Relations and Functions

Types of Relations
Empty Relation
If no element of A is related to any element of A, i.e. R = φ ⊂ A × A, then the relation R in a set A is
called empty relation.
Universal Relation
If each element of A is related to every element of A, i.e. R = A × A, then the relation R in set A is said to
be universal relation.
A relation R in a set A is called-
Reflexive- if (a, a) ∈ R, for every a ∈ A,
Symmetric- if (a1, a2) ∈ R implies that (a2, a1) ∈ R , for all a1, a2∈ A,
Transitive- if (a1, a2) ∈ R and (a2, a3) ∈ R implies that (a1, a3) ∈ R for all a1, a2, a3 ∈ A.
Equivalence Relation- A relation R in a set A is an equivalence relation if R is reflexive, symmetric and
transitive.

Functions
“a relation f from a set A to a set B is said to be a function if every element of set A has one and only one
image in set B”.

Types of Functions
1. One to one Function: A function f : X → Y is defined to be one-one (or injective), if the images of
distinct elements of X under f are distinct, i.e., for every x1 , x2 ∈ X, f(x1 ) = f(x2 ) implies x1 = x2 .
Otherwise, f is called many-one.

2. Onto Function: A function f: X → Y is said to be onto (or surjective), if every element of Y is the
image of some element of X under f, i.e., for every y ∈ Y, there exists an

element x in X such that f(x)=y

3.One-one and Onto Function: A function f: X → Y is said to be one-one and onto (or bijective), if f
is both one-one and onto.

1. Determine whether each of the following relations

are reflexive, symmetric and transitive.Relation R in
the set A = {1, 2, 3...13, 14}A = {1, 2, 3...13, 14}defined
as R = {(x, y): 3x - y = 0}

2. Show that the relation R in the set {1, 2, 3}{1, 2,

3}given by R = {(1, 2), (2, 1)}R = {(1, 2), (2, 1)}is
symmetric but neither reflexive nor transitive.

3.Let f: R → R be defined as f(x) = x4

A.f is one-one onto
B.f is many-one onto
C.f is one-one but not onto
D.f is neither one-one nor onto

4.Let f: {1, 3, 4} → {1, 2, 5}f: {1, 3, 4} → {1, 2, 5}and g: {1, 2, 5} → {1,

3}g: {1, 2, 5} → {1, 3}be given by f = {(1, 2), (3, 5), (4, 1)}f = {(1, 2), (3,
5), (4, 1)}and g ={(1, 3), (2, 3), (5, 1)}g ={(1, 3), (2, 3), (5, 1)}
. Write down gof

5. Find gof and fog, if The functions are f(x)=8x3 and g(x)=x1/3
Consider f: R → R given by f(x)=4x+3. Show that f is invertible. Find
the inverse of f
.