ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

TOPIC: INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

REFERENCE: ESSENTIAL OF HUMAN ANATOMY (EIGHT EDITION) BY ELAINE MARIEB
PROFESSOR: MA. ROSARIO MEÑEZ-QUEJADO, RMT, ED.D.

• Anatomy
- Subdivision of Biology
- Is the study of the structure and shape of the body parts and their relationship to
one another.
- Come from greek words
Ana - apart
tomy - means to cut

• Physiology
- Study of how the body and its parts work or function.
- Come from greek words
Physio = nature
ology = the study of

Relationship between Anatomy & Physiology

The part of a body form a well organized unit.
The parts of your body has a job to do to make the body operate.

Anatomy – Levels of Study

Gross Anatomy
– Large structures
– Easily observable
Microscopic Anatomy
– Very small structures
– Can only be viewed with a microscope
Structural organization
Cell àTissueà Organà Organ System
Organ System Overview
• Integumentary System
• Skeletal System
• Muscular System
• Nervous System
• Endocrine System
• Cardiovascular System
• Respiratory System
• Digestive system
• Excretory system
• Reproductive

Integumentary System
• Skin, nails, hair, cutaneous sense organs and glands.
• Function:
a. Protects deeper organs from injury bacteria and dehydration.
b. Excrete salts and urea
 c. Help regulate body temperature
Skeletal System
• Bones, cartilages, tendon, ligaments and joints
• Function:
a. Support & protects internal organs
b. Provide leverage for muscular action
c. Sorce of calcium and other minerals
d. Blood cell formation
Muscular System
Muscles attach to the skeleton
• Function:
a. Body movers
b. Generate heat
Nervous System
Brain, spinal cord, nerves, special senses
• Function:
a. Transmit messages in different organs
b. Detect changes in environment and make response
Endocrine System
• Pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal, pineal gland,
ovaries gland, testes and pancreas.
Functions:
a. Promote growth and development
b. Produce chemical messengers that travels in the blood to exert effects on
various target organs of the body.
c. Play a role in regulation of long term homeostasis.
Cardiovascular
Heart, blood vessels, blood
Functions:
a. Transport system
b. Protection
Lymphatic/ Immune System
Lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, tonsils
Functions:
a. Cleanse blood
b. Pick up fluids leak from blood vessels and return it to blood.
Respiratory System
Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs
Function:
a. Supply oxygen remove carbon dioxide.
Digestive System
Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestine and accessory structure.
Function:
a. Breakdown of food and absorbed into blood.
Urinary System
Kidneys, urethra, urinary bladder and urethra.
Function:
a. Maintain water, electrolytes and acid-base balance of blood.
Reproductive System
Male ( testes, scrotum, penis, sperm duct) Female (ovaries, fallopian tube, uterus, vagina)
Function:
a. produces sperm cells
b. produces egg cells
c. fertlization
Homeostasis
• Indicate a dynamic states of equilibrium or a balance in which internal condition change
and vary but always with in relatively narrow units.
• Unchanging
• Homeo= the same
stasis- standing still
Three components of homeostatic control mechanism
• Receptors – respond to stimuli
• Control center- analyzes the info and determine appropriate response
• Effectors- provide the means for the control center response to stimulus
Feedback Mechanism
• Negative feedback mechanism
• Positive feedback mechanism

Anatomical Position
To accurately describe a body parts and position there should be a reference point
(set as standing position).
Erect, head and toes pointed forward, arms hanging at the sides, palm facing
forward.
Body Orientation and Direction
• Superior/ Inferior= above/ below position
• Anterior/ Posterior= front/ back
• Medial/ Lateral= towards the midline/ away from the midline.
• Cephalad/ Caudal= towards the head/ towards the tail.
• Dorsal/ Ventral= backside/ belly side
• Proximal/ Distal =near the trunk or near the point of attachment
• Superficial/ Deep= near the surface.

Locating Body Landmarks

Anterior Body landmarks
• Abdominal- tummy
• Anticubital- elbow anterior
• Axillary- armpit
• Brachial- arms
• Buccal- mouth
• Carpals – wrist bone
• Cervical- neck bone
• Deltoids- side of arm
• Digitals- fingers or toes
• Inguinal- groin
• Mammary- breast
• Umbilical- navel
 • Femorals- thigh
• Nasal- nose
• Oral- mouth
• Orbital- eyes
• Patellar- knee cap
• Pelvic- pelvis
• Peroneal- side of the leg
• Sternal- breast bone
• Tarsal-ankle
• Thoracic- chest

Posterior Body Landmarks

• Cephalic- head
• Gluteal- buttocks
• Lumbar- lower back
• Occipital-base of the skull
• Popliteal- back of the knee
• Scapular- shoulder blade
• Sural- calf or posterior surface of leg
• Vertebral- area of the spinal column
Body Planes & Section
• Sagittal/ Midsagittal Plane
• Frontal/ Coronal Plane
• Transverse/ Cross section Plane
Body Cavities
• Dorsal Cavity
a. Cranial Cavity- brain
b. Spinal Cavity- spinal cord
• Ventral Cavity
a. Thoracic Cavity- heart and lungs
b. Abdominal Cavity- abdominal organs
c. Pelvic Cavity- reproductive organs
Abdominal Pelvic Quadrants
• Upper quadrants • Upper quadrants
• Lower quadrants • Lower quadrants
9 Abdominopelvic Regions
• Right hypochondriac • Umbilical region
• Left hypochondriac • Left lumbar region
• Epigastric • Right Iliac region
• Right lumbar region • Left iliac region
Body Membranes
• Epithelial tissue membrane
a. cutaneous membrane- made up of keratinizing stratified epithelium
b. mucous membrane- seen lining in all body cavities open to the exterior.
Example: respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive tract.
c. Serous Membranes- line body cavities that are simple squamous epithelial.
1. Parietal layer- lines a specific portion of the wall of the ventral body cavity.
2. Visceral Layer- cover the outside of the organs in that cavity.