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13-Stress I
13-Stress I
ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻚ ﺧﺎك
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Page 1 of 23
دﻛﺘﺮ اﻣﻴﻦ ﻛﺸﺎورز -13ﺗﻨﺶ – ﻗﺴﻤﺖ اول ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻚ ﺧﺎك
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ﺗﻨﺶ ﻧﺮﻣﺎل ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﻳﺎ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﻲ ﺗﻨﺶ ﻛﺸﺸﻲ •
ﻳﺎ ﻓﺸﺎري ﺑﺎﺷﺪ.
در ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻚ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ،ﺗﻨﺶ ﻛﺸﺸﻲ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﻓﺮض ﻣﻲﺷﻮد ،در •
ﺣﺎﻟﻲﻛﻪ در ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻚ ﺧﺎك ﺗﻨﺶ ﻓﺸﺎري ﻣﺜﺒﺖ اﺳﺖ.
ﺧﺎك ﻧﻤﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﺗﻨﺶ ﻛﺸﺸﻲ ﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﻛﻨﺪ و ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً از ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ •
ﻛﺸﺸﻲ ﺧﺎك ﺻﺮﻓﻨﻈﺮ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد.
ﻛﺮﻧﺶﻫﺎ ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﻨﺪ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﻳﺎ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ. •
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ﺗﺎﻧﺴﻮر ﺗﻨﺶ
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دﻛﺘﺮ اﻣﻴﻦ ﻛﺸﺎورز -13ﺗﻨﺶ – ﻗﺴﻤﺖ اول ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻚ ﺧﺎك
واﺣﺪﻫﺎي ﺗﻨﺶ
• ﻧﻪ ﭼﻨﺪان ﻗﺒﻞ ،واﺣﺪ ﻓﺸﺎر ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺑﺎر اﻧﺪازهﮔﻴﺮي ﻣﻲﺷﺪ:
1ﺑﺎر = 1ﻓﺸﺎر اﺗﻤﺴﻔﺮ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد
و ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﻓﺸﺎر 10ﻣﺘﺮ آب اﺳﺖ.
• در ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ SIواﺣﺪ ﻓﺸﺎر ﭘﺎﺳﻜﺎل اﺳﺖ:
1 Pascal = 1 Newton/m2
7
F ∆x
=τ , γ zx = tan −1
xy z
∆x
= for small strains: tan γ zx = γ zx ⇒ γ zx
z 9
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دﻛﺘﺮ اﻣﻴﻦ ﻛﺸﺎورز -13ﺗﻨﺶ – ﻗﺴﻤﺖ اول ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻚ ﺧﺎك
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دﻛﺘﺮ اﻣﻴﻦ ﻛﺸﺎورز -13ﺗﻨﺶ – ﻗﺴﻤﺖ اول ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻚ ﺧﺎك
ﻣﺼﺎﻟﺢ اﻻﺳﺘﻮﭘﻼﺳﺘﻴﻚ
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14
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دﻛﺘﺮ اﻣﻴﻦ ﻛﺸﺎورز ﺗﻨﺶ – ﻗﺴﻤﺖ اول-13 ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻚ ﺧﺎك
E
G=
2 (1 + ν )
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εx 1 −υ −υ 0 0 0 σ x
ε 0 σ y
y −υ 1 −υ 0 0
ε z 1 −υ −υ 1 0 0 0 σ z
=
γ xy E 0 0 0 2 (1 + υ ) 0 0 τ xy
γ yz 0 0 0 0 2 (1 + υ ) 0 τ yz
γ zx 0 0 0 0 0 2 (1 + υ ) τ zx
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دﻛﺘﺮ اﻣﻴﻦ ﻛﺸﺎورز ﺗﻨﺶ – ﻗﺴﻤﺖ اول-13 ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻚ ﺧﺎك
ﺗﻨﺶﻫﺎي اﺻﻠﻲ
ε1 1 −ν −ν σ 1
1
ε 2 = −ν 1 −ν σ 2
ε E −ν −ν 1 σ 3
3
σ 1 1 −ν ν ν ε1
E ε
σ 2 = ν 1 − ν ν 2
σ (1 +ν )(1 − 2ν ) ν
3 ν 1 −ν ε 3
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∆z = ∫ ε z dz , Pz = ∫ ∆σ z dA
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دﻛﺘﺮ اﻣﻴﻦ ﻛﺸﺎورز ﺗﻨﺶ – ﻗﺴﻤﺖ اول-13 ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻚ ﺧﺎك
ε1 (1 + ν ) 1 −ν ν σ 1
=
ε 3 E ν 1 −ν σ 3
σ 1 E 1 −ν ν ε 1
=
σ 3 (1 + ν )(1 − 2ν ) ν 1 −ν ε 3
22
1
ε1 = [σ 1 − 2νσ 3 ]
E
1
ε 3 = (1 −ν ) σ 3 −νσ 1
E
ε1 1 1 −2ν σ 1
=
ε 3 E −ν 1 −ν σ 3
σ 1 E 1 −ν 2ν ε1
= ν
σ
3 (1 + ν )(1 − 2ν ) 1 ε 3
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دﻛﺘﺮ اﻣﻴﻦ ﻛﺸﺎورز -13ﺗﻨﺶ – ﻗﺴﻤﺖ اول ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻚ ﺧﺎك
x
25
σy
y τxy
A
σx
x
26
ﻫﺪف
σy
τxy
A
σx
A
y
State of Stress at A
x
Page 9 of 23
دﻛﺘﺮ اﻣﻴﻦ ﻛﺸﺎورز ﺗﻨﺶ – ﻗﺴﻤﺖ اول-13 ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻚ ﺧﺎك
ﻫﺪف
State of Stress at A
y
y’
x’
θ
x τ’xyσ’x, σ’y, ﻣﻘﺎدﻳﺮ
... ﭼﻪ ﺧﻮاﻫﻨﺪ ﺷﺪ؟
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اﻧﺘﻘﺎل
σy
τxy
τxy
τ’xy=?
θ
σ’x=? σx
A
y
y’
x’
θ
x
State of Stress at A
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اﻧﺘﻘﺎل
σ x +σ y σ x −σ y
σ x ' = + cos 2θ + τ xy sin 2θ
2 2
σ x −σ y
τ xy ' = − sin 2θ + τ xy cos 2θ
2
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دﻛﺘﺮ اﻣﻴﻦ ﻛﺸﺎورز -13ﺗﻨﺶ – ﻗﺴﻤﺖ اول ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻚ ﺧﺎك
θp2
θp1
x
90°
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ﺗﻨﺶﻫﺎي اﺻﻠﻲ
σx +σ y
σ max = σ 1 = + R
2
σ x +σ y
σ min = σ 2 = − R
2
σ −σ y
2
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دﻛﺘﺮ اﻣﻴﻦ ﻛﺸﺎورز -13ﺗﻨﺶ – ﻗﺴﻤﺖ اول ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻚ ﺧﺎك
τmax = R
σ −σ y
2
2
ﺑﺮش ﻣﺎﻛﺰﻳﻤﻢ
اﻣﺘﺪاد ﺻﻔﺤﺎت ﺑﺮش ﻣﺎﻛﺰﻳﻤﻢ
θs2
θs1
x
90°
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x
Maximum shear plane
θp = θs ± 45°
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دﻛﺘﺮ اﻣﻴﻦ ﻛﺸﺎورز -13ﺗﻨﺶ – ﻗﺴﻤﺖ اول ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻚ ﺧﺎك
داﻳﺮه ﻣﻮﻫﺮ
2
σ x + σ y
σ x '− + τ xy '2 = R 2
2
ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ ﻳﻚ داﻳﺮه
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داﻳﺮه ﻣﻮﻫﺮ
(σx + σy)/2
R ’σx
’τxy 38
داﻳﺮه ﻣﻮﻫﺮ
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دﻛﺘﺮ اﻣﻴﻦ ﻛﺸﺎورز -13ﺗﻨﺶ – ﻗﺴﻤﺖ اول ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻚ ﺧﺎك
داﻳﺮه ﻣﻮﻫﺮ
θ
θ=0
وﻗﺘﻲ ﺻﻔﺤﻪاي را 180درﺟﻪ ﺑﭽﺮﺧﺎﻧﻴﻢ،
ﻳﻚ دور ﻛﺎﻣﻞ رﻓﺘﻪاﻳﻢ )ﻳﻌﻨﻲ 360درﺟﻪ
روي داﻳﺮه ﻣﻮﻫﺮ( .ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ
’σx
θ = 90°
’τxy 40
داﻳﺮه ﻣﻮﻫﺮ
θ
θ
2θ
’τxy 41
داﻳﺮه ﻣﻮﻫﺮ
’σx
σ2
τmax
σ1
’τxy 42
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دﻛﺘﺮ اﻣﻴﻦ ﻛﺸﺎورز -13ﺗﻨﺶ – ﻗﺴﻤﺖ اول ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻚ ﺧﺎك
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44
200 kPa
رﺳﻢ داﻳﺮه ﻣﻮﻫﺮ:
60 kPa
120
)σ (kPa
R = 100
)τ (kPa
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دﻛﺘﺮ اﻣﻴﻦ ﻛﺸﺎورز ﺗﻨﺶ – ﻗﺴﻤﺖ اول-13 ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻚ ﺧﺎك
Principal Stresses
σ1= 220
σ (kPa)
σ2= 20 R = 100
τ (kPa)
σ (kPa)
τmax =
100
τ (kPa)
200 kPa
Positions of x & y Planes
on Mohr Circle 60 kPa
A 40 kPa
R = 100
120 60
θ
40
σ (kPa)
60
tan θ = 60/80
τ (kPa) θ = 36.87°
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دﻛﺘﺮ اﻣﻴﻦ ﻛﺸﺎورز ﺗﻨﺶ – ﻗﺴﻤﺖ اول-13 ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻚ ﺧﺎك
200 kPa
Orientations of Principal Planes
60 kPa
A 40 kPa
minor principal
plane
71.6°
36.9° σ (kPa)
18.4°
τ (kPa)
200 kPa
Orientations of Max. Shear
Stress Planes 26.6°
60 kPa
A 40 kPa
53.1°
36.9° σ (kPa)
τ (kPa) 116.6°
εz = 0; γxz = 0; γzy = 0
y
x
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دﻛﺘﺮ اﻣﻴﻦ ﻛﺸﺎورز -13ﺗﻨﺶ – ﻗﺴﻤﺖ اول ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻚ ﺧﺎك
εx positive
εy negative
γ positive
x x
before after
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ﻛﺮﻧﺶﻫﺎي اﺻﻠﻲ
ﻛﺮﻧﺶﻫﺎي ﺑﺮﺷﻲ ﻣﺎﻛﺰﻳﻤﻢ ε1و ﻣﻴﻨﻴﻤﻢ ε2
در اﻣﺘﺪاد دو ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﻋﻤﻮد ﺑﺮ ﻫﻢ اﺗﻔﺎق ﻣﻲاﻓﺘﻨﺪ:
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دﻛﺘﺮ اﻣﻴﻦ ﻛﺸﺎورز -13ﺗﻨﺶ – ﻗﺴﻤﺖ اول ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻚ ﺧﺎك
γmax/2 = R
ε − ε y γ xy
2 2
θp = θs ± 45°
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داﻳﺮه ﻣﻮﻫﺮ
(εx + εy)/2
R ’εx
’γxy
2 56
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دﻛﺘﺮ اﻣﻴﻦ ﻛﺸﺎورز -13ﺗﻨﺶ – ﻗﺴﻤﺖ اول ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻚ ﺧﺎك
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دﻛﺘﺮ اﻣﻴﻦ ﻛﺸﺎورز -13ﺗﻨﺶ – ﻗﺴﻤﺖ اول ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻚ ﺧﺎك
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دﻛﺘﺮ اﻣﻴﻦ ﻛﺸﺎورز -13ﺗﻨﺶ – ﻗﺴﻤﺖ اول ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻚ ﺧﺎك
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دﻛﺘﺮ اﻣﻴﻦ ﻛﺸﺎورز -13ﺗﻨﺶ – ﻗﺴﻤﺖ اول ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻚ ﺧﺎك
ﺳﺆاﻻت
• ﺗﻔﺎوت ﺑﻴﻦ ﻛﺮﻧﺶ ﺻﻔﺤﻪاي و ﺗﻘﺎرن ﻣﺤﻮري ﭼﻴﺴﺖ؟
• ﻗﻄﺐ در داﻳﺮه ﻣﻮﻫﺮ ﭼﻴﺴﺖ؟
• ﺻﻔﺤﺎت اﺻﻠﻲ ﺗﻨﺶ ﭼﻪ ﺻﻔﺤﺎﺗﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ و ﭼﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ
ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ؟
59
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