EU Notes:
Water
➢ Standard Atmospheric pressure (14,696 psi,
101.04 kPa)
➢ Boiling point (212° F or 100 °C)
➢ The temperature at which water boils
decreases with elevation increase.
Fundamental Units
➢ Describes the properties and behavior of
water in building systems.
1. Specific Weight (W)
- also referred as Density (p)
- A specific weight of 62.4 lb/ft3 (1.00
kg/L) is commonly used for liquid water in
engineering computations.
Water Supply (Water sources)
2. Specific Gravity (s.g)
- the ratio of the specific weight of
the fluid or solid to the specific
weight of water at a temperature of
39 °F (4°C), the temperature at
which water is denser (62.42 lb/ft3
or 1.00 kg/L)
- The specific gravity of water is
assumed to be 1.0 atm common
plumbing system temperatures.
3. Volume (V)
- The amount of space occupied by a substance.
GROUND WATER
- In plumbing system design, volume is commonly
expressed in gallons (g or gal)
- There are 7.48 gallons in a cubic foot (ft3).
- A gallon is Approximately 3.8 L
4. Volimetric Flow Rate (Q)
- called the flow of rate
- the volume of a substance that passes a point in
a system per unit of time.
- Q = volume/time (m3/s or gpm)
5. Velocity (v)
- The rate of linear motion of a substance in one
direction.
- known as speed (magnitude)
- expressed as an “Average Velocity”
6. Pressure (P)
- The force per unit area exerted by liquid or gas
on a surface such as the sidewall of a container or
pipe.
- Unit lb/in2 (“psi”)
• Standard atmospheric pressure (Ps) – The
typical barometric pressure of air at sea
level and 70°F (21°C). it is equal to 14.696
psia (101325 Pa)
• Gauge pressure (Pg) – “excluding”
pressure exerted by the atmosphere
• Absolute pressure (Pa) – the pressure of a
fluid (gas or liquid) “including” pressure
exerted by the atmosphere. (Pa= Pg + Ps)
➢ Potable – a clean water that is suitable for
human drinking.
➢ Nonpotable – water used for flushing water
closets (toilers), irrigating grass and gardens,
washing cars and for any use other drinking,
cooking and cleaning.
1. Surface Water – a fresh on earths surface such
as in rivers, lakes, swamps, ponds and
reservoir.
2. Ground Water – water beneath the surface
trapped in sediment and rock. (Water that
saturates soil, sand and rock beds, supplying
springs and wells).
➢ The distance from the ground surface to the
water table is referred to as the “Water table
depth”.
➢ Water from aquifers forced upward is called
an “Artesian well”.
➢ “AQUIFER” – An underground layer of water-
bearing permeable rock.
➢ “PERMEABLE ROCK” – Layers of porous rock
and sand capable of holding water.
SURFACE WATER vs GROUND WATER
 - The NPS value is used along with the
schedule to specify a pipe more
EU-Notes (From CATALAN)
precisely.
Building Water Supply System
➢ Schedule of a Pipe
Tubing and Pipe
- It refers to its wall thickness and
➢ Pipes indirectly its pressure rating.
- A tabular structure that is typically used - It is a crucial specification because it
to convey fluids (liquid or gases) from one helps determine the pipe’s strength
point to another. It is designed to meet and suitability for specification.
specific industry standards and often used - Different schedule numbers indicate
in industrial, commercial and residential “varying wall thickness”, with higher
applications. It either plastic, copper, steel numbers corresponding to thicker
and more. walls.
- The schedule number is associated with
➢ Tubes a pressure rating which indicates the
- A hollow cylindrical structure that is often maximum pressure a pipe can handle at
used for structural purposes such as on a certain temperature. Higher schedule
construction of frames, supports and the numbers indicate pipes that can handle
transportation of fluids and gases. It has higher pressure.
various shapes including round, square,
Note: To specify a pipe accurately, both Nominal pipe
rectangular or oval and it made from either
size and Schedule are used together. Example (2-inch
steel, aluminum and copper.
Schedule 40 pipe)
Pipe Sizing

➢ Pipes are sized based on their “Nominal pipe

Tube Sizing
size” (NPS)
- Nominal pipe size is a numerical ➢ Tubes are sized based on their “Outside
designation that indicates the Diameter (OD) and Wall Thickness”.
approximate inside diameter of the ➢ Tube sizing is more precise than pipe
pipe, but it doesn’t correspond directly sizing and is important in applications
to the actual inside or outside diameter. where the exact dimensions are critical
- Pipe size are typically given in inches such as in structural engineering.
and common size include ½ inch, ¾
inch, 1 inch and so on,
- Pipes is classified by their schedule
which indicates their wall thickness and
pressure rating.

➢ Nominal pipe size (NPS) Sizing

Pipe Vs Tube Sizing Fittings and Valves

➢ Fittings
- Used to connect pipe lengths and
make all the pipe turns, branch lines,
couplings that join the straight runs,
and stops at the end of the runs.
- Fittings for steel and wrought-iron pipe
are made of malleable iron and cast
iron.
- Fittings for Plastic, copper and brass
pipe are made of the same materials
as the pipe being connected.

➢ Valves

- Used to control flow of the water

throughout the system.
- Valves also regulate the flow to deliver
the appropriate quantity of water and
reduce water consumption.

Note:

- In building plumbing system there are usually valves

at risers (vertical pipe serving the building), Branches
(horizontal pipe serving the fixtures) and Pipes
(individual fixtures or equipment).

- The inner workings of most valves are generally

accessible for repairs.

Four Categories of Valves

1. Gate valve
- A manual valve that has a wedge-
shaped leaf that, when closed, seals
tightly against two metal seats that are
set at slight angles.
- Used to completely shut-off water flow
for repair or replacement
 2. Glove valve • Urinal
- A manual compression type valve, - Commonly used in public restrooms
commonly used where there is where it is desirable to reduce possible
occasional or periodic use such as contamination of the water closet
lavatories (faucets) and hose seats.
connections (called hose bibbs) • Bidets
- It regulates the flow of water - A personal hygiene plumbing fixtures
that used for genital and perineal
cleanliness.
3. Check valve • Bathtubs
- It opens to allow the flow of water in - Used for bathing.
the direction desired and prevents • Shower head
flow in the other direction. - An overhead nozzle that sprays water
- There are two types of check valves, down on the bather.
Swing types and Spring types. • Lavatory
- A bathroom basin or sink used for
4. Ball valve personal hygiene.
- A manual valve that has a ball with a • Kitchen sinks
hole through it that is mounted - Most commonly made of enameled
between two seats. cast iron or stainless steel.
- Ball valves are available in both on/off
shutoff control and controlled-flow
designs.
- Controlled-flow valves are designed to
regulate the flow of water.

Plumbing Fixtures

- It is an approved receptacle, device or

appliance that uses water and
discharges wastewater such as a water
closet, urinal, faucet, shower,
dishwasher, drinking fountain, hose
connection, hose bibb, water heater,
water softener, underground sprinkler,
hot tub, spa and clothes washers.

- They must made of dense, durable,

nonabsorbent materials with smooth,
impermeable surfaces.

• Water closet
- A plumbing fixture that serves as an
indoor receptacle and removal system
for human waste.
- It called a toilet or commode; the
building code specifically refers to its
as a water closet.
EU notes 3 (CATALAN) prevent backflow of contaminated water into the
potable water supply.

A vacuum breaker is a device designed to prevent

Sanitary Drainage System
backflow by introducing air into the water supply line.
TRAPS

A “trap” is a plumbing device designed to prevent foul

PIPINGS AND FITTINGS
odors, sewer gases and vermin from entering a building
through the pipes. It is installed immediately below the CAST IRON
drain fixture, such as under the sink or shower, as close
It is the modern materials used for piping. Its
to the fixture as possible usually within 2 ft (0.6m).
durability and resistance to corrosion make it
appropriate for a wide range of uses, from small
residential work to the stacks and branches of tall
buildings.

COPPER TUBE AND FITTINGS

It is for water supply systems.

Copper is for heating systems and in hot and cold-

water transportation. Also, it is used in soil, waste,
vent, solar and storm drainage piping systems. DWV
stands for "Drain, Waste and Vent" and is pipes
recommended for above ground use only, no pressure
applications and sweat fittings only.
VENTS

also known as plumbing vents or vent stacks, are

pipes that introduce sufficient air into the drainage
system to reduce air turbulence (from siphoning or back
pressure) and to release sewer gases to the outside. The
prime purpose of venting is to protect the trap seal.

VENTS FUNCTIONS

• Preventing Trap Siphonage

• Equalizing Air Pressure
• Venting Sewer Gases
• Complying with Building Codes
• Plumbing Vents
• Near Fixtures
• Vent Stacks Copper pipe
• Horizontal and Vertical Vents
• Roof Termination It has been a standard choice in water distribution
systems for decades because of its light weight and
AIR GAPS AND VACUUM BREAKERS ability to resist corrosion.
Air gaps" and "vacuum breakers" are two plumbing Advantages:
devices used to prevent backflow and ensure the safety
of potable water systems. They serve different • Time-tested, has been widely used since the
purposes but both play a crucial role in maintaining 1940s
water quality. • Can withstand exposure to sunlight

An air gap is a physical separation between the water Disadvantages:

supply outlet and any potentially contaminated source. • High cost
It creates a visible break in the plumbing system to • Can develop pinholes in areas with acidic water
 • Loses heat more quickly than PEX or CPVC
Economical, versatile polyvinyl chloride (PVC, or vinyl)
It's one of the most common types of pipes in general
plumbing systems, but PVC is not able handle water at
the high temperatures that water heaters can produce.
PVC is generally not approved for temperatures above
140° F.
Advantages:
• It has good tensile and compressive strength;
• Low fluid resistance
Disadvantages:
• Not suitable for hot water pipes
• Easily brittle when impacted;
Chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC)
CPVC is similar to PVC, but the addition of chlorine to
the structure of the plastic makes the material suitable
for higher temperatures.
Advantages:
• More time-tested than PEX, has been widely
used since the 1970s
Disadvantages:
• Damaged by exposure to sunlight
• Installation involves a glue that requires good
ventilation and respiratory protection.
Cross-linked polyethylene (PEX)
is a flexible plastic. This means it can accommodate
wide-radius turns without a joint. It's particularly handy
for retrofits or remodels that involve running new pipe
through ceilings and floors.
Advantages:
• Requires fewer fittings because of material
flexibility
• Relatively quick and simple to install
• Can be used with a manifold design
Disadvantages:
• Damaged rapidly by exposure to sunlight
• Installation requires special tools
ACCESORIES
FLOOR DRAINS
It is often connected to sanitary drainage systems
(rather than dry wells) and, in long periods of disuse,
might lose their trap seals by evaporation, special
precautions are necessary to preserve the trap seal and
avoid odors and unsanitary conditions in the room.
Air Admittance Valves
An air admittance valve (AAV) is a pressure-activated,
one-way mechanical venting port used to eliminate the
need for expensive venting and roof penetrations. It
allowing the air from waste water discharge to circulate
in the vent system and preventing the escape of sewer
gas and maintaining the trap seal.
Blackwater Valves
Backwater valve, also known as a “backflow
preventer” or “sewer backup valve”.
Primary purposes:
• Prevent sewage or wastewater from flowing
back into your home plumbing system.
• help maintain the quality of your potable water
supply by preventing contamination from
sewage or wastewater.
• In area that are prone in flooding it helps
reduce flood damage to your home by
preventing contaminated water from entering
your plumbing system.
Sewage Sump and Ejectors
It prevents basement or lower-level flooding by
collecting wastewater and sewage and then pumping it
up to the main sewer line or septic tank.
Interceptors
It is specialized plumbing devices designed to
capture and remove specific contaminants or materials
from wastewater before it enters the sewer system or
is discharged into the environment.
CLEANOUTS
are screw-type fittings with a cap that can unscrew to
allow access to the inside of the sanitary drain pipes.
Floor cleanouts (FCO) are found in horizontally
positioned building drain or sewer lines that are
installed in the floor or in the ground.
Wall cleanouts (WCO) are placed in vertically positioned Back‐to‐back layouts for baths and kitchens allow the
stacks. All cleanouts in vertical stacks should be located piping assembly to pick up the drainage from fixtures on
no higher than 48 in (1.2) above the floor. both sides of the piping.

FIXTURE
A receptacle attached to a plumbing system other
than a trap in which water or wastes may be collected
or retained for ultimate discharge into the plumbing
system.
When all the fixtures are on nearly the same level, it is
unnecessary to have a separate vent stack next to the
soil stack.
Standard minimum sizes (such as a 4‐in. [102‐mm] for
soil stack and building drain.

FIXTURE BRANCHES Under international codes, vertical vents that penetrate

the roof must increase to a 4‐in. (102‐mm) size to
The supply pipe between the fixture and the water
prevent blocking by icing in freezing weather
distributing pipe.

BRANCH PIPING

It serves as urinals, water closets, showers, or tubs,

is usually run under the floor. Branch piping can be:

a) Copper
b) Approved plastic
c) Galvanized steel
d) Cast Iron

STACKS

used for any vertical line of soil, waste, or vent piping.

2 KINDS OF STACKS

1. Soil Stack - when the wastewater that the stack

will carry includes human waste from water
closets (or from fixtures that have similar
functions).
2. Waste Stack - when the stack will carry all
wastes except human waste.

SEWAGE EJECTION

Sanitary drainage systems rely on the force of gravity

to create flow to discharge wastewater.

The check valve in the discharge line prevents

backflow. Without it, the pump will cycle continuously.
A vent pipe connects to the sump basin to relieve the
suction created by the pump.

DESIGN OF RESIDENTIAL WASTE PIPING

In residential work, the piping assemblies may often

look like a “flag”.

Where the mast is the soil stack, the horizontal top of

the flag is the branch vent, the bottom is the soil or
waste branch, and the outer edge is the vertical pipe of
the last fixture.
REPORTINGS:
Topic 2: Waste Water treatment & disposal
3D-Section
complex process designed to remove contaminants and
pollutants from sewage or industrial wastewater to
make it safe for release into the environment or for
reuse.
Water quality refers to the chemical, physical,
biological and radiological characteristics of water
based on the standards of its usage. It is most frequently
used by reference to a set of standards against which
compliance, generally achieved through treatment of
the water, can be assessed.
Manganese can both pose a physiological threat (it is a
natural laxative) and produce color and taste effects
similar to those produced by iron.
Nitrates in high concentrations pose a threat to infants,
in whom they can cause “blue baby” disease.
Pesticides is a growing threat to water supplies, are
particularly common in wells near homes that have
been treated for termite control.
Sodium is primarily dangerous for people with heart,
kidney, or circulatory ailments.
Sulfates, which have laxative effects, can enter
groundwater from natural deposits of Epsom salts
(magnesium sulfate) or Glauber’s salt (sodium sulfate).

A. PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF WATER Zinc sometimes enters groundwater in areas where it is

found in abundance.
Turbidity - It is caused by the presence of suspended
material such as clay, silt, other inorganic material,
plankton, or finely divided organic material.
C. BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Color - Often caused by dissolved organic matter, as
Potable water should be kept as free as possible of
from decaying vegetation. Some inorganic materials
disease‐producing organisms—bacteria, protozoa, and
also color water, as do microorganisms.
viruses.
Taste and Odor - Can be caused by organic compounds,
inorganic salts, or dissolved gases.
D. RADIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Temperature - water supplied between 50°F and 60°F
(10°C and 16°C) is preferred. The mining of radioactive materials and the use of such
materials in industry and power plants have produced
Foamability - is usually caused by concentrations of
radiological pollution in some water supplies. Because
detergents.
radiological effects are cumulative, concentration of
radioactive materials should be low.

B. CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS

Alkalinity - Caused by bicarbonate, carbonate, or

hydroxide components.
Hardness - caused by calcium and magnesium salts, can
be classified as temporary (carbonate) or permanent
(noncarbon- ate).
Chlorides can enter water as it passes through geologic
deposits formed by marine sediment, or because of
pollution from seawater, brine, or industrial or
domestic wastes.
Copper can enter water from natural copper deposits
or from copper piping that contains corrosive water.
Iron is frequently present in groundwater. Corrosive
water in iron pipes will also add iron to water.
Water Treatment
FILTRATION
This very common treatment removes suspended
particles, some bacteria, and color or taste by passing
water through a permeable fabric or a porous bed of
materials.
SEDIMENTATION
Before water enters a filter, this process removes some
suspended matter. serves the purpose of removing
suspended particles, such as dirt, silt, sand, and other
solid materials, from water.
Before water enters a filter, this process removes some
suspended matter simply by allowing time, the
inactivity of the water, and gravity to do the work of
settling out heavier suspended particles.
DIATOMACEOUS EARTH FILTERS
Simple basins, ponds, or tanks constructed for this
remove fine particles and impurities from water to
purpose are large enough to retain the water for at least
produce clear and high-quality filtered water.
24 hours and are equipped with baffles to slow the
water flow. Also known as precoat or diatomite filters, these can be
of either the vacuum or the pressure type. The
To clean out the sediment, water usually is diverted to
minimum layer 1/8 in (3-mm) thick, place on a septum
an identical second basin while the first is being
or filter element.
cleaned.
DIRECT FILTARION
COAGULATION
process used to produce clean and safe drinking water
destabilizing and aggregating small, suspended
by removing impurities and pathogens from raw water
particles and colloids in water to form larger, more
sources
easily settleable flocs.
Intended for water supplies of high quality and
This process also removes suspended matter, along
seasonally consistent flow, these systems omit
with some coloration. A chemical such as “alum”
sedimentation but should include Intended for water
(hydrated aluminum sulfate) is added to water made
supplies of high quality and quant seasonally consistent
turbulent by baffles or static mixers to distribute the
flow, these systems omit sedi- fine so mentation but
chemicals evenly.
should include coagulation for most P effective Giardia
FLOCCULATION removal.

enhance the formation and growth of larger, stable MEMBRANE FILTARION

flocs or clumps of particles that were destabilized
during the coagulation process.
The water is then held in a quiet condition in which the
suspended particles will combine with the alum to form
floc.
process that utilizes specialized membranes to
physically separate and remove impurities, particles,
microorganisms, and dissolved substances from water.
primary purpose of membrane filtration in water
treatment is to produce high-quality, purified water.

These heavy particles then settle out in a process similar
to sedimentation. Some adjustment of the pH may be
necessary.
SLOW SAND FILTERS
provide an effective and sustainable means of
producing clean and safe drinking water.
These are common in small‐scale water supply systems.
Not suitable for water with high turbidity, they do not
usually require coagulation/flocculation and may not
even require sedimentation.
Slow sand filters are low‐maintenance, easily
constructed devices that should be cleaned as often as
the turbidity of the water demands—from once a day
to perhaps once a month.
They are cleaned by removal and replacement of about
the top 1 in. (25 mm) of sand, which has formed a layer
of bio- logical slime called (descriptively) the
schmutzdecke, which traps small particles and degrades
organic material in the water. This sand is then either
washed for reuse or discarded.
Also called microfiltration or ultrafiltration, this rapidly
developing technique can remove bacteria, Giardia, and
some viruses. It does not require coagulation as
pretreatment. Using hollow fiber or spiral-wrapped
membranes, it is able to exclude that all particles
greater than 0.2 micron from the underwater stream.
CARTRIDE FILTRATION
uses replaceable cartridges or filter elements to remove
impurities and particles from water.
Increasingly popular on lavatory faucets as well as can
on small supply systems, these systems are easy to hey
operate and maintain. They require water of low um
turbidity and last longer when some prefiltering by
more crude means is performed upstream. They can
exclude particles of 0.2 micron (or even smaller). A n]).
disinfectant can prevent surface-fouling microbial
growth on the cartridge filters; some periodic chemical
cleaning will likely be required.
OTHER FILTERS
Activated carbon filters to remove specific
contaminants, improve water quality, and enhance the
taste and odor of the treated water.
are particularly effective for removing tastes and odors.
The water is passed through granular carbon, which
attracts large quantities of dissolved gases, soluble
organics, and fine solids.
Porous stone, ceramic, or unglazed porcelain filters (also
called Pasteur filters) are usually made in small sizes so
that they can be attached to water faucets.
DISINFECTION
the most important health‐related water treatment.
required for water supply systems that rely on surface
water or groundwater sources under the influence of
surface water.
CHLORINATION
Factors that affect chlorine’s ability to disinfect include:
• Chlorine concentration. The higher the
concentration, the faster and more complete
the rate of disinfection.
• Contact time. The longer the chlorine contacts
the organisms in water, the more complete the
disinfection. At a minimum, 0.4 mg/L of
chlorine should contact water 30 minutes
before use.
• Water temperature. The higher the
temperature during contact, the more
complete the disinfection
• pH. The lower the pH, the more effective the
disinfection.
Sodium hypochlorite solution
• easier to handle than deadly chlorine gas but is
very corrosive and decomposes rather quickly.
It should be stored in a cool, dark, dry area for
no more than a month. Hypochlorinators
automatically pump (or inject) a sodium
hypochlorite solution into water.
Solid calcium hypochlorite
• a white solid containing 65% available chlorine
that dissolves easily in water. It is corrosive,
with a strong odor, but very stable and can be
stored for up to a year. However, it readily
absorbs moisture, forming chlorine gas; also,
reactions between calcium hypochlorite and
organic materials (wood, cloth, petroleum
prod- ucts) can generate enough heat to cause
a fire or explosion.
CHLORAMINE
This is generated on site by adding ammonia to water
containing chlorine or when water containing ammonia
is chlorinated. This is a weaker disinfectant against
viruses or protozoa than the chlorination processes, but
it produces fewer disinfection by‐products. It is most
often used as a secondary rather than a primary
disinfectant.
OZONATION
• a powerful oxidizing and disinfecting agent
• was first used in full-scale drinking water
treatment in 1906
• effective at destroying bacteria, viruses, and
other pathogens, requiring shorter contact
time and leaving no chlorine taste.
• Ozone is generated on-site by-passing dry air
(or pure oxygen) through high-voltage
electrodes but quickly decays to oxygen when
not used. It is also use on various applications
like food processing, wastewater cleanup,
smoke removal, swimming pools, bottled
water, and pulp and paper bleaching. However,
its operation and maintenance are complex,
and it typically requires a secondary
disinfectant, often chlorine, due to its primary
disinfection role.
ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION
UV radiation is an effective primary disinfectant system,
requiring a short contact time and without halogenated
by‐products. Yet again, a secondary disinfectant system
is usually necessary. This system is not suitable for
water that contains high levels of suspended solids,
turbidity, color, or soluble organic matter.
NANOFILTRATION
• These filter membranes start with pore sizes of OTHER SECTION
0.2 to 0.3 micron and are then dipped into a
poly- mer that leaves a thin film, decreasing the Topic 2: Waste Water treatment & disposal
pore size to 1 nanometer.
• With such extremely small pore sizes, this Importance of Wastewater Management
pro- cess requires very high-water pressures, in
turn requiring energy 1.Environmental

Protection Proper treatment and disposal of

wastewater prevent pollution of natural water bodies,
preserving ecosystems and aquatic life.

2. Public Health

Treating wastewater reduces the risk of waterborne

diseases, protecting human health and preventing the
spread of infections.

3. Resource Conservation

Wastewater contains valuable resources, such as

nutrients and water, which can be reclaimed and
reused, reducing the strain on freshwater sources.

4. Economic Benefits

Efficient wastewater treatment can lead to cost savings

and create jobs in the water treatment and recycling
industries.

Relevance to Civil and Mechanical Engineering

1. Designing wastewater treatment plants

Ensuring they meet environmental standards and public

health requirements.

2. Sewer system design

To transport wastewater from sources to treatment

plants.

3. Stormwater management

Managing stormwater runoff and preventing its

contamination is a vital aspect of civil engineering, often
integrated with wastewater management.

Pump and equipment design

They ensure these components operate efficiently and

reliably.
Automation and control systems
Regulate wastewater treatment processes, improving
efficiency and reducing human intervention.
Environmental Compliance
Develop technologies for reducing the environmental
impact of wastewater treatment, such as optimizing
energy usage, and minimizing emissions.
Types of Waste Water
Domestic Wastewater
This type of wastewater comes from households and
includes water from toilets, sinks, showers, and
appliances like washing machines and dishwashers.
Industrial Wastewater
Industrial wastewater refers to water used in industrial
processes, which becomes contaminated with
chemicals, pollutants, and other harmful substances.
Stormwater
Stormwater is runoff from rainfall or snowmelt that
flows over surfaces, picking up pollutants like oil, debris,
and chemicals from roads and urban areas. It often goes
directly into natural water bodies.
Waste Water collection
ensure that sewage discharged from communities is
properly collected, transported, and treated to the
required degree so as not to cause danger to human
health or unacceptable damage to the natural
environment and finally disposed-off without causing
any health or environmental problems.
Sewer System
A system of sewer pipes that collects sewage and takes
it from treatment or disposal. Sewers are underground
pipes for conveying wastewaters by gravity flow from
urban areas to points of disposal.
Two methods of Conveyance
1. Gravity Sewer System
Uses gravity (no moving parts) to convey wastewater
from your home to a wastewater treatment plan. Pipes
from each house size is 6 to 12 inches and pipes from
sewer main are usually three to five feet in diameter on
average.
2. Pressure Sewer System
Use pumps instead of gravity to transport wastewater.
The primary liquid waste is delivered to the collection
tank by traditional gravity drainage methods where it is
grind before being transported into the pressurized
system by pumps.
Pumping station
A pumping station is made up of a large tank, known as
a wet well, that acts as the receiver for sewage from a
building or a group of buildings. Sewage from individual
houses flows into the wet well.
Types of Pumps
Centrifugal pumps - operate on the principle of
centrifugal force. When wastewater enters the pump, it
revolved at high speeds by an impeller and is thrown to
the edge by centrifugal force.
Reciprocating pumps - sewage is sucked in the cylinder
and then forced through the delivery pipe by the piston.
With a propeller type, a propeller moves vertically
inside a pump casing, which lifts the sewage upward.
Air pressure pumps - air pressure pumps work mainly
by gravity. With these pumps, wastewater is
automatically forced into a tight tank whenever
sufficient wastewater accumulates high enough to raise
it afloat.
Waste Water Treatment
Stage One — Bar Screening (Physical Process)
The physical process of wastewater treatment begins
with screening out large items that have found their
way into the sewer system, and if not removed, can
damage pumps and impede water flow. A bar screen is
usually used to remove large items from the influent
and ultimately taken to a landfill.
Stage Two — Screening (Physical Process)
Removal of grit by flowing the influent over/through a
grit chamber. Fine grit that finds its way into the influent
needs to be removed to prevent the damage of pumps
and equipment downstream (or impact water flow).
Too small to be screened out, this grit needs to be
removed from the grit chamber.
Stage Three — Primary Clarifier (Physical Process)
Initial separation of solid organic matter from
wastewater. Solids known as organics/sludge sink to the
bottom of the tank and are pumped to a sludge digestor
or sludge processing area, dried and hauled away.
Proper settling rates are a key indicator for how well the
clarifier is operating. Adjusting flow rate into the
clarifier can help the operator adjust the settling rates
and efficiency.
Stage Four — Aeration (Biological Process)
At the heart of the wastewater treatment process is the
encouragement and acceleration of the natural process
of bacteria, breaking down organic material. This begins
in the aeration tank. The primary function of the
aeration tank is to pump oxygen into the tank to
encourage the breakdown of any organic material (and
the growth of the bacteria), as well as ensure there is
enough time for the organic material to be broken
down.
Stage Five — Secondary Clarifier (Physical Process)
Treated wastewater is pumped into a secondary
clarifier to allow any remaining organic sediment to
settle out of treated water flow. As the influent exits the
aeration process, it flows into a secondary clarifier
where, like the primary clarifier, any very small solids (or
fines) sink to the bottom of the tank.
Stage Six — Chlorination (Disinfection) (Chemical
Process)
Chlorine is added to kill any remaining bacteria in the
contact chamber. With the enhanced concentration of
bacteria as part of the aeration stage, there is a need to
test the outgoing effluent for bacteria presence or
absence and to disinfect the water. This ensures that
higher than specified concentrations of bacteria are not
released into the environment.
Stage Seven — Water Analysis & Testing
Although testing is continuous throughout the
wastewater treatment process to ensure optimal water
flow, clarification and aeration, final testing is done to
make sure the effluent leaving the plant meets permit
specifications. Plants that don`t meet permit discharge
levels are subject to fines and possible incarceration of
the operator in charge.
Stage Eight — Effluent Disposal
After meeting all permit specifications, clean water is
reintroduced into the environment.
Mechanical Engineering Aspect
1. Design and Maintenance of Treatment
Equipment Prepares and fills out Operation and
Maintenance Cards for each individual equipment,
evaluate and record them for the mechanical
equipment as appropriate. Maintain and control of
tools and equipment inventory and assures cleanliness
of all wastewater facilities during the assigned shift.
2. Automation and Control Systems
While laboratory analytical measurements are required
to establish the proper treatment process in the water
treatment plant, process control systems and on-line
analytical instruments have been developed to assist
the treatment plant operator in the control of the
treatment process.
Process automation can be separated into 2 types
– continuous (or analog), and sequential (or logical).
Flow control is an example of continuous or analog
control, while the sequencing of valves in the backwash
of a filter is logical control.
3. Pumps and Pumping Systems
Wastewater flows increase along the collection system
toward the treatment plant. When gravity flow is not
economically or technically possible, pump stations are
used and the pumps are controlled to achieve a stable,
secure flow to the wastewater treatment plant.
Civil Engineering Aspects • Collection and Conveyance
• Wastewater Treatment
A. Design and Construction of Sewer Networks • Environmental Health
• Disaster Resilience
Civil Engineers can design, build, and help maintain and • Sustainable Water Management
successfully operate structures and large facilities such • Ecosystem Protection
as dams, pipelines, tanks, reservoirs, pumping stations
and treatment plants for water and wastewater. Waste Water Disposal

Wastewater disposal is the process of managing and

getting rid of wastewater, which is water that has been
used in various human activities and is no longer
suitable for its original purpose.
The major roles of a sewer system can be listed as
follows:

– Improvement in the environment by removing the WASTEWATERDISPOSALPROCESS

sewage as it originates.
COLLECTION - PRIMARY TREATMENT - SECONDARY
– Preventing inundation of low-lying areas that may be TREATMENT-TERTIARY TREATMENT - DISPOSAL/REUSE
otherwise caused by not providing sewers. - MONITORING AND COMPLIANCE

– Prevention of vector propagation by sewage EFFLUENT DISCHARGE REGULATION

stagnations.
Water Quality Standards
– Avoiding cross connections with freshwater sources
by seepage. Philippines has specific water quality standards that
prescribe maximum allowable limits for various
In addition, there is a strong emphasis on: pollutants in wastewater effluents.

a.) Avoiding sewer impacts on groundwater quality by Monitoring and Reporting

infiltration of soil water into sewers and exfiltration of
sewage into soil water, occurring rather as a cycle Wastewater generators are required to regularly
depending on the flow conditions in leaky sewers, and monitor the quality of their effluents and submit
reports.
b.) Moving away from the mind-set that a sewer system
shall necessarily be an underground sewer right in the Discharge Permits
middle of the road with costly construction, upkeep and
remediation and making the objective realizable, if Permits outline the conditions, monitoring
necessary, in an incremental sewerage commensurate requirements, and effluent quality standards that must
with optimizing the area coverage in the available be met.
financial and human resources to create and sustain the
system. Enforcement and Penalties

B. Environmental Impact Assessment Authority to enforce regulations and impose penalties

In order to assess and reduce the environmental effect
of wastewater treatment and disposal projects, civil
engineering is essential. Engineers ensure that treated
wastewater satisfies set water quality requirements to
preserve the environment while focusing on
sustainable design, regulatory compliance, and
ecosystem conservation.
on non-compliant facilities.
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT MITIGATION
Improved Treatment
Use of advanced wastewater treatment technologies to
effectively remove pollutants and contaminants

The major roles of a sewer system can be listed as Ecosystem Restoration

follows in an environmental aspect:
Supporting projects that focus on the restoration and
protection of natural ecosystems
Pollution Control Programs
Implementing pollution control programs and best
management practices
SUSTAINABILITY IN WASTE WATER MANAGEMENT
KEY POINTS ABOUT WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT IN
THE CONTEXT OF SUSTAINABILITY
Collection - A system of pipelines and sewage systems
collects wastewater from numerous sources, including
houses, businesses, and stormwater runoff.
Treatment - Processes for treating wastewater are used
to get rid of impurities and pollutants. Processes that
are physical, chemical, and biological are frequently
used as therapy options. The objective is to clean the
water sufficiently to allow for its reuse or safe release
into the environment.
Reuse and Recycling - Reclaimed water, the term for
treated wastewater, is encouraged by sustainable
wastewater management. This may be used to non-
potable uses like irrigation, business operations, or
even groundwater replenishment.
1. Energy Efficiency
In wastewater management, energy efficiency refers to
the efforts undertaken to reduce the energy
consumption of wastewater treatment operations. This
is important since conventional wastewater treatment
facilities may consume a lot of energy, and cutting back
on energy use not only lowers costs but also lowers
greenhouse gas emissions.
2. Resource Recovery
In wastewater management, resource recovery refers
to the process of recovering valuable resources from
wastewater, including nutrients, organic materials, and
even water itself. By reusing or repurposing these
recovered materials, waste may be decreased and
sustainability can be improved.
3. Green Infrastructure
Utilizing natural or nature-based methods to manage
rainfall and wastewater is known as "green
infrastructure." Green infrastructure combines
components like vegetated swales, wetlands, and
permeable pavement to improve water treatment and
lessen runoff rather than depending only on
conventional concrete and steel building.
Topic 3: Rain Water and Solar Energy
Rainwater- water that has fallen as or been obtained
from rain.
Solar energy- is the radiation from the Sun capable of
producing heat, causing chemical reactions, or
generating electricity.
HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE IN AGRICULTURE AND
ARCHITECTURE
The historical significance of rainwater and solar energy
in agriculture highlights the resourcefulness and
adaptability of ancient farming communities. These
practices helped ensure food security, increased
agricultural productivity, and enabled communities to
thrive in diverse environmental conditions.
Rainwater in Agriculture:
• Irrigation
• Water Management
• Crop Timing
• Soil Fertility
Solar Heating and Drying
• Greenhouses
• Animal Husbandry
• Water Heating
HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE IN AGRICULTUREN AND
ARCHITECTURE
Rainwater and solar energy have had historical
significance in architecture, influencing the design and
function of buildings for centuries.
Rain water in Architecture:
• Ancient Water Management
• Building Design
• Courtyards and Atriums
• Green Building Practices
Solar Energy in Architecture:
• Ancient Solar Design
• Solariums and Solar Rooms
• Solar Heating
• Modern Solar Panels
CHALLENGES IN UTILIZING RAINWATER AND SOLAR
ENERGY IN INDUSTRIALIZED SOCIETIES
Rainwater and solar energy are both difficult to utilize
in industrialized societies, because they require
individual preoccupancy expenditures.
Typical public water and electric utility in a U.S. city can
raise funds to build large water treatment plants,
electricity‐generating plants, and the network of pipes
and wires that bring these commodities to every
building. The utility’s costs, including interest on its
construction debts, will be passed on to its consumers
on a monthly basis, along with a margin of profit that is
usually controlled by state governments. Thus, our
society has a well‐established method for encouraging
central suppliers of water and power.
EXAMPLE:
Now consider the individual building owner. To build a
cistern and a solar‐heated building, she must borrow
money at an interest rate higher than that which the
utility pays, and both options costs more initially than
simple connections to the utility’s pipes and lines. Even
though she is willing to flush her toilets with rainwater
rather than with chlorinated and filtered potable water
from the utility, and even though she is willing to heat
with lower‐grade solar energy rather than with higher‐
grade electricity, she must pay a substantial first‐ cost
penalty—with interest—to do so.
BENEFITS OF MIXED APPROACH
The overall public good could be well served by a
mixture of public networks of pure water and
electricity, combined with individual cisterns and solar
applications.
Environmental advantages:
• Reduced water withdrawal and treatment
• Decreased stormwater pollution
• Lower energy consumption and emissions from
power generation
ECONOMIC DISCOURAGEMENT OF INDIVIDUAL USAGE
Due to economic discouragement, individuals and
organizations hesitate in shifting to a more sustainable
and efficient energy use. Which then calls for a need in
shift of economic incentives.
• Economic Incentives - financial rewards
provided to people to alter consumption and
production patterns in an economy.
LOW-ENTROPY KINDERGARTEN BY FERNAU AND
HARTMAN
• Architects Fernau and Hartman's design entry
for "Low-Entropy Kindergarten" design
competition
• The architects incorporated a rainwater
collection system in their architectural design.
ALTHOUGH RAINWATER AND SOLAR ENERGY ARE
DISTINCT NATURAL RESOURCES, BUT THEY HAVE SOME
REMARKABLE SIMILARITIES, PARTICULARLY IN TERMS
OF SUSTAINABLE LIVING AND ENVIRONMENTAL
CONSERVATIONS:
1. RENEWABLE NATURE
2. ENVIRONMENTAL FRIENLINESS
3. FREE AND ABUNDANT
4. SUSTAINABILITY
REEVALUATING ECONOMIC INCENTIVES IS CRITICAL TO
BUILDING A SUSTAINABLE FUTURE POWERED BY
RAINWATER AND SUNLIGHT. WE CAN ENABLE
INDIVIDUALS, COMMUNITIES, AND BUSINESSES TO
EMBRACE THESE ECO-FRIENDLY ACTIVITIES BY
PROVIDING SIGNIFICANT FINANCIAL SUPPORT, RAISING
AWARENESS, IMPROVING POLICIES, AND FORGING
COLLABORATIONS. THROUGH COLLABORATIVE
EFFORTS AND STRATEGIC ECONOMIC POLICIES, WE
CAN USHER IN A NEW ERA OF SUSTAINABLE LIVING,
ASSURING ENVIRONMENTAL PRESERVATIONS
ANDECONOMIC PROSPERITY FOR
FUTUREGENERATIONS.
COLLECTION AND STORAGE OF RAIN WATER
 Rainwater is close to the purest state in the In conclusion, rainwater presents itself as a
hydrologic cycle. More recently, it is true, air pollution compelling alternative for both its quality and quantity
has begun to threaten the quality of rainwater in some in various applications. While rainwater is close to the
areas as acid rain has become widespread in the purest state in the hydrologic cycle, it is essential to
northeastern section of the North American continent acknowledge the emerging threats to its quality due to
and in Europe. factors such as air pollution and localized contaminants
like lead, dust, and bird droppings. Roofing materials,
Factors Affecting Rain Water Quality roof design, and the need for health authority
consultation also play a role in maintaining rainwater
• AIR POLLUTION quality.
• DUST AND BIRD
• DROPPINGS In terms of sizing rainwater systems, careful
• ROOFING MATERIALS AND ROOF DESIGNS consideration of factors like monthly rainfall, water
usage, and catchment area yield is essential, especially
Utilization of Rainwater when rainwater is intended to be the primary water
source. These considerations are crucial for ensuring
• LIMITATION ON DRINKING AND COOKING the efficiency and effectiveness of rainwater harvesting
USAGE systems.
• POTENTIAL FOR MEETING INDOOR WATER
• BENEFITS OF “SOFT” RAINWATER IN “HARD”
PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES
• QUANTITY OF RAINWATER AVAILABLE FOR
RESIDENTIAL AND BUSINESS NEEDS
OTHER SECTION
Advantages of unfiltered rainwater:
RAINWATER
• Lacks additives unneeded by plants
is the purest form of water obtained from rain. It does
• Decreases the demand on the public water
not contain any dissolved solids or dissolved gases and
supply
thus is free from impurities. In regions of high
• Helps save water bill
industrialization, gases like oxides of sulfur and nitrogen
• Preserves water for future needs
may contaminate rainwater and result in acid rain.
·A rain barrel at the bottom of the downspout replaces
USES OF RAIN WATER
a pump with simple gravity flow.
The non-potable water can be used to irrigate
Small cisterns within a home are common in many of
landscaping, flush toilets, wash cars, or launder clothes,
the world’s drier areas.
and it can even be purified for human consumption.
• Insufficient water supply for the public
• RECHARGE UNDERGROUND WATER
• GARDENING
Cisterns - used as form-producing elements in
• LIVESTOCK
architectural design
• DRINKING PURPOSE
• IRRIGATION PURPOSE
Sizing
RAINWATER COLLECTION AND STORAGE/ RAINWATER
When rainwater is to be a primary, as opposed to
HARVESTING
merely a supplementary source, a closer look must be
taken at rainfall deposits and user withdrawals from a
cistern. Rainwater collection system or rainwater harvesting is
a technology used for collecting and storing rainwater
from rooftops, the land surface or rock catchments
SIZING refers to determining the dimensions and
using simple techniques such as jars and pots as well as
capacity of a rainwater harvesting cistern.
more complex techniques such as underground check
dams.
This procedure depends on the monthly average rainfall
(from NOAA Local Climatological Data), the monthly
water usage, and the catchment area yield.
-Rainwater harvesting is the accumulation and
deposition of rainwater for reuse on- site, rather than
allowing it to run off.
- Rainwater harvesting systems range from simple rain
barrels to more elaborate structures with pumps, tanks,
and purification systems
METHODS OF RAINWATER HARVESTING
Surface Runoff Harvesting
In urban areas, rainwater flows away as surface runoff.
This runoff can be caught and used for recharging
aquifers by adopting appropriate methods.
Rooftop Rainwater Harvesting
It is a system of catching rainwater where it falls. In
rooftop harvesting, the roof becomes the catchments,
and the rainwater is collected from the roof of the
house/building.
This method is less expensive and very effective
METHODS OF ROOFTOP RAINWATER HARVESTING
1. Storage of Direct Use
In this method, rainwater collected from the roof of the
building is diverted to a storage tank. The storage tank
has to be designed according to the water
requirements, rainfall, and catchment availability.
2. Recharging Groundwater Aquifers
Groundwater aquifers can be recharged by various
kinds of structures to ensure the percolation of
rainwater in the ground instead of draining away from
the surface. Commonly used recharging methods are:
• Recharging of bore wells
• Recharging of dug wells.
• Recharge pits
• Recharge Trenches
• Soak ways or Recharge Shafts
• Percolation Tanks
3. Recharging of Bore Wells
Rainwater collected from the rooftop of the building is
diverted through drainpipes to settlement or filtration
tank. After settlement, filtered water is diverted to bore
wells to recharge deep aquifers. Abandoned bore wells
can also be used for recharge.
4. Recharge Pits
Recharge pits are small pits of any shape rectangular,
square, or circular contracted with brick or stone
masonry wall with weep hole at regular intervals. Top
of the pit can be covered with perforated covers. The
bottom of the pit should be filled with filter media.
5. Soak way or Recharge Shafts
Soak away, or recharge shafts are provided where the
upper layer of soil is alluvial or less porous. These are
the bored hole of 30 cm dia. up to 10 to 15 m deep,
depending on the depth of the pervious layer. Bore
should be lined with slotted/perforated PVC/MS pipe to
prevent the collapse of the vertical sides.
6. Recharging of Dug Wells
Dug wells can be used as a recharge structure.
Rainwater from the rooftop is diverted to drilled wells
after passing it through the filtration bed. Cleaning and
desalting of dug well should be done regularly to
enhance the recharge rate. The filtration method
suggested for bore well recharging could be used.
7. Recharge Trenches
The recharge trench is provided where upper
impervious layer of soil is shallow. The recharge trench
excavated on the ground and refilled with porous media
like pebbles, boulders, or brickbats. It is usually made
for harvesting the surface runoff.
8. Percolation Tank
Percolation tanks are artificially created surface water
bodies, submerging a land area with adequate
permeability to facilitate sufficient percolation to
recharge the groundwater. These can be built on big
campuses where land is available, and topography is
suitable.
COMPONENTS OF THE ROOFTOP RAINWATER
HARVESTING
1. Catchment
-The surface that receives rainfall directly is the
catchment of rainwater harvesting system. It may be a
terrace, courtyard, or paved or unpaved open ground.
2. Transportation
-Rainwater from the rooftop should be carried through
down to take water pipes or drains to the
storage/harvesting system. Water pipes should be UV
resistant (ISI HDPE/PVC pipes) of the required capacity.
3. First Flush
-The first flush is a device used to flush off the water
received in the first shower. The first shower of rains
needs to be flushed-off to avoid contaminating
storable/rechargeable water by the probable
contaminants of the atmosphere and the catchment
roof.
4. Filter
• Calculate the catchment area of your roof
• Estimate your “normal” rainwater harvest
• Apply the One-Third Rule
Calculate the Catchment Area of Your Roof
The amount of water that can be harvested is
determined by the size of the catchment area and the
amount of rain that falls on that catchment area. Start
by determining the size of your roof in square feet.
Estimate your “normal” rainwater harvest

-There is always some skepticism regarding Roof Top

Rainwater Harvesting since doubts are raised that
rainwater may contaminate groundwater. There is a
remote possibility of this fear coming true if the proper
filter mechanism is not adopted.

TYPES OF FILTERS

1. Sand Gravel Filter

These are commonly used filters, constructed by brick

masonry and filleted by pebbles, gravel, and sand. Each
layer should be separated by wire mesh.
It is important to note that there is a significant
2. Charcoal Filter distinction between “average” and “normal” when
discussing the amount of precipitation your location
receives in a year.
Charcoal filters can be made in-situ or in a drum.
Pebbles, gravel, sand, and charcoal as shown in the
figure should fill the drum or chamber. Each layer Average precipitation x 0.80 = “Normal” precipitation
should be separated by wire mesh. The thin layer of
charcoal is used to absorb odor if any. Catchment Area x Gallons per square foot = Total

3. PVC –Pipe filter Gallons

This filter can be made by PVC pipe of 1 to 1.20 m

length; Diameter of pipe depends on the area of roof.
Six inches dia. pipe is enough for a 1500 Sq. Ft. roof and
8 inches dia. pipe should be used for roofs more than
1500 Sq. Ft. Pipe is divided into three compartments by
wire mesh.

Sponge Filter

It is a simple filter made from PVC drum having a layer

of sponge in the middle of drum. It is the easiest and
cheapest form filter, suitable for residential units.

RAINFALL CISTERN SIZING


Apply the One-Third Rule
recommended cistern size is approximately one-third of
the amount that can be collected in a normal year
Therefore, the owners of the 1,800- square-foot roof on
the previous page should consider a cistern in the
2,000-to-3,000-gallon range.
Note:
if you want to minimize the rainfall events that produce
more water than your cistern can hold, consider
applying the One-Half Rule (or Even more)
CONSTITUENTS OF RAINWATER
Here are the common constituents found in rainwater:
1. Water (H2O): The main component of rainwater is, of
course, water molecules.
2. Gases: Rainwater can contain various gases dissolved
from the atmosphere, including oxygen (O2), nitrogen
(N2), carbon dioxide (CO2), and others.
3. Particulate Matter: As rain forms in the atmosphere,
it can pick up tiny particles such as dust, pollen, soot,
and other microscopic solids. These particles can vary
based on the location and environmental conditions.
4. Minerals: Rainwater can also contain trace amounts
of minerals like calcium, magnesium, potassium, and
sodium. These minerals can be obtained from the soil
and airborne dust particles.
5. Acids: Certain gases in the atmosphere, such as sulfur
dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2), can react
with water to form acidic compounds, resulting in the
presence of weak acids like sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and
nitric acid (HNO3) in rainwater.
6. Anthropogenic pollutants: Rainwater can pick up
pollutants from human activities, including heavy
metals, pesticides, industrial emissions, and other
contaminants. These pollutants can have a detrimental
impact on the environment and can vary depending on
the location and local sources.
Rainwater constituents can vary depending on
geographical location, climate conditions, and human
activities in the area.
SIZING OF GUTTERS
Sizing gutters refers to the process of determining the
appropriate dimensions and capacity of gutters
installed on buildings or structures. It involves assessing
factors such as the roof area, rainfall intensity, and
drainage requirements to ensure efficient water flow
and prevent water damage. The sizing of gutters
typically takes into account parameters like slope,
cross-sectional area, and downspout capacity. Properly
sized gutters effectively collect and convey rainwater
away from the building, reducing the risk of water
infiltration and foundation issues.
STEPS AND CONSIDERATIONS FOR SIZING ROOF
DRAINS, LEADERS, AND VERTICAL RAINWATER PIPING
• Determine the Rainfall Rate
• Calculate Roof Drainage Area
• Determine Roof Drainage Coefficient the roof
drainage coefficient (C) is a factor that accounts
for the efficiency of the drainage system and

varies based on factors such as the type of roof,
slope, and surface conditions.
• Calculate Required Flow Rate
Q=CxAxR
Where:
Q = Flow rate (cfs or cms)
C = Roof drainage coefficient
A = Roof drainage area (square
feet or square meters)
R = Rainfall rate (inches per hour or
millimeters per hour)
• Select Roof Drains
• Determine the Number of Roof Drains
• Size Leaders and Vertical Piping
• Slope and Layout
Ensure Design the layout
• Overflow Provisions
This can prevent water from pooling on the
roof.
• Comply with Codes and Standards
Topic 4: Storm Water Drainage System
Hydrostatic Pressure
It is a force behind water flow, it can force water
into buldings through construction joints, cracks and
purous materials.
Disposal Options
When its precipatates, strom water must be
controlled.
Reoccurence Interval
Assesses the likelihood of specific weather events
happening in a year.
Combined Community Sewers
In some cities, especially in older areas, storm sewers
from the city streets and the private buildings,
driveways, and parking areas all run into the sanitary
sewer line
Roof drainage system design
A roof drain system it consist of roof drains at regular
intervals on the roof surface that collect storm water,
transport it through pipes.
Components:
Leaders/ coductors
Vertical storm drain pipes where drains are connected.
Splashblock
A concrete or plastic pad adjacent to the building,
required to prevent water from the pipes end hitting
the soil.
Gutter and downspourt system
It is istalled along the edges of slopes roofs, such as
residential homes.
Gutter – a horizontal trough or channel that runs along
the eaves.
Leader/downspout
A vertical pipe that carries storm water away from roof
gutter.
Spashblock
A concrete or plastic pad adjacent to the building.
Materials
Copper, gavalized steel aluminum and vinyl
Seamless - custom-made vinyl and aluminum gutters
and downspouts in one piece without seams
Aluminum and steel - gutters and downspouts come in
many different colors that are ideal for matching the
color of trim and cladding.
Vinyl - is typically available in only a few colors. Brown,
Black, ivory and white.
Copper - comes unpainted and ultimately oxidizes to a
green patina.
Most gutter come in several sizes and shaped called
profiles.
K or ogee-shaped configuration – front is look like letter
K or drains tile.
U shaped trough – a half round channel shape
Then they discuss different sizes and dimensions of
gutters, downspout or leaders.
On a comercial project:
Storms drains that serve the exterior areas of a bulding
project are larger and require extensicve planning
because they often run unnder
Surface drainage – refers to the natural or engineered
movement of rainwater or runoff across the ground's
surface to prevent waterlogging, erosion, or flooding.
Catch basin - an underground structure, usually at the
curb line, with an open gate cover to collect storm
water grom streets and pathways and discharge it to a
storm sever system.
Without a city storm sewer system kailangan ang swale
because it is a deppression to move storm water away
from the building which typically contains flowing water
only during and after a rainfall or snow melt.
Dettend pond – a human made or natural pools or basin
area used to detain and control flow of storm water
runnof f during heavy rainstroems
Reternsion- area used for permanent storage of storm
water runoff, designed to collect and hold storm water.
SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE SYSTEMS
Subsurface drainage systems are designed to manage
excess water that accumulates underground, typically
in and around buildings or structures.
Structural Stability
Infrastructure Design
Mitigating Erosion
SUMP AND SUMP PUMP
A sump is a pit or reservoir designed to collect water,
often found in basements
INTERIOR PERIMETER (FRENCH) DRAIN
a subsurface drainage system consisting of a drainpipe
EXTERIOR PERIMETER (PERIPHERAL) DRAIN
a subsurface drainage system consisting of drainpipe or
drain tile laid in a trench around the outside perimeter
of the building foundation and backfilled with gravel.
INTERCEPTOR DRAIN
It intercepts the water and discharges it into a ditch or
storm sewer away from the building
Flood Control - to prevent or mitigate the damage
caused by flooding
Dikes - artificial embankments or walls constructed to
control water levels, prevent flooding, and protect low-
lying areas from the intrusion of water, typically from
rivers, lakes, seas, or other bodies of water.
Spurs – man-made structures or embankments built in
bodies of water like rivers or streams. Erosion Control:
Flood Control: Channelization:
Levee – water management and flood control. These Sizing Roof Gutter
raised embankments or walls are constructed along
riverbanks, coastlines, and other bodies of water Sizing Roof Leaders (vertical pipes)

Sea Walls – it is a coastal defense walls, are man-made

structures designed to protect coastal areas from the
erosive forces of the sea and the impacts of coastal
storms.

Stormwater Drainage system installation

Consideration to installed roof drainage

Slope and Gradient – reduce potential collection of

water and debris and ma prevent niya ang clogging and
corrosion.

Projected Rainfall rates and flow rates – To know

volumetric flow, to know the dimension and sizes pipes
and gutters.

Layout- Placement and location is crucial to prevent

installation mistake.

Building storm drains should generally be graded at

least 1/4in per foot whenever feasible

When a change of direction is necessary, long radius

fitting are used and a cleanout need not to be installed

Pipe material for storm sewer may be the same as that

used for the sanitary drainage system, but for a much
larger size.

National Plumbing Code:

Rainwater piping shall not use as soil, waste and vent

pipes.

Rainwater downspout or conductor located on the

exterior side of a low height bulding shall be not less
than 26. Ga galvanized sheet steel.

Sizing Horizontal rainwater pipe

E size ang horizontal rainwater pipe trough sa

volumentric flow sa water from stormwater or sa
rainfall na mo flow sa atung pipes and roofs.

1. Pangitaon ang maximum rainfall

2. Unsa ang pinaka close nga value sa roof
area