.10.3 of AS3600)

Note:
If the negative moment on one side of a common
support is different from that on the other side—
(A) the unbalanced moment may be redistributed
(in proportion to the stiffness of span Lx in the
adjacent panels) if Ductility Class N reinforcement is
the main flexural reinforcement; or
(B) the slab shall be reinforced on both sides of the
support for the larger support moment.

49

Simplified Method for two-way Slabs Supported

on Four Sides (C 6.10.3 of AS3600)
(c) The negative design bending moment at a
discontinuous edge, where there is a likelihood
of restraint, shall be taken as—
(i) 0.5 times the midspan values in the direction
considered when they are taken from Table
6.10.3.2(A); or
(ii) 0.8 times the midspan values in the direction
considered when they are taken from Table
6.10.3.2(B).

50

25
 19/08/2020

Allocation of Load

Loo and Chowdhury: Reinforced and Prestressed

Concrete. Analysis and design with emphasis on the
application of AS 3600-2009. Cambridge

51

Minimum Reinforcement Detailing of

two-way Slabs Supported on Beams
and Walls

For two-way slabs supported by beams or walls

on four sides, (Cl 9.1.1 (b) of AS 3600):

D f
Pmin = 0.19( ) 2 ct . f
d f sy

52

26
 19/08/2020

Reinforcement detailing of two-way

slabs supported on beams and walls
The same detailing as one way slabs should be
applied to both Lx and Ly directions, and based
on Lx, i.e. the short effective span length.
If the short spans of two adjacent slabs are not
equal, take the longer of the two short spans.

53

Reinforcement detailing of two-way

slabs supported on beams and walls

54

27
 19/08/2020

Reinforcement detailing of two-way

slabs supported on beams and walls

55

Minimum Reinforcement for two-way

Slabs Supported on Beams and Walls

56

28
 19/08/2020

Note on Reinforcement Directions

Note: The reinforcement in the direction with

the larger moments (shorter direction) shall be
placed closer to concrete face, in order to
maximise “d”

57

Primary and Secondary Directions

Reinforced Concrete – The Designer Handbook by Beletich, Hymas, Reid and Uno.

58

29
 19/08/2020

Two-way Slabs Supported by Columns

Concrete Institute of Australia – Reinforcement Detailing Handbook

59

Two-way Slabs Supported by Columns

Concrete Institute of Australia – Reinforcement Detailing Handbook

60

30
 19/08/2020

Two-way Slabs Supported by Columns

Loo and Chowdhury: Reinforced and Prestressed Concrete. Analysis and design with emphasis on the application of AS 3600-2009. Cambridge

61

Behaviour under load

• Significant bending moments in both
directions,
• Moments are larger in the long span direction
(unlike one way slabs),
• Moments are greater around the faces of the
columns.

62

31
 19/08/2020

Behaviour under load

The interior of the slab deflects further relative to the column lines

63

Punching Shear(or two-way Shear)

The regions of the slab near columns are
subjected to a combination of large shear forces
and bending moments which may generate a
punching shear failure and cause the entire slab
to slide down the columns.

64

32
 19/08/2020

Punching Shear Failures

Piper’s Row Carpark, the UK, 1997

Photo courtesy of https://civildigital.com/

65

Punching Shear Failures

NEES: ACI 445 Punching Shear Collected Databank

By Carlos Emilio Ospina, Gerd Birkle, Widianto, Ying Wang, Sudheera R. Fernando, Sumudinie Fernando, Ann Christine Catlin and Santiago Pujol

66

33
 19/08/2020

Punching shear capacity

The punching shear capacity mainly depends on:
• The unbalanced bending moment M*v
transferred from the slab to the column,
• The critical perimeter.

67

Critical perimeter
Critical Perimeter(u): The perimeter of assumed shear failure boundary around a
support. The shear boundary is determined by measure a distance of dom/2 from
the support surface.

68

34
 19/08/2020

Shear Stud Reinforcement

https://www.sheffield.ac.uk

69

Minimum Reinforcement

70

35
 19/08/2020

Primary and Secondary Directions

Reinforced Concrete – The Designer Handbook by Beletich, Hymas, Reid and Uno.

71

Direct design method

• Also known as simplified method in AS 3600,
• Uses the lower bound method of plasticity,
• Each direction is considered one at a time
beginning with the longer y-direction,
• The entire slab is divided into strips where the
negative moments are at the supports and the
positive ones are in the middle of each span.

72

36
 19/08/2020

Structural Integrity Reinforcement

Cl 9.2.2 of AS 3600 states that:
The summation of the area of bottom reinforcement connecting the slab,
drop panel, or slab band to the column or column capital on all faces of the
periphery of a column or column capital shall be not less than:

in which N* is the column reaction from the floor slab at the

ultimate limit state.
Integrity reinforcement shall not be required if there are beams containing
shear reinforcement and with at least two bottom bars continuous through
the joint in all spans framing into the column.

73

Structural Integrity Reinforcement – Flat Slabs

SRIA – Guide to Seismic Design and Detailing of Reinforced Concrete buildings in Australia

74

37
 19/08/2020

Structural Integrity Reinforcement for Beams

75

38