THERMODYNAMICS AND HEAT TRANSFER

CHAPTER 3 ENERGY BALANCE

Problem set 2
Janina Angelica L. Maglinte
BSABE 2A

3.1 A garden nursery, a centrifugal pump with a maximum capacity of 750 kg/hour is used to water the plants through
a flexible hose of 20 mm inside diameter. One end of the hose is connected to the pump outlet and a nozzle of 12 mm
diameter is fitted at the other end.
a) Determine the average velocity of water in the hose and at the nozzle.

b) If the flow rate is reduced to half the maximum capacity, determine the jet velocity at the nozzle.

3.2 The capacity of a rotary air compressor is 75 kg/hour. The compressor takes in air at atmospheric pressure and
delivers it at a higher pressure. The density of air at the compressor inlet and exit are 1.17 kg/m3 and 4.25 kg/m3,
respectively. If the diameter of the pipes at the compressor inlet and exit are 20 cm and 10 cm, respectively, determine
the average air velocity at both ends.
3.3 In an industrial process, 300 kJ of work is needed to compress 4 kg of nitrogen. During compression 270 kJ of
heat is rejected to the surrounding air. determine the change in specific internal energy of the nitrogen. Will the
internal energy increase or decrease?

3.4 It is required to select a suitable blower for the air-conditioning system of a tourist bus. The blower takes in fresh
air from the atmosphere, passes it across the air-conditioning coils and delivers the cooled air through small nozzles
inside the bus. An exhaust fan then removes the used air from the bus cabin. The other relevant information are given
below.
Capacity of the bus 40 seats

Solar radiation through the windows 7 kW

Heat infiltration through the roof, side and floor of the bus 12 kW

Specific enthalpy of cooled air entering the bus via nozzles 298kJ/kg

Specific enthalpy of the used air leaving the bus via fan 310kJ/kg

Body heat per adult 120 W

Under steady state condition determine the mass flow rate of air handled by the blower when a) the bus is empty and
b) bus is full.
3.5 A small petrol engine produces 15 kW of power under the following conditions.
Fuel intake 0.05 kg/min

Calorific value of the fuel 40,000 kJ/kg

Air intake for combustion 0.70 kg/min

Specific enthalpy of air 300 kJ/kg

Heat loss from engine by radiation and convection 2,700kJ/hour

Determine the specific enthalpy of the exhaust gases from the engine

3.6 A rotary compressor draws 6,000 kg/hour of atmospheric air and delivers it at a higher pressure. The specific
enthalpy of air at the compressor inlet is 300 kJ/kg and that at the exit is 509 kJ/kg. The heat loss from the
compressor casing is 5,000 W. Neglecting the changes in kinetic and potential energy determine the power required to
drive the compressor
3.7 In a process industry a centrifugal pump is used to draw water from an underground and deliver it to an overhead
tank. In the underground tank the water is at atmospheric pressure and 3 m below the pump center. The overhead
tank is tightly closed and contains air and water under pressure. The air pressure is 3 bar and the water level is 7 m
above the pump center. The required water flow rate is 600 liter/minute. Neglecting the change in kinetic energy
determine the theoretical power required to run the pump.
Hints: 1. h = u + pv

2. The change in internal energy is negligible. u1 = u2.

3. The specific volume of water may be assumed to be constant . v1 = v2 = 0.001 m3/kg.

3.8 In a food processing industry , steam and water are mixed to produce a continuous supply of hot water. 13 kg/s of
water with specific enthalpy of 50 kJ/kg and 2 kg/s of steam with specific enthalpy of 2670 kJ/kg flow into the mixing
chamber. If the heat loss from the chamber is 780 W, determine the specific enthalpy of the hot water produced.
3.9 In a steam turbine, steam expands in a nozzle to produce a high velocity steam jet. Steam with specific enthalpy
of 35,000 kJ/kg and specific volume of 1.412 m3/kg enters a nozzle with a velocity of 20 m/s. The area of the nozzle
at inlet is 2 cm2. If the specific enthalpy of steam at the nozzle exit is 2,700 kJ/kg find the velocity of steam at the exit.
The heat loss from the nozzle amounts to 100 W.

3.10 Determine the typical value for the density of atmospheric air at sea level in a tropical country.

3.11 Calculate the mass of nitrogen contained in a vessel of volume 5,000 m3 if the pressure and temperature inside
are 40 bar and 25OC, respectively.
3.12 In a large hotel warm water is provided for the wash room by mixing hot and coldwater together. The
temperature of the hot and cold water supplies are 90OC and 20OC, respectively. If the warm water requirement is
1,000 kg/hr at 40OC, find the necessary flow rates of hot and cold water.

3.13 In a reciprocating air motor high pressure air in the cylinder pushes the piston against the external load and
expands to a lower pressure. In the test the following measurements were noted:

Internal energy of the air before expansion = 27 kJ

Internal energy of the air after expansion = 8 kJ

Heat entering the cylinder during the process = 2 kJ

Find the work output.

3.14 During the compression stroke of a diesel engine the air in the cylinder is compressed to a high pressure. In the
test the following measurements were noted:

Internal energy of the air before compression = 3.7 kJ

Internal energy of the air after compression = 12.4 kJ

Heat loss through the cylinder walls = 1.5 kJ

Find the work input during the compression process.

3.15 In a turbine high temperature gas with a specific enthalpy of 1,860 kJ/kg flows continuously into a turbine, turns
the rotor and leaves the turbine with a specific enthalpy of 530 kJ/kg. The heat loss through the turbine casing is 140
kJ/kg. Neglecting changes in kinetic and potential energy of the gases find the turbine work output per kilogram of
compressed air.
3.16 In a rotating compressor atmospheric air with a specific enthalpy of 80 kJ/kg continuously enters the compressor
and is compressed to a high pressure. The air leaves the compressor with a specific enthalpy of 426 kJ/kg. During this
process 32 kJ/kg of heat is lost to the surroundings. Find the required work input to the compressor per kilogram of
air compressed.

3.17 One hundred twenty (120 kg/hour of feed water enters a boiler at a temperature of 32OC. In the boiler the water
is converted into saturated steam at a pressure of 9 bar. A superheater then heats the steam to 250OC at constant
pressure. Using the steam tables determine the power rating of both the boiler and the superheater.