Department of Civil Engineering Reinforced Concrete Structures II

Example 1 (Classification of Columns)

The RC frame shown in figure below is composed of members with rectangular cross sections.
All members are constructed of the same strength concrete (E is the same for both beams and
columns). Considering bending in the plane of the frame only, classify column EF as long or
short
a) If the frame is braced.
b) If the frame is unbraced.
All beams are 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒎𝒙𝟔𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒎 and concrete grade 𝐶20/25

Solution
Step 1: Determine the second moment of area, I for the beams and columns
𝑏ℎ3 300𝑚𝑚∗(600𝑚𝑚)3
𝐼𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚𝑠 = = = 54 ∗ 108 𝑚𝑚4
12 12
𝑏ℎ3 300𝑚𝑚∗(400𝑚𝑚)3
𝐼𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛𝐷𝐸 = = = 16 ∗ 108 𝑚𝑚4
12 12
𝑏ℎ3 300𝑚𝑚∗(350𝑚𝑚)3
𝐼𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛𝐸𝐹 = = = 10.72 ∗ 108 𝑚𝑚4
12 12

Step 2: Calculate stiffness for beams and columns under consideration

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Department of Civil Engineering Reinforced Concrete Structures II

For beams
𝐸𝐼𝐵𝐸 𝐸 ∗ 54 ∗ 108
𝑘𝐵𝐸 = = = 6 ∗ 105 𝐸 = 𝑘𝐶𝐹
𝐿𝐵𝐸 9000
𝐸𝐼𝐸𝐻 𝐸 ∗ 54 ∗ 108
𝑘𝐸𝐻 = = = 7.2 ∗ 105 𝐸 = 𝑘𝐹𝐼
𝐿𝐸𝐻 7500
For columns
𝐸𝐼𝐵𝐸 𝐸 ∗ 16 ∗ 108
𝑘𝐷𝐸 = = = 4.21 ∗ 105 𝐸
𝐿𝐵𝐸 3800
𝐸𝐼𝐸𝐹 𝐸 ∗ 10.72 ∗ 108
𝑘𝐸𝐹 = = = 2.82 ∗ 105 𝐸
𝐿𝐸𝐹 3800
Step 3: Calculate rotational stiffness 𝑘 at the joints for the columns under consideration
𝐸𝐼
∑(
𝑘= 𝐿 ) 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛
𝐸𝐼
∑ (2 ) 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚
𝐿
𝑘𝐸𝐹 2.82∗105 𝐸
@ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑜𝑝 𝑘1 = 2𝑘 = 2(6+7.2)∗105 𝐸 = 0.21
𝐶𝐹 +2𝑘𝐹𝐼

𝑘 +𝑘 (4.21+2.82)105 𝐸
@ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 𝑘2 = 2𝑘 𝐷𝐸+2𝑘𝐸𝐹 = = 0.53
𝐵𝐸 𝐸𝐻 2(6+7.2)∗105 𝐸

Step 4: Determine effective length of the column being considered

𝑭𝒐𝒓 𝒃𝒓𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒅 𝒇𝒓𝒂𝒎𝒆

𝑘1 𝑘2
𝐿0 = 0.5𝐿√(1 + ) (1 + )
0.45 + 𝑘1 0.45 + 𝑘2

0.21 0.53
𝐿0 = 0.5 ∗ 3800√(1 + ) (1 + ) = 2707.8𝑚𝑚
0.45 + 0.21 0.45 + 0.53

𝑭𝒐𝒓 𝒖𝒏𝒃𝒓𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒅 𝒇𝒓𝒂𝒎𝒆

𝑘1 ∗ 𝑘2
𝐿√[1 + 10 ( )]
𝑘1 + 𝑘2
𝑙0 = 𝑀𝑎𝑥.
𝑘1 𝑘2
𝐿 (1 + ) (1 + )
{ 1 + 𝑘1 1 + 𝑘2
𝑘 ∗𝑘 0.21∗0.53
𝐿√[1 + 10 (𝑘 1+𝑘2 )] = 3800√[1 + 10 (0.21+0.53)] = 𝟔𝟎𝟏𝟑. 𝟐𝒎𝒎
1 2
𝑙0 = 𝑀𝑎𝑥. {
𝑘1 𝑘2 0.21 0.53
𝐿 (1 + 1+𝑘 ) (1 + 1+𝑘 ) = 3800 (1 + 1+0.21) (1 + 1+0.53) = 6004.3𝑚𝑚
1 2

Step 5: Determine slenderness ratio of the column being considered

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Department of Civil Engineering Reinforced Concrete Structures II

𝑙0
𝜆=
𝑖

𝐼𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝐸𝐹 10.72 ∗ 108

𝑖=√ =√ = 101.036𝑚𝑚
𝐴𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝐸𝐹 300 ∗ 350

𝑭𝒐𝒓 𝒃𝒓𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒅 𝒇𝒓𝒂𝒎𝒆

𝑙0 2707.8
𝜆= = = 26.8
𝑖 101.036
𝑭𝒐𝒓 𝒖𝒏𝒃𝒓𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒅 𝒇𝒓𝒂𝒎𝒆
𝑙0 6013.2
𝜆= = = 59.515
𝑖 101.036
Step 6: Determine limit slenderness ratio 𝜆𝑙𝑖𝑚
Limit Slenderness ratio 𝜆𝑙𝑖𝑚 (Refer ES EN 1992:2015 section 5.8.3.1)
Slenderness criterion for isolated members
20 ∗ 𝐴 ∗ 𝐵 ∗ 𝐶
𝜆𝑙𝑖𝑚 = (5.13𝑁)
√𝜂
Where:
𝐴 = 1⁄(1 + 0.2𝜑𝑒𝑓 ) (If 𝜑𝑒𝑓 is not known, 𝐴 = 0.7 may be used)

𝐵 = √1 + 𝜔 (If 𝜔 is not known, 𝐵 = 1.1 may be used)

𝐶 = 1.7 − 𝑟𝑚 (If 𝑟𝑚 is not known 𝐶 = 0.7 may be used)
𝜑𝑒𝑓 Effective creep ratio; see 5.8.4
𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦𝑑
𝜔= ; Mechanical reinforcement ratio;
𝐴𝑐 𝑓𝑐𝑑

𝐴𝑠 is the total area of longitudinal reinforcement

𝑁𝐸𝑑
𝜂=𝐴 ; relative normal force
𝑐 𝑓𝑐𝑑

𝑀
𝑟𝑚 = 𝑀01 ; moment ratio
02

𝑀01 , 𝑀02 are the first order end moments

𝑀02 being always positive and greater in magnitude than 𝑀01 , |𝑀02 | ≥ |𝑀01 |
𝑀01 being positive if member is bent in single curvature and negative if bent in double
curvature.
𝑀 −30 2
Double curvature 𝑟 = 𝑀01 = = −3
02 45

2
𝐶 = 1.7 − 𝒓𝒎 = 1.7 − (− ) = 71⁄30
3

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Department of Civil Engineering Reinforced Concrete Structures II

𝑁𝐸𝑑 525 ∗ 103

𝜂= = = 0.44
𝐴𝑐 𝑓𝑐𝑑 300 ∗ 350 ∗ 11.33
20 ∗ 0.7 ∗ 1.1 ∗ 71⁄30
𝜆𝑙𝑖𝑚 = = 54.945
√0.44
Step 7: Comparing slenderness ratio of the column being considered with limit slenderness ratio
𝜆𝑙𝑖𝑚
𝑭𝒐𝒓 𝒃𝒓𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒅 𝒇𝒓𝒂𝒎𝒆
𝜆 = 26.8 < 𝜆𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 54.945
∴ The column EF is short column.
𝑭𝒐𝒓 𝒖𝒏𝒃𝒓𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒅 𝒇𝒓𝒂𝒎𝒆
𝜆 = 59.515 ≥ 𝜆𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 54.945
∴ The column EF is slender column.
Example 2 (Develop Column Interaction Chart by using Strain Compatibility Solution)
Draw the interaction diagram for a given column if the column is made up of 𝐶25/30 and 𝑆 −
460. Show at least a minimum of 6 points in the interaction diagram.

𝐴𝑠,𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 6800𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦𝑑 6800 ∗ 400
𝜔= = = 0.96
𝑓𝑐𝑑 ∗ 𝑏ℎ 14.1667 ∗ 400 ∗ 500

Solution
Step 1: Material property
𝑓𝑐𝑢 = 30𝑀𝑃𝑎
Concrete: 𝐶25/30 { 𝑓𝑐𝑘 = 25𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑓𝑐𝑑 = 14.167𝑀𝑃𝑎

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Department of Civil Engineering Reinforced Concrete Structures II

𝑓𝑦𝑘 = 460𝑀𝑃𝑎
Steel reinforcement: 𝑆 − 460 {𝑓𝑦𝑑 = 400𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝜀𝑦𝑑 = 2‰
Step 2: Interaction diagram points

a) Pure axial compression (Point A)

Referring ES EN 1992:2015 part 1-1 section 3.1.3; for concrete strengths not exceeding
50𝑀𝑝𝑎 the limiting compressive strains at ultimate limit state 𝜺𝒄𝒎 = 𝟐‰ for sections loaded
so that the whole section is in compression.

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𝜺𝒔𝟏 = 𝜺𝒔𝟐 = 𝜺𝒄𝒎 = 𝟐‰ = 𝜺𝒚𝒅 → 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑓𝑠 = 𝑓𝑦𝑑 = 400𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝐶𝑐 = 𝛼𝑐 𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏ℎ
For 𝜺𝒄𝒎 ≥ 𝟐‰ and N.A. outside the section
1 2) 1
𝛼𝑐 = 189 (125 + 64𝜀𝑐𝑚 − 16𝜀𝑚 = 189 (125 + 64 ∗ 2 − 16 ∗ 22 ) = 1

𝐶𝑐 = 𝛼𝑐 𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏ℎ = 1 ∗ 14.1667 ∗ 400 ∗ 500 = 2833340𝑁 = 2833.34𝑘𝑁

40(𝜀
𝑐𝑚 −2)2 40(2−2)2
𝛽𝑐 = 0.5 − 7(125+64𝜀 = 0.5 − 7(125+64∗2−16∗22 ) = 0.5
𝑐𝑚 −16𝜀 2 )
𝑚

𝛽𝑐 ∗ ℎ = 0.5 ∗ 500𝑚𝑚 = 250𝑚𝑚 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡𝑜𝑝

𝐶𝑠1 = 𝐴𝑠1 𝑓𝑦𝑑 = 3400 ∗ 400 = 1360000𝑁 = 1360𝑘𝑁
𝐶𝑠2 = 𝐴𝑠2 𝑓𝑦𝑑 = 3400 ∗ 400 = 1360000𝑁 = 1360𝑘𝑁
Compute the axial force 𝑃𝑛 by summing the individual forces in the concrete and steel
𝑃 = 𝐶𝑐 + 𝐶𝑠1 + 𝐶𝑠2 = 2833.34 + 1360 + 1360 = 5553.34𝑘𝑁
Compute moment 𝑀𝑛 by summing the moments of these forces about the geometric centroid
of the cross section

↺ + ∑ 𝑀𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑖𝑑 = 0 → 𝑀 + 𝐶𝑠2 ∗ 0.15 − 𝐶𝑠2 ∗ 0.15 = 0 (𝐶𝑠2 = 𝐶𝑠1 )

∴ 𝑀 = 0𝑘𝑁𝑚
𝑃 5553.34∗103
Design normal force ratio: 𝑣𝑠𝑑 = 𝑓 = 14.1667∗400∗500 = 1.96
𝑐𝑑 ∗𝑏ℎ
𝑀 0
Design moment ratio: 𝜇𝑠𝑑 = 𝑓 = 14.1667∗400∗5002 = 0
𝑐𝑑 𝑏ℎ2

b) Point between pure compression and on set of cracking (Point B)

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Department of Civil Engineering Reinforced Concrete Structures II

Assume 𝜺𝒄𝒎 to be 3‰ by similarity of triangle 𝜀𝑠1 = 1.1333‰; 𝜀𝑠2 = 2.5333‰

𝜀𝑠1 < 𝜀𝑦𝑑 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑓𝑠 = 𝐸𝑠 ∗ 𝜀𝑠1 = 200000𝑀𝑃𝑎 ∗ 0.0011333 = 226.66𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝜺𝒔𝟐 > 𝜺𝒚𝒅 → 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑓𝑠 = 𝑓𝑦𝑑 = 400𝑀𝑃𝑎
For 𝜺𝒄𝒎 ≥ 𝟐‰ and N.A. outside the section
1 2) 1
𝛼𝑐 = 189 (125 + 64𝜀𝑐𝑚 − 16𝜀𝑚 = 189 (125 + 64 ∗ 3 − 16 ∗ 32 ) = 0.91534

𝐶𝑐 = 𝛼𝑐 𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏ℎ = 0.91534 ∗ 14.1667 ∗ 400 ∗ 500 = 2593480.529𝑁 = 2593.48𝑘𝑁

40(𝜀
𝑐𝑚 −2)2 40(3−2)2
𝛽𝑐 = 0.5 − 7(125+64𝜀 2 = 0.5 − 7(125+64∗3−16∗32 ) = 0.467
𝑐𝑚 −16𝜀𝑚 )

𝛽𝑐 ∗ ℎ = 0.467 ∗ 500𝑚𝑚 = 233.484𝑚𝑚 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡𝑜𝑝

𝐶𝑠1 = 𝐴𝑠1 𝑓𝑦𝑑 = 3400 ∗ 226.66 = 770644𝑁 = 770.644𝑘𝑁
𝐶𝑠2 = 𝐴𝑠2 𝑓𝑦𝑑 = 3400 ∗ 400 = 1360000𝑁 = 1360𝑘𝑁
Compute the axial force 𝑃𝑛 by summing the individual forces in the concrete and steel
𝑃 = 𝐶𝑐 + 𝐶𝑠1 + 𝐶𝑠2 = 2593.48 + 770.644 + 1360 = 4724.124𝑘𝑁
Compute moment 𝑀𝑛 by summing the moments of these forces about the geometric centroid
of the cross section

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Department of Civil Engineering Reinforced Concrete Structures II

250−233.484
↺ + ∑ 𝑀𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑖𝑑 = 0 → 𝑀 + 𝐶𝑐 ( 1000
) + 𝐶𝑠2 ∗ 0.15 − 𝐶𝑠2 ∗ 0.15 = 0

∴ 𝑀 = 132.232𝑘𝑁𝑚
𝑃 4724.124∗103
Design normal force ratio: 𝑣𝑠𝑑 = 𝑓 = 14.1667∗400∗500 = 1.667
𝑐𝑑 ∗𝑏ℎ

𝑀 132.232∗106
Design moment ratio: 𝜇𝑠𝑑 = 𝑓 = 14.1667∗400∗5002 = 0.0926
𝑐𝑑 𝑏ℎ2

c) On set cracking (Point C)

At the concrete cracking commences 𝜺𝒄𝒎 to be 3.5‰ and from similarity of triangle 𝜀𝑠1 =
0.7‰; 𝜀𝑠2 = 2.8‰
𝜀𝑠1 < 𝜀𝑦𝑑 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑓𝑠 = 𝐸𝑠 ∗ 𝜀𝑠1 = 200000𝑀𝑃𝑎 ∗ 0.0007 = 140𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝜺𝒔𝟐 > 𝜺𝒚𝒅 → 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑓𝑠 = 𝑓𝑦𝑑 = 400𝑀𝑃𝑎
For 𝜺𝒄𝒎 ≥ 𝟐‰ and N.A. outside the section
1 2) 1
𝛼𝑐 = 189 (125 + 64𝜀𝑐𝑚 − 16𝜀𝑚 = 189 (125 + 64 ∗ 3.5 − 16 ∗ 3.52 ) = 0.8095

𝐶𝑐 = 𝛼𝑐 𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏ℎ = 0.8095 ∗ 14.1667 ∗ 400 ∗ 500 = 22936508𝑁 = 2293.6508𝑘𝑁

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Department of Civil Engineering Reinforced Concrete Structures II

40(𝜀
𝑐𝑚 −2)2 40(3.5−2)2
𝛽𝑐 = 0.5 − 7(125+64𝜀 2 = 0.5 − 7(125+64∗3.5−16∗3.52 ) = 0.41596
𝑐𝑚 −16𝜀𝑚 )

𝛽𝑐 ∗ ℎ = 0.41596 ∗ 500𝑚𝑚 = 207.983𝑚𝑚 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡𝑜𝑝

𝐶𝑠1 = 𝐴𝑠1 𝑓𝑦𝑑 = 3400 ∗ 140 = 476000𝑁 = 467𝑘𝑁
𝐶𝑠2 = 𝐴𝑠2 𝑓𝑦𝑑 = 3400 ∗ 400 = 1360000𝑁 = 1360𝑘𝑁
Compute the axial force 𝑃𝑛 by summing the individual forces in the concrete and steel
𝑃 = 𝐶𝑐 + 𝐶𝑠1 + 𝐶𝑠2 = 2293.6508 + 467 + 1360 = 4129.6508𝑘𝑁
Compute moment 𝑀𝑛 by summing the moments of these forces about the geometric centroid
of the cross section

250 − 207.983
↺ + ∑ 𝑀𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑖𝑑 = 0 → 𝑀 + 𝐶𝑐 ( ) + 𝐶𝑠2 ∗ 0.15 − 𝐶𝑠2 ∗ 0.15 = 0
1000
∴ 𝑀 = 228.972𝑘𝑁𝑚
𝑃 4129.6508∗103
Design normal force ratio: 𝑣𝑠𝑑 = 𝑓 = 14.1667∗400∗500 = 1.4575
𝑐𝑑 ∗𝑏ℎ

𝑀 228.972∗106
Design moment ratio: 𝜇𝑠𝑑 = 𝑓 2
= 14.1667∗400∗5002 = 0.16163
𝑐𝑑 𝑏ℎ

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d) Balanced failure (Point D)

From similarity of triangle

𝑥 3.5
𝑘𝑥 = = = 0.6363 → 𝑥 = 0.6363 ∗ 𝑑 = 0.6363 ∗ 400𝑚𝑚 = 254.545𝑚𝑚
𝑑 3.5 + 2
𝜀𝑠1 = 2‰; 𝜀𝑠2 = 2.12‰
𝜀𝑠1 ≥ 𝜀𝑦𝑑 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑓𝑠 = 𝑓𝑦𝑑 = 400𝑀𝑃𝑎; 𝜺𝒔𝟐 > 𝜺𝒚𝒅 → 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑓𝑠 = 𝑓𝑦𝑑 = 400𝑀𝑃𝑎
For 𝜺𝒄𝒎 ≥ 𝟐‰ and N.A. within the section
3𝜀𝑐𝑚 −2 3∗3.5−2
𝛼𝑐 = 𝑘𝑥 ( ) = 0.6363 ( ) = 0.5151
3𝜀𝑐𝑚 3∗3.5

𝐶𝑐 = 𝛼𝑐 𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑑 = 0.5151 ∗ 14.1667 ∗ 400 ∗ 400 = 1167559𝑁 = 1167.559𝑘𝑁

𝜀
𝑐𝑚 (3𝜀𝑐𝑚 −4)+2 3.5(3∗3.5−4)+2
𝛽𝑐 = 𝑘𝑥 [( 2𝜀 )] = 0.6363 [( 2∗3.5(3∗3.5−2) )] = 0.26467
𝑐𝑚 (3𝜀𝑐𝑚 −2)

𝛽𝑐 ∗ 𝑑 = 0.26467 ∗ 400𝑚𝑚 = 105.871𝑚𝑚 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡𝑜𝑝

𝑇𝑠1 = 𝐴𝑠1 𝑓𝑦𝑑 = 3400 ∗ 400 = 1360000𝑁 = 1360𝑘𝑁
𝐶𝑠2 = 𝐴𝑠2 𝑓𝑦𝑑 = 3400 ∗ 400 = 1360000𝑁 = 1360𝑘𝑁
Compute the axial force 𝑃𝑛 by summing the individual forces in the concrete and steel
𝑃 = 𝐶𝑐 + 𝐶𝑠2 − 𝑇𝑠1 = 1167.559 + 1360 − 1360 = 1167.559𝑘𝑁
Compute moment 𝑀𝑛 by summing the moments of these forces about the geometric centroid
of the cross section

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Department of Civil Engineering Reinforced Concrete Structures II

250 − 105.781
↺ + ∑ 𝑀𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑖𝑑 = 0 → 𝑀 + 𝐶𝑐 ( ) + 𝐶𝑠2 ∗ 0.15 + 𝑇𝑠1 ∗ 0.15 = 0
1000
∴ 𝑀 = 576.279𝑘𝑁𝑚
𝑃 1167.559∗103
Design normal force ratio: 𝑣𝑠𝑑 = 𝑓 = 14.1667∗400∗500 = 0.412
𝑐𝑑 ∗𝑏ℎ

𝑀 576.279∗106
Design moment ratio: 𝜇𝑠𝑑 = 𝑓 = 14.1667∗400∗5002 = 0.4068
𝑐𝑑 𝑏ℎ2

e) Between balanced and pure bending (Point E)

A𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝜀𝑠1 = 4‰
From similarity of triangle
𝑥 3.5
𝑘𝑥 = = = 0.4666 → 𝑥 = 0.4666 ∗ 𝑑 = 0.6363 ∗ 400𝑚𝑚 = 186.667𝑚𝑚
𝑑 3.5 + 4
𝜀𝑠1 = 4‰; 𝜀𝑠2 = 1.625‰
𝜀𝑠1 ≥ 𝜀𝑦𝑑 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑓𝑠 = 𝑓𝑦𝑑 = 400𝑀𝑃𝑎; 𝜀𝑠2 < 𝜀𝑦𝑑 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑓𝑠2 = 𝐸𝑠 ∗ 𝜀𝑠2 = 200000𝑀𝑃𝑎 ∗
0.001625 = 325𝑀𝑃𝑎

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For 𝜺𝒄𝒎 ≥ 𝟐‰ and N.A. within the section

3𝜀𝑐𝑚 −2 3∗3.5−2
𝛼𝑐 = 𝑘𝑥 ( ) = 0.4666 ( ) = 0.3777
3𝜀𝑐𝑚 3∗3.5

𝐶𝑐 = 𝛼𝑐 𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑑 = 0.3777 ∗ 14.1667 ∗ 400 ∗ 400 = 856296𝑁 = 856.296𝑘𝑁

𝜀
𝑐𝑚 (3𝜀𝑐𝑚 −4)+2 3.5(3∗3.5−4)+2
𝛽𝑐 = 𝑘𝑥 [( 2𝜀 )] = 0.4666 [( 2∗3.5(3∗3.5−2) )] = 0.194117
𝑐𝑚 (3𝜀𝑐𝑚 −2)

𝛽𝑐 ∗ 𝑑 = 0.194117 ∗ 400𝑚𝑚 = 77.6469𝑚𝑚 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡𝑜𝑝

𝑇𝑠1 = 𝐴𝑠1 𝑓𝑦𝑑 = 3400 ∗ 400 = 1360000𝑁 = 1360𝑘𝑁
𝐶𝑠2 = 𝐴𝑠2 𝑓𝑦𝑑 = 3400 ∗ 325 = 1105000𝑁 = 1105𝑘𝑁
Compute the axial force 𝑃𝑛 by summing the individual forces in the concrete and steel
𝑃 = 𝐶𝑐 + 𝐶𝑠2 − 𝑇𝑠1 = 856.296 + 1105 − 1360 = 601.296𝑘𝑁
Compute moment 𝑀𝑛 by summing the moments of these forces about the geometric centroid
of the cross section

250 − 77.6469
↺ + ∑ 𝑀𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑖𝑑 = 0 → 𝑀 + 𝐶𝑐 ( ) + 𝐶𝑠2 ∗ 0.15 + 𝑇𝑠1 ∗ 0.15 = 0
1000
∴ 𝑀 = 517.3352𝑘𝑁𝑚
𝑃 601.296∗103
Design normal force ratio: 𝑣𝑠𝑑 = 𝑓 = 14.1667∗400∗500 = 0.2122
𝑐𝑑 ∗𝑏ℎ

𝑀 517.3352∗106
Design moment ratio: 𝜇𝑠𝑑 = 𝑓 = 14.1667∗400∗5002 = 0.365
𝑐𝑑 𝑏ℎ2

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f) Pure bending (Point F)

𝜀𝑠1 > 𝜀𝑦𝑑 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑓𝑠 = 𝑓𝑦𝑑 = 400𝑀𝑃𝑎; 𝜀𝑠2 < 𝜀𝑦𝑑 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑓𝑠2 = 𝐸𝑠 ∗ 𝜀𝑠2 = 200 ∗ 𝜀𝑠2
From similarity of triangle
3.5
𝑘𝑥 =
3.5 + 𝜀𝑠1
For 𝜺𝒄𝒎 ≥ 𝟐‰ and N.A. within the section
3𝜀𝑐𝑚 −2 3.5 3∗3.5−2 2.8333
𝛼𝑐 = 𝑘𝑥 ( ) = 3.5+𝜀 ( ) = 3.5+𝜀
3𝜀𝑐𝑚 𝑠1 3∗3.5 𝑠1

2.8333 6422.146
𝐶𝑐 = 𝛼𝑐 𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑑 = 3.5+𝜀 ∗ 14.1666 ∗ 400 = 𝑘𝑁
𝑠1 3.5+𝜀𝑠1

𝑇𝑠1 = 𝐴𝑠1 𝑓𝑦𝑑 = 3400 ∗ 400 = 1360000𝑁 = 1360𝑘𝑁

𝐶𝑠2 = 𝐴𝑠2 𝑓𝑠2 = 3400 ∗ 200 ∗ 𝜀𝑠2 = 680𝜀𝑠2 𝑘𝑁
Next relate 𝜀𝑠1 and 𝜀𝑠2
3.5 𝜀
𝑠1 3.5 1400
From similarity of triangle = 𝑑−𝑥 → 𝑥 = (3.5+𝜀 ) ∗ 𝑑 = 3.5+𝜀
𝑥 𝑠1 𝑠1
1400
3.5 𝜀 3.5(𝑥−100) 3.5( −100) 3675−350𝜀𝑠1
𝑠2 3.5+𝜀𝑠1
= 𝑥−100 → 𝜀𝑠2 = = 1400 =
𝑥 𝑥 1400
3.5+𝜀𝑠1

3675−350𝜀𝑠1 2499000−238000𝜀𝑠1
So 𝐶𝑠2 = 680𝜀𝑠2 = 680 ( )=
1400 1400

Equating the axial force 𝑃𝑛 = 0 for pure bending by summing the individual forces in the
concrete and steel
6422.146 2499000−238000𝜀𝑠1
𝑃 = 𝐶𝑐 + 𝐶𝑠2 − 𝑇𝑠1 = + − 1360 = 0 → 𝜀𝑠1 = 6.339‰
3.5+𝜀𝑠1 1400
3.5 3.5
𝑘𝑥 = 3.5+𝜀 = 3.5+6,339 = 0.3557
𝑠1

2.8333 2.8333
𝛼𝑐 = 3.5+𝜀 = 3.5+6.339 = 0.28796
𝑠1

𝜀𝑐𝑚 (3𝜀𝑐𝑚 − 4) + 2 3.5(3 ∗ 3.5 − 4) + 2

𝛽𝑐 = 𝑘𝑥 [( )] = 0.3557 [( )] = 0.14796
2𝜀𝑐𝑚 (3𝜀𝑐𝑚 − 2) 2 ∗ 3.5(3 ∗ 3.5 − 2)

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𝛽𝑐 ∗ 𝑑 = 0.14796 ∗ 400𝑚𝑚 = 59.1837𝑚𝑚 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡𝑜𝑝

6422.146 6422.146
𝐶𝑐 = = 3.5+6.339 = 652.731𝑘𝑁
3.5+𝜀𝑠1

2499000 − 238000𝜀𝑠1 2499000 − 238000 ∗ 0.006339

𝐶𝑠2 = = = 707.37𝑘𝑁
1400 1400
Compute moment 𝑀𝑛 by summing the moments of these forces about the geometric centroid
of the cross section

250 − 59.1837
↺ + ∑ 𝑀𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑖𝑑 = 0 → 𝑀 + 𝐶𝑐 ( ) + 𝐶𝑠2 ∗ 0.15 + 𝑇𝑠1 ∗ 0.15 = 0
1000
∴ 𝑀 = 434.657𝑘𝑁𝑚
𝑃 0
Design normal force ratio: 𝑣𝑠𝑑 = 𝑓 = 14.1667∗400∗500 = 0
𝑐𝑑 ∗𝑏ℎ

𝑀 434.657∗106
Design moment ratio: 𝜇𝑠𝑑 = 𝑓 2 = 14.1667∗400∗5002 = 0.3068
𝑐𝑑 𝑏ℎ

Summary
Points 𝑃𝑛 (𝑘𝑁) 𝑀𝑛 (𝑘𝑁𝑚) 𝑣𝑠𝑑 𝜇𝑠𝑑
A 5553.34 0 1.96 0
B 4724.124 132.232 1.667 0.0926
C 4129.6508 228.972 1.4575 0.16163
D 1167.559 576.279 0.412 0.4068
E 601.296 517.3352 0.2122 0.365
F 0 434.657 0 0.3068

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Interaction Chart
2.5

2 0, 1.96

0.0926, 1.667
1.5 0.16163, 1.4575
𝑣𝑠𝑑

Interaction Chart
1

0.5
0.4068, 0.412
0.365, 0.2122

0 0.3068, 0
0 0.1 0.2 𝜇𝑠𝑑 0.3 0.4 0.5

Example 3 (Design Uni-axially loaded Slender Columns)

Design the braced column if it is subjected to the following loading. The column has total length
of 6𝑚. 𝐿0 = 0.7𝐿. Use 𝐶25/30 and 𝑆 − 460. If the column is slender, compute the total design
moment using
a) Nominal curvature
b) Nominal stiffness

Use φ(∞, to) = 2

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Solution
Step 1: Assume cross-section of the column
Size of the column is depending upon the loads coming to the structure, the spacing between
columns and the height of the structures.
𝑏 = 400𝑚𝑚; ℎ = 400𝑚𝑚
Assume concrete cover = 20𝑚𝑚, 𝜙𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑏𝑎𝑟 = 20𝑚𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜙𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑠 = 8𝑚𝑚
𝜙𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔. 𝑏𝑎𝑟 20
𝑏 ′ = ℎ′ = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 + 𝜙𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑠 + = 20 + 8 + = 38𝑚𝑚 ≈ 40𝑚𝑚
2 2

𝑑 = ℎ − ℎ′ = 400 − 40 = 360𝑚𝑚

ℎ′⁄ = 𝑏′⁄ = 0.1

ℎ 𝑏

Step 2: Material data

𝑓𝑐𝑢 = 30𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑓 = 25𝑀𝑃𝑎
Concrete: 𝐶25/30 { 𝑐𝑘
𝑓𝑐𝑑 = 14.167𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐸𝑐𝑚 = 30𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑓𝑦𝑘 = 460𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑓 = 400𝑀𝑃𝑎
Steel reinforcement: 𝑆 − 460 𝑦𝑑
𝐸𝑠 = 200𝐺𝑃𝑎
{ 𝜀𝑦𝑑 = 2‰
Step 3: Check limit slenderness ratio 𝜆𝑙𝑖𝑚
Limit slenderness ratio 𝜆𝑙𝑖𝑚 (Refer ES EN 1992:2015 section 5.8.3.1)
20 ∗ 𝐴 ∗ 𝐵 ∗ 𝐶
𝜆𝑙𝑖𝑚 =
√𝜂
Where:
𝑨 = 𝟏⁄(𝟏 + 𝟎. 𝟐𝝋𝒆𝒇 ) (If 𝜑𝑒𝑓 is not known, 𝑨 = 𝟎. 𝟕 may be used)

𝑩 = √𝟏 + 𝝎 (If 𝜔 is not known, 𝑩 = 𝟏. 𝟏 may be used)

𝑪 = 𝟏. 𝟕 − 𝒓𝒎 (If 𝑟𝑚 is not known 𝑪 = 𝟎. 𝟕 may be used)

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Factored first order end moments are equivalent and constant along the length of column. So,
the column is bent in single curvature (i.e.𝑀01 (+𝑣𝑒) = 𝑀02 = 140𝑘𝑁𝑚)
𝑀 140
Single curvature 𝒓𝒎 = 𝑀01 = 140 = 1.0
02

𝐶 = 1.7 − 𝒓𝒎 = 1.7 − (1) = 0.7

𝑁𝐸𝑑 1650 ∗ 103
𝜂= = = 0.72794
𝐴𝑐 𝑓𝑐𝑑 400 ∗ 400 ∗ 14.1667
20 ∗ 0.7 ∗ 1.1 ∗ 0.7
𝜆𝑙𝑖𝑚 = = 12.63487
√0.72794
Step 4: Check whether second order effect to be considered or neglected by determining
slenderness ratio of the column
Slenderness ratio of isolated members (Refer ES EN 1992:2015 section 5.8.3.1)
𝐿0
𝜆=
𝑖
Where:

𝑳𝟎 is the effective length, see 5.8.3.2 (2) to (7). But, in this problem it is given that 𝐿0 = 0.7𝐿

𝒊 is the radius of gyration of the un-cracked concrete section

𝐼𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 400 ∗ 4003

𝑖=√ =√ = 115.47𝑚𝑚
𝐴𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 12 ∗ 400 ∗ 400

𝑙0 0.7 ∗ 6000
𝜆= = = 36.373
𝑖 115.47
𝜆 = 36.373 > 𝜆𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 12.63487
∴ The column is slender column. Second order effects must be considered in design.
Step 5: Accidental eccentricity 𝑒𝑎
Imperfections shall be taken into account in ultimate limit states in persistent and accidental
0 𝐿
design situations. For isolated columns in braced system, 𝑒𝑖 = 400 may be used to cover

imperfections related to normal execution deviations (refer ES EN 1992:2015 clause 5.2).

𝐿0 0.7 ∗ 6000
𝑒𝑎 = = = 10.5𝑚𝑚
400 400
Step 6: Equivalent first order eccentricity 𝑒𝑒
0.6𝑒02 + 0.4𝑒01
𝑒𝑒 = 𝑀𝑎𝑥 {
0.4𝑒02

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𝑀01 140 ∗ 106

𝑒01 = = = 84.848𝑚𝑚
𝑁𝑠𝑑 1650 ∗ 103
𝑀02 140 ∗ 106
𝑒02 = = = 84.848𝑚𝑚
𝑁𝑠𝑑 1650 ∗ 103
0.6𝑒02 + 0.4𝑒01 = 0.6 ∗ 84.848 + 0.4 ∗ 84.848 = 84.848𝑚𝑚
𝑒𝑒 = 𝑀𝑎𝑥 {
0.4𝑒02 = 0.4 ∗ 84.848 = 33.9392𝑚𝑚
∴ 𝑒𝑒 = 84.848𝑚𝑚
Step 7: Calculate the second order moment
a) Using Nominal curvature method (Refer ES EN 1992:2015 section 5.8.8)

𝑒2 = 𝛽𝐿20 (1⁄𝑟) For simplicity, the code uses a value of 𝛽 = 1⁄10.

∴ 𝑒2 = 0.1𝐿20 (1⁄𝑟)

The next step is to calculate the curvature (𝟏⁄𝒓).

𝟏⁄ = 𝑲 𝑲 (𝟏⁄ )
𝒓 𝒓 𝝋 𝒓𝟎
In the code, 1⁄𝑟𝑏𝑎𝑙 = 1⁄𝑟0 = 𝜀𝑦𝑑 ⁄0.45𝑑

𝐾𝑟 is a correction factor depending on axial load

𝑛𝑢 − 𝑛
𝐾𝑟 =
𝑛𝑢 − 𝑛𝑏𝑎𝑙
Where:
𝑁𝐸𝑑
𝑛= ⁄(𝐴 𝑓 ) , relative axial force
𝑐 𝑦𝑑

𝑁𝐸𝑑 is the design value of axial force

𝑛𝑢 = 1 + 𝜔
𝑛𝑏𝑎𝑙 is the value of 𝑛 at maximum moment resistance; the value 0.4 may be used
𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦𝑑
𝜔= ⁄(𝐴
𝑐 𝑓𝑐𝑑 )

𝐴𝑠 is the total area of reinforcement and 𝐴𝑐 is the area of concrete cross section
𝑲𝝋 is a factor for taking account of creep
𝐾𝜑 = 1 + 𝛽𝜑𝑒𝑓 ≥ 1.0
Where:
𝜑𝑒𝑓 is the effective creep ratio
The duration of loads may be taken into account in a simplified way by means of an effective
creep ratio 𝜑𝑒𝑓 , which used together with the design load, gives a creep deformation (curvature)
corresponding to the quasi-permanent load:

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𝑀0𝐸𝑞𝑝
𝜑𝑒𝑓 = 𝜑(∞,𝑡0 ) ∗
𝑀0𝐸𝑑

Where:

𝜑(∞,𝑡0 ) is the final creep coefficient according to section 3.1.4

𝑀0𝐸𝑞𝑝 is the first order bending moment in quasi-permanent load combination (SLS)

𝑀0𝐸𝑑 is the first order bending moment in design load combination (ULS)

If 𝑀0𝐸𝑞𝑝 /𝑀0𝐸𝑑 varies in a member or structure, the ratio may be calculated for the section with
maximum moment, or a representative mean value may be used.

The effect of creep may be ignored, if the following three conditions are met:

𝜑( ∞, 𝑡0 ) ≤ 2.0 … … 𝑂𝑘!
𝜆 ≤ 75 … … … … … . . 𝑂𝑘!
𝜑𝑒𝑓 = 0 𝑖𝑓 {𝑀
0𝐸𝑑
≥ ℎ … … … . . 𝑁𝑜𝑡 𝑂𝑘!
𝑁𝑠𝑑

Here 𝑀0𝐸𝑑 is the first order moment and h is the cross section depth in the corresponding
direction.

𝑀0𝐸𝑞𝑝 70
∴ 𝜑𝑒𝑓 = 𝜑(∞,𝑡0 ) ∗ =2∗ = 1.0
𝑀0𝐸𝑑 140

𝑐𝑘𝑓 𝜆
𝛽 = 0.35 + 200 − 150 𝜆 is the slenderness ratio
25 36.373
𝛽 = 0.35 + 200 − = 0.2325
150

𝐾𝜑 = 1 + 𝛽𝜑𝑒𝑓 = 1 + 0.2325 ∗ 1 = 1.2325 ≥ 1.0

𝐾𝑟 𝐾𝜙 0.1𝐿20 𝜀𝑦𝑑
𝑒2 =
0.45𝑑
460⁄
2
𝐾𝑟 ∗ 1.2325 ∗ 0.1 ∗ (4200) ∗ ( 200000 1.15)

𝑒2 = = 26.8411𝐾𝑟
0.45 ∗ 360
Step 8: Determine design moment 𝑀𝑠𝑑
𝑀𝑠𝑑 = 𝑁𝑠𝑑 𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑡
𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 𝑒𝑒 + 𝑒𝑎 + 𝑒2
For first iteration take 𝒆𝟐 = 𝟎
𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 𝑒𝑒 + 𝑒𝑎 + 𝑒2 = 84.848 + 10.5 + 0 = 95.348mm = 0.095348m

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𝑀𝑠𝑑 = 𝑁𝑠𝑑 ∗ 𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 1650𝑘𝑁 ∗ 0.095348𝑚 = 157.3242𝑘𝑁𝑚

𝑁 1650∗103
Normal force ratio: 𝑣𝑠𝑑 = 𝑏ℎ𝑓𝐸𝑑 = 400∗400∗14.1667 = 0.72794
𝑐𝑑

𝑀 157.3242∗106
Moment ratio: 𝜇𝑠𝑑 = 𝑏ℎ2𝑠𝑑 = 400∗4002 ∗14.1667 = 0.17352
𝑓 𝑐𝑑

Using uniaxial chart 𝑁02 for 𝑣𝑠𝑑 = 0.72794, 𝜇𝑠𝑑 = 0.17352, ℎ′⁄ℎ = 0.1 → 𝜔 = 0.25

𝜔 = 0.25

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So, 𝑛𝑢 = 1 + 𝜔 = 1 + 0.25 = 1.25, 𝑛𝑏𝑎𝑙 = 0.4

𝑛𝑢 − 𝑛 1.25 − 0.72794
𝐾𝑟 = = = 0.614
𝑛𝑢 − 𝑛𝑏𝑎𝑙 1.25 − 0.4
𝑒2 = 26.8411𝐾𝑟 = 26.8411 ∗ 0.614 = 16.485𝑚𝑚

𝜔 = 0.35

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For second iteration take 𝒆𝟐 = 𝟏𝟔. 𝟒𝟖𝟓𝒎𝒎

𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 𝑒𝑒 + 𝑒𝑎 + 𝑒2 = 84.848 + 10.5 + 16.485 = 111.833mm = 0.111833m
𝑀𝑠𝑑 = 𝑁𝑠𝑑 ∗ 𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 1650𝑘𝑁 ∗ 0.111833𝑚 = 184.525𝑘𝑁𝑚
𝑁 1650∗103
Normal force ratio: 𝑣𝑠𝑑 = 𝑏ℎ𝑓𝑠𝑑 = 400∗400∗14.1667 = 0.72794
𝑐𝑑

𝑀 184.525∗106
Moment ratio: 𝜇𝑠𝑑 = 𝑏ℎ2𝑠𝑑 = 400∗4002 ∗14.1667 = 0.2035
𝑓 𝑐𝑑

Using uniaxial chart 𝑁02 for 𝑣𝑠𝑑 = 0.72794, 𝜇𝑠𝑑 = 0.2035, ℎ′⁄ℎ = 0.1 → 𝜔 = 0.35

So, 𝑛𝑢 = 1 + 𝜔 = 1 + 0.35 = 1.35, 𝑛𝑏𝑎𝑙 = 0.4

𝑛𝑢 − 𝑛 1.35 − 0.72794
𝐾𝑟 = = = 0.6548
𝑛𝑢 − 𝑛𝑏𝑎𝑙 1.35 − 0.4
𝑒2 = 26.8411𝐾𝑟 = 26.8411 ∗ 0.6548 = 17.575𝑚𝑚
For third iteration take 𝒆𝟐 = 𝟏𝟕. 𝟓𝟕𝟓𝒎𝒎
𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 𝑒𝑒 + 𝑒𝑎 + 𝑒2 = 84.848 + 10.5 + 17.575 = 112.923mm = 0.112923m
𝑀𝑠𝑑 = 𝑁𝑠𝑑 ∗ 𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 1650𝑘𝑁 ∗ 0.112923𝑚 = 186.323𝑘𝑁𝑚
𝑁 1650∗103
Normal force ratio: 𝑣𝑠𝑑 = 𝑏ℎ𝑓𝑠𝑑 = 400∗400∗14.1667 = 0.72794
𝑐𝑑

𝑀 186.323∗106
Moment ratio: 𝜇𝑠𝑑 = 𝑏ℎ2𝑠𝑑 = 400∗4002 ∗14.1667 = 0.2055
𝑓 𝑐𝑑

Using uniaxial chart 𝑁02 for 𝑣𝑠𝑑 = 0.72794, 𝜇𝑠𝑑 = 0.2055, ℎ′⁄ℎ = 0.1 → 𝜔 = 0.35
The iteration converges with similar mechanical steel ratio 𝝎 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟓.
Step 9: Calculate the area of steel required in the column
𝜔𝐴𝑐 𝑓𝑐𝑑 0.35 ∗ 400 ∗ 400 ∗ 14.1667
𝑨𝒔,𝒓𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒓𝒆𝒅 = = = 𝟏𝟗𝟖𝟑. 𝟑𝟑𝒎𝒎𝟐
𝑓𝑦𝑑 400
𝑨𝒔,𝒓𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒓𝒆𝒅
𝑨= ⁄ = 𝟏𝟗𝟖𝟑. 𝟑𝟑⁄ = 𝟗𝟗𝟏. 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝒎𝒎𝟐
𝟐 𝟐
𝐴𝑠,𝑡𝑜𝑡 1983.33
𝑁0 𝜙20𝑚𝑚 bars = = 𝜋(20)2
= 6.313 ≈ 𝑢𝑠𝑒 8𝜙20𝑚𝑚 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠
𝑎𝑠
4

8 ∗ 𝜋(20)2
𝑨𝒔,𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒅 = = 2513.274𝑚𝑚2
4
Step 5: Check with maximum and minimum reinforcement limit
0.1𝑁𝐸𝑑 0.1∗1650∗103
= = 𝟒𝟏𝟐. 𝟓𝒎𝒎𝟐
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑀𝑎𝑥. { 𝑓𝑦𝑑 400
0.002𝐴𝑐 = 0.002 ∗ 400 ∗ 400 = 320𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.08𝐴𝑐 = 0.08 ∗ 400 ∗ 400 = 12800𝑚𝑚2 → 𝑎𝑡 𝐿𝑎𝑝𝑠
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.04𝐴𝑐 = 0.04 ∗ 400 ∗ 400 = 6400𝑚𝑚2 → 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝐿𝑎𝑝𝑠
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 474.375𝑚𝑚2 ≤ 𝐴𝑠,𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 1983.33𝑚𝑚2 ≤ 𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 12800𝑚𝑚2 … 𝑂𝑘!

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Department of Civil Engineering Reinforced Concrete Structures II

Step 10: Determine the diameter and spacing of transverse reinforcement

6𝑚𝑚
𝜙𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥 ≥ {1⁄ ∗ 𝑚𝑎𝑥. 𝑑𝑖𝑎. 𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑖. 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 = 5𝑚𝑚
4
In our case, we have used 𝜙8𝑚𝑚 . It is ok.
The spacing of the transverse reinforcement along the column should not exceed 𝑠𝑐𝑙,𝑡 𝑚𝑎𝑥
20𝜙𝑙,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 20 ∗ 20𝑚𝑚 = 400𝑚𝑚
𝑠𝑐𝑙,𝑡 𝑚𝑎𝑥 ≤ {𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 = 400𝑚𝑚
400𝑚𝑚
∴Use 𝜙8𝑚𝑚 @ 400𝑚𝑚 𝑐/𝑐 at the Mid-height
In sections within ℎ (larger dimension of the column cross-section) above or below a beam or
slab:
12𝜙𝑙,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 12 ∗ 20 = 240𝑚𝑚
𝑆𝑐𝑙,𝑡𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑀𝑖𝑛 { 0.6𝑏 = 0.6 ∗ 400 = 240𝑚𝑚
240𝑚𝑚
∴Use 𝜙8𝑚𝑚 @ 240𝑚𝑚 𝑐/𝑐 at the beam-column joints and in the lapped zone
A minimum of 3 transverse reinforcements evenly placed in the lap length is required.
Step 11: Determine the distribution of bars in accordance with the charts requirement and
detailing it.

40𝑚𝑚

320𝑚𝑚
106.67𝑚𝑚
106.67𝑚𝑚

106.67𝑚𝑚

40𝑚𝑚
40𝑚𝑚
40𝑚𝑚

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Department of Civil Engineering Reinforced Concrete Structures II

b) Using Nominal stiffness method (Refer ES EN 1992:2015 section 5.8.7)

The nominal stiffness should be defined in such a way that total bending moments resulting
from the analysis can be used for design of cross sections to their resistance for bending moment
and axial force.
In a second order analysis based on nominal stiffness, nominal values of the flexural stiffness
should be used taking into account the effects of cracking, material non-linearity and creep on
the overall behavior.

To estimate the nominal stiffness of slender compression member with arbitrary cross section:

𝐸𝐼 = 𝐾𝑐 𝐸𝑐𝑑 𝐼𝑐 + 𝐾𝑠 𝐸𝑠 𝐼𝑠

Where:

𝐸𝑐𝑑 is the design value of the modulus of elasticity of concrete

𝐼𝑐 is the moment of inertia of concrete cross section

𝐸𝑠 is the design value of the modulus of elasticity of reinforcement

𝐼𝑠 is the second value of the modus of elasticity of reinforcement about the center of area of the
concrete

𝐾𝑐 is a factor for effects cracking, creep etc.

𝐾𝑠 is a factor for contribution of reinforcement

Design value of the modulus of elasticity of concrete 𝐸𝑐𝑑

𝐸𝑐𝑚 30
𝐸𝑐𝑑 = = = 25𝐺𝑃𝑎
𝛾𝐶𝐸 1.2

𝛾𝐶𝐸 is the partial factor for effective concrete modulus. The recommended value of 𝛾𝐶𝐸 is 1.2.

𝐸𝑐𝑚 30
𝐸𝑐𝑑 = = = 25𝐺𝑃𝑎
𝛾𝐶𝐸 1.2

Factor for contribution of reinforcement and effects cracking, creep (𝐾𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐾𝑐 )

Initially, let us assume 𝜌 ≥ 0.01 𝒕𝒐 𝒖𝒔𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝐬𝐢𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐢𝐟𝐢𝐞𝐝 𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒉𝒐𝒅

𝐾𝑠 = 0 𝐾𝑐 = 0.3⁄ = 0.3⁄(1 + 0.5 ∗ 1) = 0.2

(1 + 0.5𝜑𝑒𝑓 )

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Department of Civil Engineering Reinforced Concrete Structures II

𝑏ℎ3 400 ∗ (400)3

𝐼𝑐 = = = 2133333333𝑚𝑚4
12 12

∴ 𝐸𝐼 = 𝐾𝑐 𝐸𝑐𝑑 𝐼𝑐 + 𝐾𝑠 𝐸𝑠 𝐼𝑠 = 0.2 ∗ 25 ∗ 103 ∗ 2133333333 + 0 = 1.06667 ∗ 1013

The total design moment 𝑀𝐸𝑑 including second order moment may be expressed as a
magnification of the bending moments resulting from a linear analysis namely:

𝛽
𝑀𝐸𝑑 = 𝑀0𝐸𝑑 [1 + ]
𝑁𝐵
( ⁄𝑁 ) − 1
𝐸𝑑

Where:

𝑀0𝐸𝑑 is the first order moment

𝛽 is a factor which depends on distribution of 1st and 2nd order moments

𝑁𝐸𝑑 is the design value of axial load

𝑁𝐵 is the buckling load based on nominal stiffness

𝑁𝐵 Buckling load based on nominal stiffness

𝜋 2 𝐸𝐼 𝜋 2 ∗ 1.06667 ∗ 1013
𝑁𝐵 = 2 = = 5968014.75𝑁 = 5968.01475𝑘𝑁
𝐿0 (0.7 ∗ 6000)2

𝛽 Factor which depends on distribution of 1st and 2nd order moments

For isolated members with constant cross section and axial load, the second order moment may
normally be assumed to have a sine-shaped distribution. Then

2
𝛽 = 𝜋 ⁄𝑐0
𝑐0 is a coefficient which depends on the distribution of first order moment (for instance, 𝑐0 = 8
for a constant first order moment)

2 2
𝛽 = 𝜋 ⁄𝑐0 = 𝜋 ⁄8 = 1.2337

𝑀0𝐸𝑑 First order moment including the effect of imperfections

For members without transverse load (i.e. members without loads applied between their ends),
differing first order end moments 𝑀01 and 𝑀02 may be replaced by an equivalent constant first

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Department of Civil Engineering Reinforced Concrete Structures II

order moment 𝑀0𝐸𝑑 . Consistent with the assumption of a constant first order moment, 𝑐0 = 8
should be used.

𝑀0𝐸𝑑 = 0.6𝑀02 + 0.4𝑀01 ≥ 0.4𝑀02

𝑀01 and 𝑀02 should have the same sign if they give tension on the same side, otherwise
opposite signs. Furthermore, |𝑀02 | ≥ |𝑀01 |.

0.6𝑀02 + 0.4𝑀01 = 0.6 ∗ 140 + 0.4 ∗ 140 = 140𝑘𝑁𝑚

𝑀0𝐸𝑑 = 𝑀𝑎𝑥 {
0.4𝑀02 = 0.4 ∗ 140 = 56𝑘𝑁𝑚
∴ 𝑀0𝐸𝑑 = 140𝑘𝑁𝑚
𝛽 1.2337
∴ 𝑀𝐸𝑑 = 𝑀0𝐸𝑑 [1 + 𝑁𝐵 ] = 140 [1 + (5968.01475 ] = 205.999𝑘𝑁𝑚
( ⁄𝑁 )−1 ⁄1650)−1
𝐸𝑑

For first iteration neglecting accidental eccentricity

𝑁 1650∗103
Normal force ratio: 𝑣𝑠𝑑 = 𝑏ℎ𝑓𝑠𝑑 = 400∗400∗14.1667 = 0.72794
𝑐𝑑

𝑀 205.999∗106
Moment ratio: 𝜇𝑠𝑑 = 𝑏ℎ2𝑠𝑑 = 400∗4002 ∗14.1667 = 0.2272
𝑓 𝑐𝑑

Using uniaxial chart 𝑁02 for 𝑣𝑠𝑑 = 0.72794, 𝜇𝑠𝑑 = 0.2272, ℎ′⁄ℎ = 0.1 → 𝜔 = 0.4
𝜔𝐴𝑐 𝑓𝑐𝑑 0.4 ∗ 400 ∗ 400 ∗ 14.1667
𝐴𝑠,𝑡𝑜𝑡 = = = 𝟐𝟐𝟔𝟔. 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝒎𝒎𝟐
𝑓𝑦𝑑 400
𝐴𝑠,𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑
𝐴𝑠 = ⁄ = 2266.666⁄ = 1133.333𝑚𝑚2
2 2
𝐴𝑠 1133.333
𝜌= = = 7.870 ∗ 10−3 ≱ 0.01 → 𝑊𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑚𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑑
𝑏𝑑 400 ∗ 360

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𝜔 = 0.4

For second iteration considering accidental eccentricity and 𝝆 ≥ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟐

𝐾𝑠 = 1.0

𝑘1 𝑘2
𝐾𝑐 = ⁄(1 + 𝜑 )
𝑒𝑓

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Department of Civil Engineering Reinforced Concrete Structures II

Where:

𝐴𝑠
𝜌 is the geometric reinforcement ratio, ⁄𝐴
𝑐

𝐴𝑠 is the total area of reinforcement

𝐴𝑐 is the area of concrete section

𝜑𝑒𝑓 is the effective creep ratio

𝑘1 is a factor which depends on concrete strength class

𝑘2 is a factor which depends on axial force and slenderness

𝑓𝑐𝑘⁄ (𝑀𝑃𝑎) √25

𝑘1 = √ 20 = ⁄20 = 1.11803

𝜆
𝑘2 = 𝑛 ∗ 170 ≤ 0.20

Where:

𝑛 is the relative axial force, 𝑁𝐸𝑑 ⁄(𝐴𝑐 𝑓𝑐𝑑 ) = 1650 ∗ 103 ⁄400 ∗ 400 ∗ 14.1667 = 0.72794

𝜆 is the slenderness ratio = 36.373

36.373
𝑘2 = 0.72794 ∗ = 0.156 ≤ 0.20 𝑇𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑘2 = 0.2
170

𝑘1 𝑘2
𝐾𝑐 = ⁄(1 + 𝜑 ) = 1.11803 ∗ 0.2⁄(1 + 1) = 0.11803
𝑒𝑓

𝑏ℎ3 400 ∗ (400)3

𝐼𝑐 = = = 2133333333𝑚𝑚4
12 12

𝐼𝑠 is the second value of the modus of elasticity of reinforcement about the center of area of the
concrete

𝐼𝑠 = 2[1133.333(360 − 200)2 ] = 58026666.67𝑚𝑚4

∴ 𝐸𝐼 = 𝐾𝑐 𝐸𝑐𝑑 𝐼𝑐 + 𝐾𝑠 𝐸𝑠 𝐼𝑠

= 0.11803 ∗ 25 ∗ 103 ∗ 2133333333 + 1 ∗ 200 ∗ 103 ∗ 58026666.67 = 1.756816 ∗ 1013

𝜋 2 𝐸𝐼 𝜋 2 ∗ 1.756816 ∗ 1013
𝑁𝐵 = = = 9829409.82𝑁 = 9829.40982𝑘𝑁
𝐿20 (0.7 ∗ 6000)2

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𝛽 1.2337
∴ 𝑀𝐸𝑑 = 𝑀0𝐸𝑑 [1 + 𝑁𝐵 ] = 140 [1 + (9829.40982 ] = 174.842𝑘𝑁𝑚
( ⁄𝑁 )−1 ⁄1650)−1
𝐸𝑑

Design moment including accidental eccentricity is given by

10.5
𝑀𝑠𝑑 = 𝑀𝐸𝑑 + 𝑁𝑠𝑑 ∗ 𝑒𝑎 = 174.842 + 1650 ∗ ( ) = 192.167𝑘𝑁𝑚
1000

𝑁 1650∗103
Normal force ratio: 𝑣𝑠𝑑 = 𝑏ℎ𝑓𝑠𝑑 = 400∗400∗14.1667 = 0.72794
𝑐𝑑

𝑀 192.167∗106
Moment ratio: 𝜇𝑠𝑑 = 𝑏ℎ2𝑠𝑑 = 400∗4002 ∗14.1667 = 0.212
𝑓 𝑐𝑑

Using uniaxial chart 𝑁02 for 𝑣𝑠𝑑 = 0.72794, 𝜇𝑠𝑑 = 0.212, ℎ′⁄ℎ = 0.1 → 𝜔 = 0.35
𝜔𝐴𝑐 𝑓𝑐𝑑 0.35 ∗ 400 ∗ 400 ∗ 14.1667
𝐴𝑠,𝑡𝑜𝑡 = = = 𝟏𝟗𝟖𝟑. 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝒎𝒎𝟐
𝑓𝑦𝑑 400
𝐴𝑠,𝑡𝑜𝑡
𝐴𝑠 = ⁄ = 1983.333⁄ = 991.666𝑚𝑚2
2 2
𝐴𝑠 991.666
𝜌= = = 6.886 ∗ 10−3 ≥ 0.002 … … … … . 𝑂𝑘
𝑏𝑑 400 ∗ 360
For third iteration check the result with the calculated reinforcement area

𝑏ℎ3 400∗(400)3
𝐼𝑐 = = = 2133333333𝑚𝑚4
12 12

𝐼𝑠 = 2[991.666(360 − 200)2 ] = 50773333.33𝑚𝑚4

∴ 𝐸𝐼 = 𝐾𝑐 𝐸𝑐𝑑 𝐼𝑐 + 𝐾𝑠 𝐸𝑠 𝐼𝑠

= 0.11803 ∗ 25 ∗ 103 ∗ 2133333333 + 1 ∗ 200 ∗ 103 ∗ 50773333.33 = 1.611749 ∗ 1013

𝜋 2 𝐸𝐼 𝜋 2 ∗ 1.611749 ∗ 1013
𝑁𝐵 = 2 = = 9017759.8𝑁 = 9017.7598𝑘𝑁
𝐿0 (0.7 ∗ 6000)2

𝛽 1.2337
∴ 𝑀𝐸𝑑 = 𝑀0𝐸𝑑 [1 + 𝑁 ] = 140 [1 + (9017.7598 ] = 178. 679𝑘𝑁𝑚
( 𝐵⁄𝑁 )−1 ⁄1650)−1
𝐸𝑑

Design moment including accidental eccentricity is given by

10.5
𝑀𝑠𝑑 = 𝑀𝐸𝑑 + 𝑁𝑠𝑑 ∗ 𝑒𝑎 = 178. 679 + 1650 ∗ ( ) = 196.004𝑘𝑁𝑚
1000

𝑁 1650∗103
Normal force ratio: 𝑣𝑠𝑑 = 𝑏ℎ𝑓𝑠𝑑 = 400∗400∗14.1667 = 0.72794
𝑐𝑑

𝑀 196.004∗106
Moment ratio: 𝜇𝑠𝑑 = 𝑏ℎ2𝑠𝑑 = 400∗4002 ∗14.1667 = 0.216
𝑓 𝑐𝑑

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Department of Civil Engineering Reinforced Concrete Structures II

Using uniaxial chart 𝑁02 for 𝑣𝑠𝑑 = 0.72794, 𝜇𝑠𝑑 = 0.216, ℎ′⁄ℎ = 0.1 → 𝜔 = 0.35
The iteration converges with similar mechanical steel ratio 𝜔 = 0.35.

𝜔 = 0.35

𝜔𝐴𝑐 𝑓𝑐𝑑 0.35 ∗ 400 ∗ 400 ∗ 14.1667

𝐴𝑠,𝑡𝑜𝑡 = = = 𝟏𝟗𝟖𝟑. 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝒎𝒎𝟐
𝑓𝑦𝑑 400

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Department of Civil Engineering Reinforced Concrete Structures II

𝐴𝑠,𝑡𝑜𝑡
𝐴𝑠 = ⁄ = 1983.333⁄ = 991.666𝑚𝑚2
2 2
𝐴𝑠,𝑡𝑜𝑡 1983.33
𝑁0 𝜙20𝑚𝑚 bars = = 𝜋(20)2
= 6.313 ≈ 𝑢𝑠𝑒 8𝜙20𝑚𝑚 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠
𝑎𝑠
4

8 ∗ 𝜋(20)2
𝑨𝒔,𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒅 = = 2513.274𝑚𝑚2
4
Check with maximum and minimum reinforcement limit
0.1𝑁𝐸𝑑 0.1∗1650∗103
= = 𝟒𝟏𝟐. 𝟓𝒎𝒎𝟐
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑀𝑎𝑥. { 𝑓𝑦𝑑 400
0.002𝐴𝑐 = 0.002 ∗ 400 ∗ 400 = 320𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.08𝐴𝑐 = 0.08 ∗ 400 ∗ 400 = 12800𝑚𝑚2 → 𝑎𝑡 𝐿𝑎𝑝𝑠
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.04𝐴𝑐 = 0.04 ∗ 400 ∗ 400 = 6400𝑚𝑚2 → 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝐿𝑎𝑝𝑠
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 474.375𝑚𝑚2 ≤ 𝐴𝑠,𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 1983.33𝑚𝑚2 ≤ 𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 12800𝑚𝑚2 … 𝑂𝑘!
Determine the diameter and spacing of transverse reinforcement
6𝑚𝑚
𝜙𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥 ≥ {1⁄ ∗ 𝑚𝑎𝑥. 𝑑𝑖𝑎. 𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑖. 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 = 5𝑚𝑚
4
In our case, we have used 𝜙8𝑚𝑚 . It is ok.
The spacing of the transverse reinforcement along the column should not exceed 𝑠𝑐𝑙,𝑡 𝑚𝑎𝑥
20𝜙𝑙,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 20 ∗ 20𝑚𝑚 = 400𝑚𝑚
𝑠𝑐𝑙,𝑡 𝑚𝑎𝑥 ≤ {𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 = 400𝑚𝑚
400𝑚𝑚
∴Use 𝜙8𝑚𝑚 @ 400𝑚𝑚 𝑐/𝑐 at the Mid-height
In sections within ℎ (larger dimension of the column cross-section) above or below a beam or
slab:
12𝜙𝑙,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 12 ∗ 20 = 240𝑚𝑚
𝑆𝑐𝑙,𝑡𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑀𝑖𝑛 { 0.6𝑏 = 0.6 ∗ 400 = 240𝑚𝑚
240𝑚𝑚
∴Use 𝜙8𝑚𝑚 @ 240𝑚𝑚 𝑐/𝑐 at the beam-column joints and in the lapped zone
A minimum of 3 transverse reinforcements evenly placed in the lap length is required.
Determine the distribution of bars in accordance with the charts requirement and detailing it.

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40𝑚𝑚

320𝑚𝑚

106.67𝑚𝑚
106.67𝑚𝑚

106.67𝑚𝑚 40𝑚𝑚

40𝑚𝑚
40𝑚𝑚

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Department of Civil Engineering Reinforced Concrete Structures II

Example 4 (Design Bi-axially loaded Slender Columns)

A non-sway column AB of 300 ∗ 450 cross-section resists at ultimate limit state, an axial load
of 1700𝑘𝑁 and end moment of 90𝑘𝑁𝑚 and 10𝑘𝑁 in the 𝑥 −direction, 60𝑘𝑁𝑚 and 27𝑘𝑁𝑚
in the 𝑦 −direction causing double curvature about both axes. The column is braced with beams
as shown in the figure. The strength class used is 𝐶25/30 and steel grade 𝑆 − 500. Take 𝜑𝑒𝑓 =
1.

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Department of Civil Engineering Reinforced Concrete Structures II

Solution
Step 1: Material data
𝑓𝑐𝑢 = 30𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑓𝑐𝑘 = 25𝑀𝑃𝑎
Concrete: 𝐶25/30 {
𝑓𝑐𝑑 = 14.167𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐸𝑐𝑚 = 30𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑓𝑦𝑘 = 500𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑓 = 434.7826𝑀𝑃𝑎
Steel reinforcement: 𝑆 − 500 𝑦𝑑
𝐸𝑠 = 200𝐺𝑃𝑎
{ 𝑦𝑑 = 2.1739‰
𝜀
Step 2: Check slenderness limit
2.1. In the 𝒙 −direction
Limit slenderness ratio 𝜆𝑙𝑖𝑚 (Refer ES EN 1992:2015 section 5.8.3.1)
20 ∗ 𝐴 ∗ 𝐵 ∗ 𝐶
𝜆𝑙𝑖𝑚 =
√𝜂
Where:
𝑨 = 𝟏⁄(𝟏 + 𝟎. 𝟐𝝋𝒆𝒇 ) (If 𝜑𝑒𝑓 is not known, 𝑨 = 𝟎. 𝟕 may be used)

𝑩 = √𝟏 + 𝝎 (If 𝜔 is not known, 𝑩 = 𝟏. 𝟏 may be used)

𝑪 = 𝟏. 𝟕 − 𝒓𝒎 (If 𝑟𝑚 is not known 𝑪 = 𝟎. 𝟕 may be used)
Note: Moment is varying along the length of column with opposite sign. So, the column is bent
in double curvature (i.e.𝑀01 = −𝑣𝑒 = −27𝑘𝑁𝑚) 𝑀02 = 60𝑘𝑁𝑚 in the 𝒙 −direction
𝑀 −27
Single curvature 𝒓𝒎 = 𝑀01 = = −0.45
02 60

𝐶 = 1.7 − 𝒓𝒎 = 1.7 − (−0.45) = 2.15

𝑁𝐸𝑑 1700 ∗ 103
𝜂= = = 0.8888
𝐴𝑐 𝑓𝑐𝑑 300 ∗ 450 ∗ 14.1667
20 ∗ 0.7 ∗ 1.1 ∗ 2.15
𝜆𝑙𝑖𝑚,𝑥 = = 35.11845
√0.8888
2.1.1. Effective length 𝐿0𝑥
𝑭𝒐𝒓 𝒃𝒓𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒅 𝒇𝒓𝒂𝒎𝒆

𝑘1 𝑘2
𝐿0 = 0.5𝐿√(1 + ) (1 + )
0.45 + 𝑘1 0.45 + 𝑘2
𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠
Rotational stiffness at the joints 𝑘𝑖 = ∑ 𝐵𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠

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𝐸𝐼
( 𝐿 ) 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛
𝑘𝑖 =
𝐸𝐼
∑ (2
𝐿 ) 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚
𝑏ℎ3 250𝑚𝑚∗(400𝑚𝑚)3
𝐼𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚,𝑡𝑜𝑝 = = = 1333333333𝑚𝑚4
12 12
𝑏ℎ3 250𝑚𝑚∗(350𝑚𝑚)3
𝐼𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚,𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 = = = 893229166.7𝑚𝑚4
12 12
ℎ𝑏 3 450𝑚𝑚∗(300𝑚𝑚)3
𝐼𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 = = = 1012500000𝑚𝑚4
12 12
1012500000
𝑘𝑐 𝐸
4500
@ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑜𝑝 𝑘1 = 2𝑘 = 1333333333 1333333333 = 0.2025
𝑏1 +2𝑘𝑏2 2𝐸( + )
4000 6000
1012500000
𝑘𝑐 𝐸
4500
@ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 𝑘2 = 2𝑘 = 893229166.7 893229166.7 = 0.30227
𝑏3 +2𝑘𝑏4 2𝐸( + )
4000 6000

0.2025 0.30227
𝐿0𝑥 = 0.5 ∗ 4500√(1 + 0.45+0.2025) (1 + 0.45+0.30227) = 3049.87𝑚𝑚

𝐿0𝑥 𝐼𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 1012500000

𝜆𝑥 = 𝑖𝑥 = √ 𝐴 =√ = 86.6025𝑚𝑚
𝑖 𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛
300∗450

𝐿0𝑥 3049.87𝑚𝑚
𝜆𝑥 = = = 35.217
𝑖𝑥 86.6025𝑚𝑚
𝜆𝑥 = 35.217 > 𝜆𝑙𝑖𝑚,𝑥 = 35.11845
∴ The column is slender column in the 𝑥 −direction. Second order effects must be considered
in design.
2.2 In the 𝒚 −direction
Limit slenderness ratio 𝜆𝑙𝑖𝑚 (Refer ES EN 1992:2015 section 5.8.3.1)
20 ∗ 𝐴 ∗ 𝐵 ∗ 𝐶
𝜆𝑙𝑖𝑚 =
√𝜂
Where:
𝑨 = 𝟏⁄(𝟏 + 𝟎. 𝟐𝝋𝒆𝒇 ) (If 𝜑𝑒𝑓 is not known, 𝑨 = 𝟎. 𝟕 may be used)

𝑩 = √𝟏 + 𝝎 (If 𝜔 is not known, 𝑩 = 𝟏. 𝟏 may be used)

𝑪 = 𝟏. 𝟕 − 𝒓𝒎 (If 𝑟𝑚 is not known 𝑪 = 𝟎. 𝟕 may be used)
Note: Moment is varying along the length of column with opposite sign. So, the column is bent
in double curvature (i.e.𝑀01 = −𝑣𝑒 = −10𝑘𝑁𝑚) 𝑀02 = 80𝑘𝑁𝑚 in the 𝒚 −direction
𝑀 −10
Single curvature 𝒓𝒎 = 𝑀01 = = −0.111
02 90

𝐶 = 1.7 − 𝒓𝒎 = 1.7 − (−0.111) = 1.8111

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Department of Civil Engineering Reinforced Concrete Structures II

𝑁𝐸𝑑 1700 ∗ 103

𝜂= = = 0.8888
𝐴𝑐 𝑓𝑐𝑑 300 ∗ 450 ∗ 14.1667
20 ∗ 0.7 ∗ 1.1 ∗ 1.8111
𝜆𝑙𝑖𝑚,𝑦 = = 29.58299
√0.8888
2.2.1. Effective length 𝐿0𝑦

𝑭𝒐𝒓 𝒃𝒓𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒅 𝒇𝒓𝒂𝒎𝒆

𝑘1 𝑘2
𝐿0 = 0.5𝐿√(1 + ) (1 + )
0.45 + 𝑘1 0.45 + 𝑘2
𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠
Rotational stiffness at the joints 𝑘𝑖 = ∑ 𝐵𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠

𝐸𝐼
( 𝐿 ) 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛
𝑘𝑖 =
𝐸𝐼
∑ (2
𝐿 ) 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚
𝑏ℎ3 200𝑚𝑚∗(300𝑚𝑚)3
𝐼𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚,𝑡𝑜𝑝 = = = 450000000𝑚𝑚4
12 12
𝑏ℎ3 250𝑚𝑚∗(350𝑚𝑚)3
𝐼𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚,𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 = = = 893229166.7𝑚𝑚4
12 12
𝑏ℎ3 300𝑚𝑚∗(450𝑚𝑚)3
𝐼𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 = = = 2278125000𝑚𝑚4
12 12
2278125000
𝑘𝑐 𝐸
9000
@ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑜𝑝 𝑘1 = 2𝑘 = 4500000003 450000000 = 0.625
𝑏1 +2𝑘𝑏2 2𝐸( + )
4000 5000
2278125000
𝑘𝑐 𝐸
9000
@ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 𝑘2 = = 893229166.7 893229166.7 = 0.31486
2𝑘𝑏3 +2𝑘𝑏4 2𝐸( + )
4000 5000

0.625 0.31486
𝐿0𝑦 = 0.5 ∗ 9000√(1 + 0.45+0.625) (1 + 0.45+0.31486) = 6723.53𝑚𝑚

𝐿0𝑦 𝐼𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 2278125000

𝜆𝑦 = 𝑖𝑦 = √𝐴 =√ = 129.9038𝑚𝑚
𝑖𝑦 𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛
300∗450

𝐿0𝑦 6723.53𝑚𝑚
𝜆𝑦 = = = 51.76
𝑖𝑦 129.9038𝑚𝑚
𝜆𝑦 = 51.76 > 𝜆𝑙𝑖𝑚,𝑦 = 29.58299
∴ The column is slender column in the 𝑦 −direction. Second order effects must be considered
in design.
Step 3: Accidental eccentricity 𝑒𝑎
3.1 In the 𝒙 −direction
𝐿0𝑥 3049.87𝑚𝑚
𝑒𝑎𝑥 = = = 7.625𝑚𝑚
400 400

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Department of Civil Engineering Reinforced Concrete Structures II

3.2 In the 𝒚 −direction

𝐿0𝑦 6723.53𝑚𝑚
𝑒𝑎𝑦 = = = 16.8088𝑚𝑚
400 400
Step 4: Equivalent first order eccentricity 𝑒𝑒
4.1 In the 𝒙 −direction
0.6𝑒02 + 0.4𝑒01
𝑒𝑒𝑥 = 𝑀𝑎𝑥 {
0.4𝑒02
𝑀01 −27 ∗ 106
𝑒01 = = = −15.882353𝑚𝑚
𝑁𝑠𝑑 1700 ∗ 103
𝑀02 60 ∗ 106
𝑒02 = = = 35.294117𝑚𝑚
𝑁𝑠𝑑 1700 ∗ 103
0.6𝑒02 + 0.4𝑒01 = 0.6 ∗ 35.294117 + 0.4 ∗ (−15.882353) = 14.83𝑚𝑚
𝑒𝑒𝑥 = 𝑀𝑎𝑥 {
0.4𝑒02 = 0.4 ∗ 35.294117 = 14.118𝑚𝑚
∴ 𝑒𝑒𝑥 = 14.83𝑚𝑚
4.2 In the 𝑦 −direction
0.6𝑒02 + 0.4𝑒01
𝑒𝑒𝑦 = 𝑀𝑎𝑥 {
0.4𝑒02
𝑀01 −10 ∗ 106
𝑒01 = = = −5.88235𝑚𝑚
𝑁𝑠𝑑 1700 ∗ 103
𝑀02 90 ∗ 106
𝑒02 = = = 52.94117𝑚𝑚
𝑁𝑠𝑑 1700 ∗ 103
0.6𝑒02 + 0.4𝑒01 = 0.6 ∗ 52.94117 + 0.4 ∗ (−5.88235) = 29.412𝑚𝑚
𝑒𝑒𝑦 = 𝑀𝑎𝑥 {
0.4𝑒02 = 0.4 ∗ 52.94117 = 21.1765𝑚𝑚
∴ 𝑒𝑒𝑦 = 29.412𝑚𝑚
Step 5: Design moment including second order moment
5.1 In the 𝒙 −direction
Calculate the second order moment using either Nominal curvature or Nominal stiffness method
Using Nominal curvature method
The design moment 𝑀𝐸𝑑 is:

𝑀𝑠𝑑 = 𝑀0𝐸𝑑 + 𝑀2 Or 𝑀𝑠𝑑 = 𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑡 ∗ 𝑁𝑠𝑑 𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 𝑒𝑎 + 𝑒𝑒 + 𝑒2

Where:

𝑀0𝐸𝑑 is the 1st order moment including the effect of imperfections

𝑀0𝐸𝑑 = 𝑁𝑠𝑑 ∗ (𝑒0 + 𝑒𝑒 )

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Department of Civil Engineering Reinforced Concrete Structures II

𝑀2 is the nominal 2nd order moment

The nominal second order moment 𝑀2 is

2
𝐿
𝑀2 = 𝑁𝑠𝑑 ∗ 𝑒2 𝑒2 = (1⁄𝑟) 0 ⁄𝑐

𝑐 = 10 For constant cross-section

1⁄ = 𝐾 𝐾 (1⁄ ) 1⁄ = 𝜀𝑦𝑑⁄
𝑟 𝑟 𝜑 𝑟0 𝑟0 0.45𝑑

Assume concrete cover of 30mm, 𝜙𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓′ 𝑡 = 16𝑚𝑚, 𝜙𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓′ 𝑡 = 8𝑚𝑚
𝑏 ′ = 30 + 8 + 16⁄2 = 46𝑚𝑚 ≈ 45𝑚𝑚
𝑏 = 𝐵 − 𝑏 ′ = 300 − 45 = 255𝑚𝑚
1⁄ = 𝜀𝑦𝑑⁄ 2.173913 ∗ 10−3⁄ −5
𝑟0 0.45𝑑 = 0.45 ∗ 255 = 1.894478 ∗ 10
𝐾𝜑 = 1 + 𝛽𝜑𝑒𝑓 ≥ 1.0

𝑐𝑘 𝑓 𝑥 𝜆 25 35.217
𝛽 = 0.35 + 200 − 150 = 0.35 + 200 − = 0.21522
150

𝐾𝜑 = 1 + 0.21522 ∗ 1 = 1.21522 ≥ 1.0 … … … 𝑂𝑘

𝑛𝑢 −𝑛
𝐾𝑟 = 𝑛 𝑛𝑢 = 1 + 𝜔
𝑢 −𝑛𝑏𝑎𝑙

𝑛𝑏𝑎𝑙 is the value of 𝑛 at maximum moment resistance; the value 0.4 may be used

𝑁𝑠𝑑 1700∗103
𝑛=𝐴 = 300∗450∗14.1667 = 0.8888
𝑐 𝑓𝑦𝑑

500⁄
𝐾𝑟 ∗1.21522∗0.1∗(3049.87)2 ∗( 1.15)
𝐾𝑟 𝐾𝜙 0.1𝐿20𝑥 𝜀𝑦𝑑 200000
𝑒2 = = = 21.414456𝐾𝑟
0.45𝑑 0.45∗255

𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑡,𝑥 = 𝑒𝑎,𝑥 + 𝑒𝑒,𝑥 + 𝑒2 = 7.625 + 14.83 + 𝑒2 = 22.455 + 𝑒2

For first iteration take 𝑒2 = 0

𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑡,𝑥 = 𝑒𝑎,𝑥 + 𝑒𝑒,𝑥 + 𝑒2 = 7.625 + 14.83 + 0 = 22.455𝑚𝑚 = 0.022455𝑚
𝑀𝑠𝑑,𝑥 = 𝑁𝑠𝑑 ∗ 𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑡,𝑥 = 1700𝑘𝑁 ∗ 0.022455𝑚 = 38.1735𝑘𝑁𝑚
For members without transverse load (i.e. members without loads applied between their ends),
differing first order end moments 𝑀01 and 𝑀02 may be replaced by an equivalent constant first
order moment 𝑀0𝑒 .
0.6𝑀02 + 0.4𝑀01 = 0.6 ∗ 60 + 0.4(−27) = 𝟐𝟓. 𝟐𝒌𝑵𝒎
𝑀0𝑒 = 𝑀𝑎𝑥 {
0.4𝑀02 = 0.4 ∗ 60 = 24𝑘𝑁𝑚
→ 𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑀0𝑒 = 25.2𝑘𝑁𝑚 𝑡𝑜 38.1735𝑘𝑁𝑚 𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡

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5.2 In the 𝒚 −direction

1⁄ = 𝐾 𝐾 (1⁄ ) 1⁄ = 𝜀𝑦𝑑⁄
𝑟 𝑟 𝜑 𝑟0 𝑟0 0.45𝑑

Assume concrete cover of 30mm, 𝜙𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓′ 𝑡 = 16𝑚𝑚, 𝜙𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓′ 𝑡 = 8𝑚𝑚
ℎ′ = 30 + 8 + 16⁄2 = 46𝑚𝑚 ≈ 45𝑚𝑚
ℎ = 𝐻 − ℎ′ = 450 − 45 = 405𝑚𝑚
1⁄ = 𝜀𝑦𝑑⁄ 2.173913 ∗ 10−3⁄ −5
𝑟0 0.45𝑑 = 0.45 ∗ 405 = 1.19282 ∗ 10
𝐾𝜑 = 1 + 𝛽𝜑𝑒𝑓 ≥ 1.0

𝑐𝑘 𝑓 𝜆𝑦 25 51.76
𝛽 = 0.35 + 200 − 150 = 0.35 + 200 − = 0.13
150

𝐾𝜑 = 1 + 0.13 ∗ 1 = 1.13 ≥ 1.0 … … … 𝑂𝑘

𝑛𝑢 −𝑛
𝐾𝑟 = 𝑛 𝑛𝑢 = 1 + 𝜔
𝑢 −𝑛𝑏𝑎𝑙

𝑛𝑏𝑎𝑙 is the value of 𝑛 at maximum moment resistance; the value 0.4 may be used

𝑁𝑠𝑑 1700∗103
𝑛=𝐴 = 300∗450∗14.1667 = 0.8888
𝑐 𝑓𝑦𝑑

500⁄
𝐾𝑟 ∗1.13∗0.1∗(6723.53)2 ∗( 1.15)
𝐾𝑟 𝐾𝜙 0.1𝐿20𝑦 𝜀𝑦𝑑 200000
𝑒2 = = = 60.93233𝐾𝑟
0.45𝑑 0.45∗405

𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑡,𝑦 = 𝑒𝑎,𝑦 + 𝑒𝑒,𝑦 + 𝑒2 = 16.8088 + 29.412 + 𝑒2 = 46.2208 + 𝑒2

For first iteration take 𝑒2 = 0

𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑡,𝑦 = 𝑒𝑎,𝑦 + 𝑒𝑒,𝑦 + 𝑒2 = 16.8088 + 29.412 + 0 = 46.2208𝑚𝑚 = 0.0462208𝑚
𝑀𝑠𝑑,𝑦 = 𝑁𝑠𝑑 ∗ 𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑡,𝑦 = 1700𝑘𝑁 ∗ 0.0462208𝑚 = 78.57536𝑘𝑁𝑚
𝑁𝑠𝑑 1700∗103
Normal force ratio: 𝑣𝑠𝑑 = 𝑓 = 14.1667∗300∗450 = 0.8888
𝑐𝑑 𝑏ℎ

𝑀𝑠𝑑,𝑥 38.1735∗106
Moment ratios: 𝜇𝑠𝑑,𝑥 = 𝑓 = 14.1667∗450∗3002 = 0.0665
𝑐𝑑 ℎ𝑏 2

𝑀𝑠𝑑,𝑦 78.57536∗106
𝜇𝑠𝑑,𝑦 = 𝑓 2
= 14.1667∗300∗4502 = 0.0913
𝑐𝑑 𝑏ℎ

ℎ′ 𝑏′
Using = = 0.1 read the mechanical steel ratio from biaxial interaction chart 𝑁0 . 35 for
ℎ 𝑏

𝑣𝑠𝑑 = 0.8888,𝜇𝑠𝑑,𝑥 = 0.0665 𝜇𝑠𝑑,𝑦 = 0.0913

Interpolating between 𝑣𝑠𝑑 = 0.8 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣𝑠𝑑 = 1.0

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𝜔 = 0.3

𝜔 = 0.25

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For 𝑣𝑠𝑑 = 0.8, 𝜇𝑠𝑑,𝑥 = 0.0665, 𝜇𝑠𝑑,𝑦 = 0.0913 → 𝜔 = 0.3

For 𝑣𝑠𝑑 = 1.0, 𝜇𝑠𝑑,𝑥 = 0.0665, 𝜇𝑠𝑑,𝑦 = 0.0913 → 𝜔 = 0.25
𝑣𝑠𝑑 = 0.8 → 𝜔 = 0.3
𝑣𝑠𝑑 = 0.8888 → 𝜔 =? 0.8888 − 0.8 𝜔 − 0.3
= → 𝜔 = 0.28
1.0 − 0.8888 0.25 − 𝜔
𝑣𝑠𝑑 = 1.0 → 𝜔 = 0.25
So, 𝑛𝑢 = 1 + 𝜔 = 1 + 0.28 = 1.28
𝑛𝑢 − 𝑛 1.28 − 0.8888
𝐾𝑟 = = = 0.444
𝑛𝑢 − 𝑛𝑏𝑎𝑙 1.28 − 0.4
𝑥 −Direcion: 𝑒2 = 21.414456𝐾𝑟 = 21.414456 ∗ 0.444 = 9.508𝑚𝑚
𝑦 −Direcion: 𝑒2 = 60.93233𝐾𝑟 = 60.93233 ∗ 0.444 = 27.054𝑚𝑚
For second iteration
𝑥 −Direction take 𝑒2 = 9.508𝑚𝑚
𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑡,𝑥 = 𝑒𝑎,𝑥 + 𝑒𝑒,𝑥 + 𝑒2 = 7.625 + 14.83 + 9.508 = 31.963𝑚𝑚 = 0.031963𝑚
𝑀𝑠𝑑,𝑥 = 𝑁𝑠𝑑 ∗ 𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑡,𝑥 = 1700𝑘𝑁 ∗ 0.031963𝑚 = 54.3371𝑘𝑁𝑚
→ 𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑑 38.1735𝑘𝑁𝑚 𝑡𝑜 54.3371𝑘𝑁𝑚 𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡
𝑦 −Direction take 𝑒2 = 27.054𝑚𝑚
𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑡,𝑦 = 𝑒𝑎,𝑦 + 𝑒𝑒,𝑦 + 𝑒2 = 16.8088 + 29.412 + 27.054 = 73.2748𝑚𝑚 = 0.0732748𝑚
𝑀𝑠𝑑,𝑦 = 𝑁𝑠𝑑 ∗ 𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑡,𝑦 = 1700𝑘𝑁 ∗ 0.0732748𝑚 = 124.56716𝑘𝑁𝑚
→ 𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑑 78.57536𝑘𝑁𝑚 𝑡𝑜 124.56716𝑘𝑁𝑚 𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡
𝑁𝑠𝑑 1700∗103
Normal force ratio: 𝑣𝑠𝑑 = 𝑓 = 14.1667∗300∗450 = 0.8888
𝑐𝑑 𝑏ℎ

𝑀𝑠𝑑,𝑥 54.3371∗106
Moment ratios: 𝜇𝑠𝑑,𝑥 = 𝑓 2
= 14.1667∗450∗3002 = 0.0947
𝑐𝑑 ℎ𝑏

𝑀𝑠𝑑,𝑦 124.56716∗106
𝜇𝑠𝑑,𝑦 = 𝑓 2
= 14.1667∗300∗4502 = 0.14474
𝑐𝑑 𝑏ℎ

ℎ′ 𝑏′
Using = = 0.1 read the mechanical steel ratio from biaxial interaction chart 𝑁0 . 35 for
ℎ 𝑏

𝑣𝑠𝑑 = 0.8888,𝜇𝑠𝑑,𝑥 = 0.0947 𝜇𝑠𝑑,𝑦 = 0.14474

Interpolating between 𝑣𝑠𝑑 = 0.8 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣𝑠𝑑 = 1.0
For 𝑣𝑠𝑑 = 0.8, 𝜇𝑠𝑑,𝑥 = 0.0947 , 𝜇𝑠𝑑,𝑦 = 0.14474 → 𝜔 = 0.3
For 𝑣𝑠𝑑 = 1.0, 𝜇𝑠𝑑,𝑥 = 0.0947, 𝜇𝑠𝑑,𝑦 = 0.14474 → 𝜔 = 0.45
𝑣𝑠𝑑 = 0.8 → 𝜔 = 0.3
𝑣𝑠𝑑 = 0.8888 → 𝜔 =? 0.8888 − 0.8 𝜔 − 0.3
= → 𝜔 = 0.37
1.0 − 0.8888 0.45 − 𝜔
𝑣𝑠𝑑 = 1.0 → 𝜔 = 0.45

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𝜔 = 0.3

𝜔 = 0.45

So, 𝑛𝑢 = 1 + 𝜔 = 1 + 0.37 = 1.37

𝑛𝑢 − 𝑛 1.37 − 0.8888
𝐾𝑟 = = = 0.496
𝑛𝑢 − 𝑛𝑏𝑎𝑙 1.37 − 0.4

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𝑥 −Direcion: 𝑒2 = 21.414456𝐾𝑟 = 21.414456 ∗ 0.496 = 10.62157𝑚𝑚

𝑦 −Direcion: 𝑒2 = 60.93233𝐾𝑟 = 60.93233 ∗ 0.496 = 30.2224𝑚𝑚
For third iteration
𝑥 −Direction take 𝑒2 = 10.62157𝑚𝑚
𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑡,𝑥 = 𝑒𝑎,𝑥 + 𝑒𝑒,𝑥 + 𝑒2 = 7.625 + 14.83 + 10.62157 = 33.07657𝑚𝑚 = 0.03308𝑚
𝑀𝑠𝑑,𝑥 = 𝑁𝑠𝑑 ∗ 𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑡,𝑥 = 1700𝑘𝑁 ∗ 0.03308𝑚 = 56.23𝑘𝑁𝑚
→ 𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑑 54.3371𝑘𝑁𝑚 𝑡𝑜 56.23𝑘𝑁𝑚 𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡
𝑦 −Direction take 𝑒2 = 27.054𝑚𝑚
𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑡,𝑦 = 𝑒𝑎,𝑦 + 𝑒𝑒,𝑦 + 𝑒2 = 16.8088 + 29.412 + 30.2224 = 76.4432𝑚𝑚 = 0.0764432𝑚
𝑀𝑠𝑑,𝑦 = 𝑁𝑠𝑑 ∗ 𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑡,𝑦 = 1700𝑘𝑁 ∗ 0.0764432𝑚 = 129.9535𝑘𝑁𝑚
→ 𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑑 124.56716𝑘𝑁𝑚 𝑡𝑜 129.9535𝑘𝑁𝑚 𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡
𝑁𝑠𝑑 1700∗103
Normal force ratio: 𝑣𝑠𝑑 = 𝑓 = 14.1667∗300∗450 = 0.8888
𝑐𝑑 𝑏ℎ

𝑀𝑠𝑑,𝑥 56.23∗106
Moment ratios: 𝜇𝑠𝑑,𝑥 = 𝑓 = 14.1667∗450∗3002 = 0.098
𝑐𝑑 ℎ𝑏 2

𝑀𝑠𝑑,𝑦 129.9535∗106
𝜇𝑠𝑑,𝑦 = 𝑓 = 14.1667∗300∗4502 = 0.151
𝑐𝑑 𝑏ℎ2
ℎ′ 𝑏′
Using = = 0.1 read the mechanical steel ratio from biaxial interaction chart 𝑁0 . 35 for
ℎ 𝑏

𝑣𝑠𝑑 = 0.8888,𝜇𝑠𝑑,𝑥 = 0.098𝜇𝑠𝑑,𝑦 = 0.151

Interpolating between 𝑣𝑠𝑑 = 0.8 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣𝑠𝑑 = 1.0
For 𝑣𝑠𝑑 = 0.8, 𝜇𝑠𝑑,𝑥 = 0.098 , 𝜇𝑠𝑑,𝑦 = 0.151 → 𝜔 = 0.45
For 𝑣𝑠𝑑 = 1.0, 𝜇𝑠𝑑,𝑥 = 0.098, 𝜇𝑠𝑑,𝑦 = 0.151 → 𝜔 = 0.6
𝑣𝑠𝑑 = 0.8 → 𝜔 = 0.45
𝑣𝑠𝑑 = 0.8888 → 𝜔 =? 0.8888 − 0.8 𝜔 − 0.45
= → 𝜔 = 0.5166
1.0 − 0.8888 0.6 − 𝜔
𝑣𝑠𝑑 = 1.0 → 𝜔 = 0.6
So, 𝑛𝑢 = 1 + 𝜔 = 1 + 0.5166 = 1.5166
𝑛𝑢 − 𝑛 1.5166 − 0.8888
𝐾𝑟 = = = 0.56224
𝑛𝑢 − 𝑛𝑏𝑎𝑙 1.5166 − 0.4
𝑥 −Direcion: 𝑒2 = 21.414456𝐾𝑟 = 21.414456 ∗ 0.56224 = 12.04𝑚𝑚
𝑦 −Direcion: 𝑒2 = 60.93233𝐾𝑟 = 60.93233 ∗ 0.56224 = 34.2586𝑚𝑚
For fourth iteration
𝑥 −Direction take 𝑒2 = 12.04𝑚𝑚
𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑡,𝑥 = 𝑒𝑎,𝑥 + 𝑒𝑒,𝑥 + 𝑒2 = 7.625 + 14.83 + 12.04 = 34.495𝑚𝑚 = 0.034495𝑚
𝑀𝑠𝑑,𝑥 = 𝑁𝑠𝑑 ∗ 𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑡,𝑥 = 1700𝑘𝑁 ∗ 0.034495𝑚 = 58.6415𝑘𝑁𝑚

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→ 𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑑 56.23𝑘𝑁𝑚 𝑡𝑜 58.6415𝑘𝑁𝑚 𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡

𝑦 −Direction take 𝑒2 = 27.054𝑚𝑚
𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑡,𝑦 = 𝑒𝑎,𝑦 + 𝑒𝑒,𝑦 + 𝑒2 = 16.8088 + 29.412 + 34.2586 = 80.4794𝑚𝑚 = 0.0804794𝑚
𝑀𝑠𝑑,𝑦 = 𝑁𝑠𝑑 ∗ 𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑡,𝑦 = 1700𝑘𝑁 ∗ 0.0804794𝑚 = 136.815𝑘𝑁𝑚
→ 𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑑 129.9535𝑘𝑁𝑚 𝑡𝑜 136.815𝑘𝑁𝑚 𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡
𝑁𝑠𝑑 1700∗103
Normal force ratio: 𝑣𝑠𝑑 = 𝑓 = 14.1667∗300∗450 = 0.8888
𝑐𝑑 𝑏ℎ

𝑀𝑠𝑑,𝑥 58.6415∗106
Moment ratios: 𝜇𝑠𝑑,𝑥 = 𝑓 = 14.1667∗450∗3002 = 0.1022
𝑐𝑑 ℎ𝑏 2

𝑀𝑠𝑑,𝑦 136.815𝑘𝑁𝑚∗106
𝜇𝑠𝑑,𝑦 = 𝑓 = 14.1667∗300∗4502 = 0.159
𝑐𝑑 𝑏ℎ2
ℎ′ 𝑏′
Using = = 0.1 read the mechanical steel ratio from biaxial interaction chart 𝑁0 . 35 for
ℎ 𝑏

𝑣𝑠𝑑 = 0.8888 𝜇𝑠𝑑,𝑥 = 0.1022 𝜇𝑠𝑑,𝑦 = 0.159

Interpolating between 𝑣𝑠𝑑 = 0.8 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣𝑠𝑑 = 1.0
For 𝑣𝑠𝑑 = 0.8, 𝜇𝑠𝑑,𝑥 = 0.1022 , 𝜇𝑠𝑑,𝑦 = 0.159 → 𝜔 = 0.5
For 𝑣𝑠𝑑 = 1.0, 𝜇𝑠𝑑,𝑥 = 0.1022, 𝜇𝑠𝑑,𝑦 = 0.159 → 𝜔 = 0.65
𝑣𝑠𝑑 = 0.8 → 𝜔 = 0.5
𝑣𝑠𝑑 = 0.8888 → 𝜔 =? 0.8888 − 0.8 𝜔 − 0.5
= → 𝜔 = 0.5666
1.0 − 0.8888 0.65 − 𝜔
𝑣𝑠𝑑 = 1.0 → 𝜔 = 0.65
So, 𝑛𝑢 = 1 + 𝜔 = 1 + 0.5666 = 1.5666
𝑛𝑢 − 𝑛 1.5666 − 0.8888
𝐾𝑟 = = = 0.581
𝑛𝑢 − 𝑛𝑏𝑎𝑙 1.5666 − 0.4
𝑥 −Direcion: 𝑒2 = 21.414456𝐾𝑟 = 21.414456 ∗ 0.581 = 12.442𝑚𝑚
𝑦 −Direcion: 𝑒2 = 60.93233𝐾𝑟 = 60.93233 ∗ 0.581 = 35.4017𝑚𝑚
For fifth iteration
𝑥 −Direction take 𝑒2 = 12.04𝑚𝑚
𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑡,𝑥 = 𝑒𝑎,𝑥 + 𝑒𝑒,𝑥 + 𝑒2 = 7.625 + 14.83 + 12.442 = 34.897𝑚𝑚 = 0.034897𝑚
𝑀𝑠𝑑,𝑥 = 𝑁𝑠𝑑 ∗ 𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑡,𝑥 = 1700𝑘𝑁 ∗ 0.034897𝑚 = 59.3247𝑘𝑁𝑚
→ 𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑑 58.6415𝑘𝑁𝑚 𝑡𝑜 59.3247𝑘𝑁𝑚 𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡
𝑦 −Direction take 𝑒2 = 27.054𝑚𝑚
𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑡,𝑦 = 𝑒𝑎,𝑦 + 𝑒𝑒,𝑦 + 𝑒2 = 16.8088 + 29.412 + 35.4017 = 81.6225𝑚𝑚 = 0.0816225𝑚
𝑀𝑠𝑑,𝑦 = 𝑁𝑠𝑑 ∗ 𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑡,𝑦 = 1700𝑘𝑁 ∗ 0.0816225𝑚 = 138.758𝑘𝑁𝑚
→ 𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑑 129.9535𝑘𝑁𝑚 𝑡𝑜 136.815𝑘𝑁𝑚 𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡
𝑁𝑠𝑑 1700∗103
Normal force ratio: 𝑣𝑠𝑑 = 𝑓 = 14.1667∗300∗450 = 0.8888
𝑐𝑑 𝑏ℎ

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Department of Civil Engineering Reinforced Concrete Structures II

𝑀𝑠𝑑,𝑥 59.3247∗106
Moment ratios: 𝜇𝑠𝑑,𝑥 = 𝑓 = 14.1667∗450∗3002 = 0.1034
𝑐𝑑 ℎ𝑏 2

𝑀𝑠𝑑,𝑦 138.758𝑘𝑁𝑚∗106
𝜇𝑠𝑑,𝑦 = 𝑓 = 14.1667∗300∗4502 = 0.16123
𝑐𝑑 𝑏ℎ2
ℎ′ 𝑏′
Using = = 0.1 read the mechanical steel ratio from biaxial interaction chart 𝑁0 . 35 for
ℎ 𝑏

𝑣𝑠𝑑 = 0.8888 𝜇𝑠𝑑,𝑥 = 0.1034 𝜇𝑠𝑑,𝑦 = 0.16123

Interpolating between 𝑣𝑠𝑑 = 0.8 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣𝑠𝑑 = 1.0
For 𝑣𝑠𝑑 = 0.8, 𝜇𝑠𝑑,𝑥 = 0.1034 , 𝜇𝑠𝑑,𝑦 = 0.16123 → 𝜔 = 0.5
For 𝑣𝑠𝑑 = 1.0, 𝜇𝑠𝑑,𝑥 = 0.1034, 𝜇𝑠𝑑,𝑦 = 0.16123 → 𝜔 = 0.65
𝑣𝑠𝑑 = 0.8 → 𝜔 = 0.5
𝑣𝑠𝑑 = 0.8888 → 𝜔 =? 0.8888 − 0.8 𝜔 − 0.5
= → 𝜔 = 0.5666
1.0 − 0.8888 0.65 − 𝜔
𝑣𝑠𝑑 = 1.0 → 𝜔 = 0.65
The iteration converges with similar mechanical steel ratio 𝝎 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟔𝟔𝟔.
Step 6: Calculate the area of steel required in the column
𝜔𝐴𝑐 𝑓𝑐𝑑 0.5666 ∗ 300 ∗ 450 ∗ 14.16667
𝑨𝒔,𝒓𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒓𝒆𝒅 = = = 𝟐𝟒𝟗𝟐. 𝟑𝟑𝒎𝒎𝟐
𝑓𝑦𝑑 500⁄1.15
𝑨𝒔,𝒓𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒓𝒆𝒅
𝑨= ⁄ = 𝟐𝟒𝟗𝟐. 𝟑𝟑⁄ = 𝟔𝟐𝟑. 𝟎𝟖𝟑𝒎𝒎𝟐
𝟒 𝟒
𝐴𝑠,𝑡𝑜𝑡 2492.33
𝑁0 𝜙16𝑚𝑚 bars = = 𝜋(16)2
= 12.396 ≈ 𝑢𝑠𝑒 16𝜙16𝑚𝑚 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠
𝑎𝑠
4

16 ∗ 𝜋(16)2
= 3216.99𝑚𝑚2
𝑨𝒔,𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒅 =
4
Step 5: Check with maximum and minimum reinforcement limit
0.1𝑁𝐸𝑑 0.1 ∗ 1700 ∗ 103
= = 𝟑𝟗𝟏𝒎𝒎𝟐
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑀𝑎𝑥. { 𝑓𝑦𝑑 434.7826
0.002𝐴𝑐 = 0.002 ∗ 300 ∗ 450 = 270𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.08𝐴𝑐 = 0.08 ∗ 300 ∗ 450 = 10800𝑚𝑚2 → 𝑎𝑡 𝐿𝑎𝑝𝑠
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.04𝐴𝑐 = 0.04 ∗ 300 ∗ 450 = 5400𝑚𝑚2 → 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝐿𝑎𝑝𝑠
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 391𝑚𝑚2 ≤ 𝐴𝑠,𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 2492.33𝑚𝑚2 ≤ 𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 10800𝑚𝑚2 … 𝑂𝑘!
Step 7: Determine the diameter and spacing of transverse reinforcement
6𝑚𝑚
𝜙𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥 ≥ {1⁄ ∗ 𝑚𝑎𝑥. 𝑑𝑖𝑎. 𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑖. 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 = 4𝑚𝑚
4
In our case, we have used 𝜙8𝑚𝑚 . It is ok.

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Department of Civil Engineering Reinforced Concrete Structures II

The spacing of the transverse reinforcement along the column should not exceed 𝑠𝑐𝑙,𝑡 𝑚𝑎𝑥
20𝜙𝑙,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 20 ∗ 16𝑚𝑚 = 320𝑚𝑚
𝑠𝑐𝑙,𝑡 𝑚𝑎𝑥 ≤ {𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 = 300𝑚𝑚
400𝑚𝑚
∴Use 𝜙8𝑚𝑚 @ 300𝑚𝑚 𝑐/𝑐 at the Mid-height
In sections within ℎ (larger dimension of the column cross-section) above or below a beam or
slab:
12𝜙𝑙,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 12 ∗ 16 = 192𝑚𝑚
𝑆𝑐𝑙,𝑡𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑀𝑖𝑛 { 0.6𝑏 = 0.6 ∗ 300 = 180𝑚𝑚
240𝑚𝑚
∴Use 𝜙8𝑚𝑚 @ 180𝑚𝑚 𝑐/𝑐 at the beam-column joints and in the lapped zone
A minimum of 3 transverse reinforcements evenly placed in the lap length is required.
Step 8: Determine the distribution of bars in accordance with the charts requirement and
detailing it.

Exercise: Check using nominal stiffness method and compere the results.

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Department of Civil Engineering Reinforced Concrete Structures II

Example 5 (Design Uni-axially loaded Short Columns)

Determine whether the column CD is slender or not and the longitudinal reinforcement, if it is
subjected to loads shown below. Consider the frame to be non-sway. Use 𝐶25/30 and 𝑆 − 460

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Department of Civil Engineering Reinforced Concrete Structures II

Solution
Step 1: Material data
𝑓𝑐𝑢 = 30𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑓𝑐𝑘 = 25𝑀𝑃𝑎
Concrete: 𝐶25/30 {
𝑓𝑐𝑑 = 14.167𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐸𝑐𝑚 = 30𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑓𝑦𝑘 = 460𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑓 = 400𝑀𝑃𝑎
Steel reinforcement: 𝑆 − 460 𝑦𝑑
𝐸𝑠 = 200𝐺𝑃𝑎
{ 𝜀𝑦𝑑 = 2‰
Step 2: Check slenderness limit
Limit slenderness ratio 𝜆𝑙𝑖𝑚 (Refer ES EN 1992:2015 section 5.8.3.1)
20 ∗ 𝐴 ∗ 𝐵 ∗ 𝐶
𝜆𝑙𝑖𝑚 =
√𝜂
Where:
𝑨 = 𝟏⁄(𝟏 + 𝟎. 𝟐𝝋𝒆𝒇 ) (If 𝜑𝑒𝑓 is not known, 𝑨 = 𝟎. 𝟕 may be used)

𝑩 = √𝟏 + 𝝎 (If 𝜔 is not known, 𝑩 = 𝟏. 𝟏 may be used)

𝑪 = 𝟏. 𝟕 − 𝒓𝒎 (If 𝑟𝑚 is not known 𝑪 = 𝟎. 𝟕 may be used)
Note: Moment is varying along the length of column with opposite sign. So, the column is bent
in double curvature (i.e.𝑀01 = −𝑣𝑒 = −34.4𝑘𝑁𝑚) 𝑀02 = 68.8𝑘𝑁𝑚
𝑀01 −34.4
Single curvature 𝒓𝒎 = = = −0.5
𝑀02 68.8

𝐶 = 1.7 − 𝒓𝒎 = 1.7 − (−0.5) = 2.2

𝑁𝐸𝑑 816 ∗ 103
𝜂= = = 0.36
𝐴𝑐 𝑓𝑐𝑑 400 ∗ 400 ∗ 14.1667
20 ∗ 0.7 ∗ 1.1 ∗ 2.2
𝜆𝑙𝑖𝑚 = = 56.467
√0.36
Step 3: Find the slenderness of the column
Effective length 𝐿0
𝑭𝒐𝒓 𝒃𝒓𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒅 𝒇𝒓𝒂𝒎𝒆

𝑘1 𝑘2
𝐿0 = 0.5𝐿√(1 + ) (1 + )
0.45 + 𝑘1 0.45 + 𝑘2
𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠
Rotational stiffness at the joints 𝑘𝑖 = ∑ 𝐵𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠

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𝐸𝐼
( 𝐿 ) 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛
𝑘𝑖 =
𝐸𝐼
∑ (2
𝐿 ) 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚
𝑏ℎ3 250𝑚𝑚∗(500𝑚𝑚)3
𝐼𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 = = = 2604166667𝑚𝑚4
12 12
𝑏ℎ3 400𝑚𝑚∗(400𝑚𝑚)3
𝐼𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 = = = 2133333333𝑚𝑚4
12 12
2133333333
𝑘𝑐 𝐸
6000
@ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑜𝑝 𝑘1 = 2𝑘 = 2604166667 2604166667 = 0.2048
𝑏1 +2𝑘𝑏2 2𝐸( + )
6000 6000

@ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 𝑘2 = 0 𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑥𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛.

But in reality we cannot provide a fully fixed support so use 𝑘2 = 0.1
0.2048 0.1
𝐿0𝑥 = 0.5 ∗ 6000√(1 + 0.45+0.2048) (1 + 0.45+0.1) = 3712.688𝑚𝑚

𝐿0𝑥 𝐼𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 2133333333

𝜆𝑥 = 𝑖𝑥 = √ 𝐴 =√ = 115.470𝑚𝑚
𝑖 𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛
400∗400

𝐿0 3712.688𝑚𝑚
𝜆= = = 32.153 < 𝜆𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 56.467
𝑖 115.470𝑚𝑚
∴ The column is short column. Second order effects ignored in design.
Step 4: Accidental eccentricity 𝑒𝑎
Imperfections shall be taken into account in ultimate limit states in persistent and accidental
0 𝐿
design situations. For isolated columns in braced system, 𝑒𝑖 = 400 may be used to cover

imperfections related to normal execution deviations (refer ES EN 1992:2015 clause 5.2).

𝐿0 3712.688
𝑒𝑎 = = = 9.28172𝑚𝑚
400 400
Step 5: Equivalent first order eccentricity 𝑒𝑒
0.6𝑒02 + 0.4𝑒01
𝑒𝑒 = 𝑀𝑎𝑥 {
0.4𝑒02
𝑀01 −34.4 ∗ 106
𝑒01 = = = −42.157𝑚𝑚
𝑁𝑠𝑑 816 ∗ 103
𝑀02 68.8 ∗ 106
𝑒02 = = = 84.314𝑚𝑚
𝑁𝑠𝑑 816 ∗ 103
0.6𝑒02 + 0.4𝑒01 = 0.6 ∗ 84.314 + 0.4 ∗ (−42.157) = 33.725𝑚𝑚
𝑒𝑒 = 𝑀𝑎𝑥 {
0.4𝑒02 = 0.4 ∗ 84.314 = 33.725𝑚𝑚
∴ 𝑒𝑒 = 33.725𝑚𝑚
𝑒 + 𝑒𝑒 + 𝑒2 = 9.28172 + 33.725 + 0 = 43𝑚𝑚
𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 𝑀𝑎𝑥 { 𝑎
𝑒02 + 𝑒𝑎 = 84.314 + 9.28172 = 93.6𝑚𝑚
∴ 𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 93.6𝑚𝑚

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Department of Civil Engineering Reinforced Concrete Structures II

Step 6: Design moment 𝑀𝑠𝑑

93.6
𝑀𝑠𝑑 = 𝑁𝑠𝑑 ∗ 𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 816𝑘𝑁 ∗ ( ) 𝑚 = 76.374𝑘𝑁𝑚
1000
𝑁 816∗103
Normal force ratio: 𝑣𝑠𝑑 = 𝑏ℎ𝑓𝑠𝑑 = 400∗400∗14.1667 = 0.36
𝑐𝑑

𝑀 76.374∗106
Moment ratio: 𝜇𝑠𝑑 = 𝑏ℎ2𝑠𝑑 = 400∗4002 ∗14.1667 = 0.084
𝑓 𝑐𝑑

Using uniaxial chart 𝑁02 for 𝑣𝑠𝑑 = 0.36, 𝜇𝑠𝑑 = 0.084, ℎ′⁄ℎ = 0.1 → 𝝎 = 𝟎. 𝟎

𝜔 = 0.0

This means 𝐴𝑠,𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 0. But as per the code we should providing 𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 . Therefore 𝐴𝑠,𝑡𝑜𝑡 =
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛

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0.1𝑁𝐸𝑑 0.1 ∗ 816 ∗ 103

= = 204𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑀𝑎𝑥. { 𝑓𝑦𝑑 400
0.002𝐴𝑐 = 0.002 ∗ 400 ∗ 400 = 𝟑𝟐𝟎𝒎𝒎𝟐
𝐴𝑠,𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 𝟑𝟐𝟎𝒎𝒎𝟐
𝐴𝑠,𝑡𝑜𝑡 320
𝑁0 𝜙12𝑚𝑚 bars = = 𝜋(12)2
= 2.83 ≈ 𝑢𝑠𝑒 4𝜙12𝑚𝑚 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠
𝑎𝑠
4

Step 7: Determine the diameter and spacing of transverse reinforcement

6𝑚𝑚
𝜙𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥 ≥ {1⁄ ∗ 𝑚𝑎𝑥. 𝑑𝑖𝑎. 𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑖. 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 = 4𝑚𝑚
4
In our case, we have used 𝜙8𝑚𝑚 . It is ok.
The spacing of the transverse reinforcement along the column should not exceed 𝑠𝑐𝑙,𝑡 𝑚𝑎𝑥
20𝜙𝑙,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 20 ∗ 12𝑚𝑚 = 240𝑚𝑚
𝑠𝑐𝑙,𝑡 𝑚𝑎𝑥 ≤ {𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 = 400𝑚𝑚
400𝑚𝑚
∴Use 𝜙8𝑚𝑚 @ 240𝑚𝑚 𝑐/𝑐 at the Mid-height
In sections within ℎ (larger dimension of the column cross-section) above or below a beam or
slab:
12𝜙𝑙,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 12 ∗ 12 = 144𝑚𝑚
𝑆𝑐𝑙,𝑡𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑀𝑖𝑛 { 0.6𝑏 = 0.6 ∗ 400 = 240𝑚𝑚
240𝑚𝑚
∴Use 𝜙8𝑚𝑚 @ 140𝑚𝑚 𝑐/𝑐 at the beam-column joints and in the lapped zone
A minimum of 3 transverse reinforcements evenly placed in the lap length is required.
Step 8: Determine the distribution of bars in accordance with the charts requirement and
detailing it.

Design RC Columns Page 52