Dear Students

Internal carries 20 marks.

a) Listening – 5 marks

b) Speaking – 5 marks

c) Project work – 5 marks

d) Viva Voce – 5 Marks ( On the project - by External Examiner )

Note :

 Project should be error free. ( Check for grammar error / spelling error

before taking final printout).

 Should be neatly typed ( Preferably Use Times new Roman Font,

size : 14)

 Avoid contents / examples related to controversial issues.

 Prepare the project and take print outs in A4 sheets. ( From Cover

Page to Thank You) i.e., Project Portfolio and submit to your English

teacher on 21.08.2023( Mon day) without fail.

 You may refer to Googe / you-tube / Google podcasts / books – for

collecting information for the projects and the same should be

included in the Bibliography.

 Add Photos or color printouts of the references in your project file.

 Save your entire project in your mail for future reference at school
 PROJECT PORTFILIO

1. Cover page - Impressive with all details

2. Acknowledgement

3. Certificate of completion

4. Indexpage

( Title, Introduction, Sub headings, conclusion, etc.,

according to the need of the project)

5. Title

6. Project Report– Minimum 4 to 5 pages

7. Material Evidence - Photos, Questionnaire, Reference books

– ( Front page photo )

8. Bibliography

9. Thank you
 An English Project
on

Submitted by

Name : BALU PRAKASH GOVINDASWAMY

Class : XII

Register No :

Year : 2023– 2024

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I acknowledge my whole hearted gratitude to my beloved

English Teachers Mr.Venkatesh and Mr.Lenin Babu supporting
and guiding me.

I thank our beloved Director Shri.M.V.M. SASIKUMAR for

being my motivational force for the completion of this project

I extend my thanks to Principal, Shri.G. Prabhakaran for

his benevolent nature. I am extremely grateful to him for his
guidance.

I also extend my thanks to my batchmates and friends

for their helpful observations and elucidation in this project.

I thank the school for providing me all the facilities for

completion of this project.

Last but not least, I would like to express my gratitude

towards my parents for their kind co-operation and
encouragement which helped me in the completion of the project.
This is to certify Master /Miss ……………………………………… of grade XII has

successfully done and submitted the English project work

as per the requirement of AISSCE during the academic year 2023-2024.

DATE :

PLACE :

PRINCIPAL INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

 INDEX

TITLE –COLD WAR

INTRODUCTION

ORIGINS OF THE COLD WAR

STRUGGLE BETWEEN SUPERPOWERS

TIME LINE OF COLD WAR

FROM PEACEFUL COEXISTENCE TO THE

PAROYSMS OF THE COLD WAR

TOWARDS THE END OF THE COLD WAR

EFFECTS OF COLD WAR

CONCLUSION –COLD WAR

BIBLIOGRAPHY

THANK YOU
COLD WAR
INTRODUCTION:
Cold War, the open yet restricted rivalry that developed after World War II
between the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies. The
Cold War was waged on political, economic, and propaganda fronts and had
only limited recourse to weapons. The term was first used by the English writer
George Orwell in an article published in 1945 to refer to what he predicted
would be a nuclear stalemate between “two or three monstrous super-states,
each possessed of a weapon by which millions of people can be wiped out in a
few seconds.” It was first used in the United States by the American financier
and presidential adviser Bernard Baruch in a speech at the State House in
Columbia, South Carolina, in 1947.

The Cold War was an ongoing political rivalry between the United States and
the Soviet Union and their respective allies that developed after World War II.
This hostility between the two superpowers was first given its name by George
Orwell in an article published in 1945. Orwell understood it as a nuclear
stalemate between “super-states”: each possessed weapons of mass destruction
and was capable of annihilating the other.

ORIGINS OF THE COLD WAR :

The Cold War had its roots in World War II, when the repeated delays in
opening a second front in Europe made the Russians suspicious of the Western
Allies' motives. Those concerns were heightened when the United States
discontinued lend‐lease aid to the Soviet Union soon after the war ended.
Stalin's commitment at Yalta to allow free elections in Eastern Europe was
quickly broken. To ensure “friendly states” on its western borders, the USSR
supported and helped install Communist‐dominated governments in Poland,
Bulgaria, and Rumania (Romania) in the spring and summer of 1945. Within a
year, as Winston Churchill told an American audience, an “iron curtain” had
descended across Europe, separating the “free” democratic nations of the West
from the “captive” Communist nations of the East.

The containment policy and the Truman Doctrine. George Kennan, a State
Department official stationed in Moscow, developed a strategy for dealing with
the Soviet Union in the postwar years. In a lengthy telegram to Washington in
February 1946, he outlined what became known as the containment policy.
Kennan argued that while the USSR was determined to extend its influence
around the world, its leaders were cautious and did not take risks. Faced with
determined opposition (from the United States, for example), Kennan postulated
that the Soviet Union would back down. The policy was concerned with future
Soviet expansion and accepted, in effect, Russian control over Eastern Europe.

An early test of containment came in Greece and Turkey. In 1946, a civil war
broke out in Greece, pitting Communist groups against the British‐supported
government. At the same time, the Soviet Union was pressuring Turkey to allow
it to build naval bases on its northwestern coast, thereby giving the Soviet Black
Sea Fleet easy access to the Mediterranean. When Great Britain announced it no
longer had the resources to help the two countries meet the threats to their
independence, the United States stepped in. Truman asked Congress for $400
million in military and economic aid for Greece and Turkey in March 1947,
citing the United States' obligation to back free peoples resisting control by an
armed minority or outside pressures. This policy, known as the Truman
Doctrine, appeared to work: the Communists were defeated in the Greek Civil
War in October 1949, and the foreign aid helped strengthen the Turkish
economy.

STRUGGLE BETWEEN SUPERPOWERS :

The Cold War reached its peak in 1948–53. In this period the Soviets
unsuccessfully blockaded the Western-held sectors of West Berlin (1948–49);
the United States and its European allies formed the North Atlantic Treaty
Organization (NATO), a unified military command to resist the Soviet presence
in Europe (1949); the Soviets exploded their first atomic warhead (1949), thus
ending the American monopoly on the atomic bomb; the Chinese communists
came to power in mainland China (1949); and the Soviet-supported communist
government of North Korea invaded U.S.-supported South Korea in 1950,
setting off an indecisive Korean War that lasted until 1953.From 1953 to 1957
Cold War tensions relaxed somewhat, largely owing to the death of the
longtime Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin in 1953; nevertheless, the standoff
remained. A unified military organization among the Soviet-bloc countries,
the Warsaw Pact, was formed in 1955; and West Germany was admitted into
NATO that same year. Another intense stage of the Cold War was in 1958–62.
The United States and the Soviet Union began developing
intercontinental ballistic missiles, and in 1962 the Soviets began secretly
installing missiles in Cuba that could be used to launch nuclear attacks on U.S.
cities. This sparked the Cuban missile crisis (1962), a confrontation that brought
the two superpowers to the brink of war before an agreement was reached to
withdraw the missiles.

The Cuban missile crisis showed that neither the United States nor the Soviet
Union were ready to use nuclear weapons for fear of the other’s retaliation (and
thus of mutual atomic annihilation). The two superpowers soon signed
the Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty of 1963, which banned aboveground nuclear
weapons testing. But the crisis also hardened the Soviets’ determination never
again to be humiliated by their military inferiority, and they began a buildup of
both conventional and strategic forces that the United States was forced to
match for the next 25 years.

TIME LINE OF COLD WAR:

FROM PEACEFUL COEXISTENCE TO THE PAROYSMS OF
THE COLD WAR:
After the death of Stalin in March 1953, his successors adopted a more
conciliatory attitude to the West. From 1955, Nikita Khrushchev, the new First
Secretary of the CPSU, developed a policy of peaceful coexistence. Boosted by
the advances that it had made in thermonuclear power and the space race, the
USSR wanted to use the new climate of peace in the world to take the rivalry
between itself and the United States onto a purely ideological and economic
level. In the United States, President Eisenhower had to make allowance for the
risk of escalation and the hazards of direct nuclear confrontation with the
Soviets. In 1953 he opted for the so-called ‘new look’ strategy. This combined
diplomacy with the threat of massive retaliation. To complicate matters further,
the United States was no longer the only country with nuclear weapons. It had
to come to terms with technological progress made by the Soviet Union, which
tested its first atomic weapon in 1949, with the first hydrogen bomb following
in 1953.
The first tangible consequence of the new Soviet policy was the agreement on
Austria in May 1955. The Austrian State Treaty officially put an end to the war
in the Alpine country and gave it back its independence, subject to its
permanent neutrality. But despite certain encouraging signs, the distrust and
ideological opposition between the two blocs continued. In Central and Eastern
Europe, the populations of several satellite states attempted to cast off the
Russian yoke, and the Cold War reached its peak in the early 1960s. In
Europe, the status of the city of Berlin remained a major stumbling block for the
two superpowers. The construction of the Berlin Wall in the summer of 1961
closed the last crossing point between West and East. Elsewhere in the world,
the tension surrounding Cuba culminated in a trial of strength played out
between John F. Kennedy and Nikita S. Khrushchev in October 1962 over the
stationing of Soviet nuclear missiles on the island.
By the mid-1950s, East-West relations had certainly evolved and were
characterised by the principle of peaceful coexistence, but the Cold War was not
over and the ideological tensions between the two blocs prevailed.

TOWARDS THE END OF THE COLD WAR :

The late 20th century was a time of major geopolitical upheaval in Eastern
Europe. The fall of the Berlin Wall in November 1989 put an end to the Cold
War and its divisions, which dated back to the Second World War. The fall of
the Communist bloc brought about the end of a bipolar world built around the
rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union. Economic and military
structures such as Comecon (the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance) and
the Warsaw Pact were dissolved in 1991. The events of the late 1980s marked
the beginning of improved relations between two parts of the continent that had
long been divided.

EFFECTS OF COLD WAR :

The effects of the Cold War on nation-states were numerous both economically
and socially until its subsequent century. For example, in Russia, military
spending was cut dramatically after 1991, which caused a decline from
the Soviet Union's military-industrial sector. Such a dismantling left millions of
employees throughout the former Soviet Union unemployed, which affected
Russia's economy and military.[1]
After Russia embarked on several economic reformations in the 1990s, it
underwent a financial crisis. The Russian recession was more oppressive than
the one experienced by United States and Germany during the Great
Depression. Although Russian living standards worsened overall after the Cold
War, the economy held an overwhelming growth after 1995. In early 2005, it
became known that the economy had returned to its 1989 levels of per capita
GDP.
The Cold War has continued to influence global politics after its end.
The dissolution of the Soviet Union ended the Cold War and led to world that is
widely considered as uni polar, with the United States being the sole remaining
hyperpower, but many other rising powers hold great influence in the world and
are certainly superpowers. The Cold War defined the political role of the United
States after World War II. By 1989, the United States had military alliances
with 50 countries and 1.5 million troops posted abroad in 117 countries, which
institutionalized a global commitment to a huge permanent peacetime military-
industrial complex and the large-scale military funding of science. In addition,
the US led to the permanent creation of Peacetime Defense and the armaments
industry, which was referred to in the farewell address of President Dwight
Eisenhower.[2]
Military expenditures by the US during the Cold War were estimated to have
been roughly 8-9 trillion dollars, and nearly 100,000 Americans died during
the Korean War and the Vietnam War.
In addition to the loss of life by uniformed soldiers, millions died in the
superpowers' proxy wars around the globe, most notably in Southeast Asia.
Most proxy wars and subsidies for local conflicts ended along with the Cold
War. The incidence of interstate wars, ethnic wars, revolutionary wars, as well
as refugees and disagreements between the leaders of the nations that were
affected by the warfare, declined sharply after the Cold War.
The legacy of the Cold War is not easily erased, as many of the economic and
social tensions that were exploited to fuel competition in parts of the Third
World have remained acute. The breakdown of state control in a number of
areas formerly ruled by communist governments has produced new civil and
ethnic conflicts, particularly in the former Yugoslavia. In Eastern Europe, the
end of the Cold War has ushered in an era of economic growth and a large
increase in the number of liberal democracies, but in other parts of the world,
such as Afghanistan, independence was accompanied by state failure.
With the fall of the Berlin Wall,[3] the annulment of the Warsaw Pact, and the
dissolution of the Soviet Union, the Cold War was officially terminated,
particularly in the deployment of nuclear-armed ballistic missiles and defensive
systems. Because there was no formalized treaty ending the Cold War, the
former superpowers have continued to various degrees to maintain and even to
improve or modify existing nuclear weapons and delivery systems. Moreover,
other nations that have not been previously acknowledged as nuclear states have
developed and tested nuclear-explosive devices.
The risk of nuclear and radiological terrorism by possible subnational
organizations or individuals is now a concern, but no incidents of nuclear
terrorism has occurred yet because of the efforts of counterterroist
organisations.

CONCLUSION –COLD WAR

The largely peaceful collapse of communism in Eastern Europe in 1989, the
reunification of Germany in 1990, and the disintegration of the Soviet Union in
1991 traditionally signify the end of the Cold War, which had dominated
international relations for more than forty-five years. The end of the Cold War
has been attributed to a multitude of factors including economic decline,
imperial overstretch, military competition, nationalism, the transmission of
Western culture, scientific and educational contacts, and the personalities of key
political leaders, among others. I have argued that the Helsinki process and the
transnational network of human rights advocates also contributed to the
transformation of Europe, and that the development of this network established
human rights as an integral component of international relations. My research
shows that the Helsinki process directly and indirectly influenced both Western
and Eastern governments to pursue policies that facilitated the rise of organized
dissent in Eastern Europe, freedom of movement for East Germans, and
improved human rights practices in the Soviet Union – all factors in the end of
the Cold War. Finally, I have suggested that January 19, 1989, may be the
appropriate date to consider as the end of the Cold War; on that day CSCE
representatives agreed to the Vienna Concluding Document, which included
legitimate commitments to enhance religious freedom, facilitate the spread of
information, and address human rights and human contacts in three subsequent
conferences.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

HELP FROM INTERNET:

www.google.com

FOLLOWING LINKS HAVE BEEN USED IN THE

COMPLETION OF THIS FILE :

https://www.wikipedia.org/

https://www.cvce.eu/en

https://www.britannica.com/