Fundamentals of Life Science:

CONTINUITY OF LIFE
CELL CYCLE & MITOSIS
OBJECTIVES

• Name the STAGES OF THE CELL CYCLE and explain WHAT HAPPENS DURING
EACH.

• Know the PROCESSES that lead to INCREASE AND DECREASE IN CELL NUMBER.

• Know the PURPOSE OF MITOSIS AND WHERE IT OCCURS IN THE CELL.

• SUMMARIZE THE MAJOR EVENTS THAT OCCUR DURING EACH PHASE OF MITOSIS.
 THE CELL CYCLE
DEVELOPMENT AND REPRODUCTION OF THE CELL
THE CELL CYCLE is the life cycle of the
cell.
➢Stages that a cell must complete
in its life cycle: GROW, COPY ITS DNA,
and SPLIT INTO TWO daughter cells
for reproduction purposes.

➢Some cells are specialized and no

longer enter the cell cycle, (like
Neurons).

In Eukaryotic cells, the stages are

divided into two major phases:
INTERPHASE and the MITOTIC
phase.
 E

Interphase
S
A
H
IC
P (replication)
T
T O
I
M

T E R P H A S E
IN

Mitotic Phase
 THE CELL CYCLE
DEVELOPMENT AND REPRODUCTION OF THE CELL
STAGES of the cell cycle
➢Interphase - The cell Grows and Copies its DNA
• (G1 Phase)- Cell grows, copies organelles and makes molecular building blocks.
• Synthesis (S) Phase - DNA Replication happens .
• (G2 Phase) - Cell continues to grow, makes proteins and organelles needed for Mitosis.

➢Mitotic (M) Phase - The cell separates its DNA into two sets and divides its cytoplasm
forming two daughter new cells.
• Mitosis – Nuclear Division.
• Cytokinesis - Cytoplasm Division.
 G0
(Exit from the Cell-Cycle;
Non-dividing cell)
 THE CELL
LIFE & BIRTH

CELL DIVISION INCREASES THE NUMBER OF SOMATIC (BODY) CELLS.

CELL DIVISION consists of:

!"MITOSIS, which is DIVISION OF THE NUCLEUS.
#"CYTOKINESIS, which is DIVISION OF THE CYTOPLASM.

⚠ RESULTS IN TWO DAUGHTER CELLS THAT ARE GENETICALLY IDENTICAL TO ONE MOTHER CELL.

Its PURPOSE is the increase the number of cells during GROWTH AND TISSUE REPAIR.
THE CELL
DEATH & END

APOPTOSIS is a NATURALLY occurring PROGRAMMED CELL

DEATH, that occurs when a cell cannot complete
mitosis, or in response to external signals.

APOPTOSIS happens:
• As a NORMAL PART OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT.
• During development TO REMOVE UNWANTED
TISSUE.
• TO PREVENT CANCER.
 MITOSIS
OVERVIEW
It is the Cell division in which
chromosome number stays
constant. (46 Ch ⇀ 46 Ch)

DNA replication produces duplicated

chromosomes with two (2) sister
chromatids held together by a
centromere. They are genetically
identical.

During Mitosis, the centromere

divides and each chromatid
becomes a daughter chromosome.
 MITOSIS
OVERVIEW

During Mitosis, the centromere

divides and each chromatid
becomes a daughter chromosome.
 MITOSIS https://goo.gl/uuHSSV
PHASES
MITOSIS is divided into 4 phases:

Prophase:
NUCLEAR MEMBRANE DISAPPEARS, CENTROSOMES MOVE AND
SPINDLE FIBERS APPEAR.

Metaphase:
CHROMOSOMES LINE UP AT MIDDLE (METAPHASE) PLATE.

Anaphase:
CENTROMERES DIVIDE, SISTER CHROMATIDS SPLIT TO OPPOSITE POLES.

Telophase:
NUCLEAR MEMBRANES FORM AGAIN, SPINDLE DISAPPEARS.

CYTOKINESIS OCCURS.
 Maternal
Paternal

Prophase
Metaphase Anaphase Telophase

Interphase Mitosis
(G1, S, G2) (M Phase) Cytokinesis
 HAPLOID (n)
CHROMOSOME NUMBERS
HAPLOID VS DIPLOID

SOMATIC (Body) CELLS all have a DIPLOID Number of Chromosomes

divided in 23 pairs:
Paternal (n) + Maternal (n) = Organism (2n)
(n = 23 Ch ; 2n = 46 Ch)
DIPLOID (2n)
When SOMATIC CELLS go into MITOSIS, the parent cell is DIPLOID and
the two daughter cells will also be DIPLOID.
WHICH IS WHICH?
 CYTOKINESIS
IN ANIMAL CELLS

Cytokinesis consists of
DIVISION OF THE CYTOPLASM Cytoplasm Division after
after Telophase is Nucleus division is complete!
complete.
ARE YOU ABLE TO IDENTIFY THE PHASE?
END OF PRESENTATION