We define a population as the collection

of all responses, measurements, or counts

that are of interest while sample is a just
a subset of a population. Since we cannot
get the whole population to respond, we
are using samples to get a statement
about a population.
Probabilistic Sampling
Techniques
• Any method of selecting a
sample that utilizes a random
sample.
•Each member of the population
has an equal chance of being
selected.
•USES: allows researchers to use
statistical methods to analyze
sample results.
•Example: Draw lots, Raffle draw.
Proportionate Stratified Random Sampling
• The sample size of each stratum in this technique is proportionate to the

population size of the stratum when viewed against the entire

population.
• USES: when the researcher wants to highlight a specific subgroup in

the population.
ICS
Population 400 Students

BSAIT BSAIS
Stratum 200 200

Sample 100 100

➢ Cluster Sampling
• Researchers select groups or
clusters, and then from each cluster,
the researcher selects the individual
subjects by either simple random or
systematic random sampling.
• Example: Strategy in Census
Nonprobability Sampling
Techniques
•A sampling technique
in which the members
of the population are
not given an equal
chance in the selection
of the sample.
Purposive Sampling
Choosing a sample based on the
previous knowledge of the population
and the specific purpose of the study
or investigation.
Example: Your research is about the
Life and Experiences of people living
in Poverty. To whom do you think you
can get the data? You can get data
from the people who are experiencing
poverty.
Convenience Sampling
• It is the process of selecting a sample based
on the convenience of the investigator.

• The sample is selected based on its availability.

• Example: Your research is all about senior
high school students and you are currently
teaching in SHS so who are your respondents
for the research? Why did you choose it? I
will choose my students because it’s already
available.
Measure of
Central
Tendency
 This section discusses three
central tendency statistics: the mean,
the median, and the mode. The three
are different kinds of ‘averages’ used
in different situations. Their general
purpose is the same, namely, to find
the single most representative score
in the sample. Measure of central
tendency can be used for ungrouped
and grouped data.