The Haber process, also known as the Haber-Bosch process, is a chemical process for

the industrial production of ammonia (NH3) from nitrogen and hydrogen. It is the most
important process for ammonia production today, and accounts for more than 99% of
world ammonia production.

The Haber process was developed in the early 1900s by Fritz Haber and Carl Bosch,
and was first used commercially in 1913. The process is reversible, and the production
of ammonia is exothermic, meaning that it releases energy. The reaction is favored at
lower temperatures and higher pressures. However, the reaction rate is very slow at low
temperatures, so a catalyst is used to accelerate the reaction.

The Haber process is typically carried out at a pressure of 150-200 atmospheres and a
temperature of 400-450 degrees Celsius. The catalyst used is typically a mixture of iron
and potassium oxide. The nitrogen and hydrogen gases are passed through a reactor
containing the catalyst, and the ammonia that is produced is condensed and removed.
The unreacted nitrogen and hydrogen are recycled back to the reactor.