HEALTH AND SAFETY.

Session 1

The passive voice

- Passive voice is used when the focus is on the action. It is not important or not known, however, who or
what is performing the action.
Example: A lot of films are shot on location.
- If you want to say who did the action, use by. We can often say things in two ways, in the active or in the
passive. Compare:
 Batman Begins was directed by Christopher Nolan (= the focus is more on the film)
 Christopher Nolan directed Batman Begins in 2005. (= the focus is more on Nolan)
- We form negatives and questions in the same way as in active sentences.
 Some films aren’t shot on location.
 Is your car being repaired today?
- When rewriting active sentences in passive voice, note the following:
 the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence
 the form of the verb is changed (to be + past participle)
 the subject of the active sentence becomes the agent of the passive sentence (or is dropped)
 Example:

Tense Active Passive

(be+Past Participle -ed/3rd colum of irregular verbs)
Simple Present I write letters Letters are written
Simple Past I wrote letters Letters were written
Future I will write letters Letters will be written
Be going to I am going to write letters Letters are going to be written
Present continuous I am writing letters Letters are being written
Past continuous I was writing letters Letters were being written
Present perfect I have written letters Letters have been written
Past perfect I had written letters Letters had been written

Passive Sentences with Two Objects

Subject Verb Object 1 Object 2

Active: Rita wrote a letter to me.

Passive: A letter was written to me by Rita.

Passive: I was written a letter by Rita.

HEALTH AND SAFETY. Session 2.
HEALTH AND SAFETY. Session 3

Relative clauses
We use relative clauses to give additional information about something without starting another sentence.
By combining sentences with a relative clause, your text becomes more fluent and you can avoid repeating
certain words.
Relative Pronouns.

 Who subject or object pronoun for people.

o I told you about the woman who lives next door.
 Which subject or object pronoun for animals and things.
o Do you see the cat which is lying on the roof?
 Which referring to a whole sentence. A comma is needed to separate both clauses.
o He couldn't read, which surprised me.
 Whose possession for people animals and things.
o Do you know the boy whose mother is a nurse?
 Whom object pronoun for people, especially in non-defining relative clauses (in defining relative clauses
we colloquially prefer who).
o The professor, whom I met at the conference, invited me to a party.
 That subject or object pronoun for people, animals and things in defining relative clauses (who or which
are also possible).
o I don't like the table that stands in the kitchen.

Subject Pronoun or Object Pronoun?

Subject and object pronouns cannot be distinguished by their forms - who, which, that are used for subject and
object pronouns-. You can, however, distinguish them as follows:

 If the relative pronoun is followed by a verb, the relative pronoun is a subject pronoun. Subject pronouns
must always be used.
o The apple which is lying on the table.
o If the relative pronoun is not followed by a verb (but by a noun or pronoun), the relative pronoun
is an object pronoun. Object pronouns can be dropped in defining relative clauses.
o The apple (which) George lay on the table.

Relative Adverbs.

A relative adverb can be used instead of a relative pronoun plus preposition. This often makes the sentence easier
to understand.

 This is the shop in which I bought my bike.→ This is the shop where I bought my bike.
 When (in/on which) refers to a time expression.
o The day when we met him.
 Where (in/at which) refers to a place.
o The place where we met him.
 Why (for which) refers to a reason.
o The reason why we met him.
The passive voice exercises

1.

Answers:

1. …are subtitled by them

2. …was written by García Marquez

3. …is being repaired

4. …hasn’t been released yet

5. won’t be finished until the spring

6. …have to be collected from the box office

7. had not been told about the changes in the script

8. was directed by James Cameron

9. …has already been recorded

10. ….was being interviewed about the film

2. The Passive: Verbs with Two Objects (This time there are two answers)
1. John gave a bar of chocolate to Jill.
a:________________________________________________________________
b:________________________________________________________________
2. I lent a pencil to Graham.
a:________________________________________________________________
b:________________________________________________________________
3. Fiona told the truth to Julian.
a:________________________________________________________________
b:________________________________________________________________
4. They offered the job to Simon.
a:________________________________________________________________
b:________________________________________________________________
5. The boss showed the new computer to Anna.
a:________________________________________________________________
b:________________________________________________________________

2. The Passive: Verbs with Two Objects (This time there are two answers)

1. John gave a bar of chocolate to Jill.

a: A bar of chocolate was given to Jill by John

b: Jill was given a bar of chocolate by John

2. I lent a pencil to Graham.

a: Graham was lent a pencil (by me)

b: A pencil was lent to Graham (by me)

3. Fiona told the truth to Julian.

a: Julian was told the truth by Fiona

b: The truth was told to Julian by Fiona

4. They offered the job to Simon.

a: Simon was offered the job (by them)

b: The job was offered to Simon (by them)

5. The boss showed the new computer to Anna.

a: Anna was shown the new computer by the boss

b: The new computer was shown to Anna by the boss
 Conditionals exercises

1. Exercise. Put in the correct third conditional verb form

1. If you ______________ (not / be) late, we ______________ (not / miss) the bus.
2. If she ______________ (study), she ______________ (pass) the exam.
3. If we ______________ (arrive) earlier, we ______________ (see) John.
4. If they ______________ (go) to bed early, they ______________ (not / wake) up late.
5. If he ______________ (become) a musician, he ______________ (record) a CD.
6. If she ______________ (go) to art school, she ______________ (become) a painter.
7. If I _____________ (be) born in a different country, I ____________ (learn) to speak a different language.
8. If she ______________ (go) to university, she ______________ (study) French.
9. If we ______________ (not / go) to the party, we ______________ (not / meet) them.
10. If he ______________ (take) the job, he ______________ (not / go) travelling.

1. Exercise. Put in the correct third conditional verb form

1. If you hadn’t been (not / be) late, we wouldn’t have missed (not / miss) the bus.

2. If she had studied (study), she would have passed (pass) the exam.

3. If we had arrived (arrive) earlier, we would have seen (see) John.

4. If they had gone (go) to bed early, they wouldn’t have woken (not / wake) up late.

5. If he had become (become) a musician, he would have recorded (record) a CD.

6. If she had gone (go) to art school, she would have become (become) a painter.

7. If I _had been_ (be) born in a different country, I _would have learnt_ (learn) to speak a different
language.

8. If she had gone (go) to university, she _would have studied (study) French.

9. If we hadn’t gone (not / go) to the party, we wouldn’t have met (not / meet) them.

10. If he hadn’t taken (take) the job, he would have gone (not / go) travelling.
2. Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets.

1. we (have) enough time if we wanted to see the castle?

2. In case you (buy) a car, will you teach me to drive?

3. If I (not be) in a hurry, I wouldn't have made so many mistakes.

4. She won't finish it on time if she (not start) right now.

5. She (get angry) if you had told her.

6. On condition that they (support) our product, they would get a discount.

7. Even if I (ask) him, he won't come.

8. Had I driven slowly, I (not crash)

9. It will be a disaster unless they (help) us.

10. If you (have) something to eat, you wouldn't have felt sick.

11. I wouldn't risk it if I (be) you.

12. She would get fat if she (not stop) eating.

13. The chicken wasn't good. It (taste) better if you had put some spices on it.

Answers

1. Would; have

2. buy

3. had not been

4. does not start

5. would have got

6. supported

7. ask

8. would not have crashed

9.help
10. had had

11. were

12. did not stop

13.would have tasted

3. Rewrite the sentences. Use the first, second or third conditional.

I didn´t go to the café so I didn’t see Roger.

_______________________________________________________________________________________
You never check your writing so you make a lot of mistakes.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
He didn´t know she was allergic to fish so he took her to a seafood restaurant.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Let´s run or we´ll miss the bus.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
I have to look after my cousin. Otherwise, I won´t go out with my friends next Saturday.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
He didn´t buy the bike because he didn’t have enough money.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
I passed the exam only because Tom had helped me.
_______________________________________________________________________________________

3. Rewrite the sentences. Use the first, second or third conditional.

I didn´t go to the café so I didn’t see Roger.
If I had gone to the café, I would have seen Roger.
You never check your writing so you make a lot of mistakes.
If you checked your writing, you wouldn’t make a lot of mistakes.
He didn´t know she was allergic to fish so he took her to a seafood restaurant.
If he had known she was allergic to fish, he wouldn’t have taken her to a seafood restaurant.
Let´s run or we´ll miss the bus.
If we don’t run, we will miss the bus
I have to look after my cousin. Otherwise, I won´t go out with my friends next Saturday.
If I don’t look after my cousin, I won´t go out with my friends next Saturday.
He didn´t buy the bike because he didn’t have enough money.
If he had had enough money, he would have bought the bike.
I passed the exam only because Tom had helped me.
If Tom hadn’t helped me, I wouldn’t have passed the exam
 Relative clauses exercises

1. Write who/that/which in the blanks.

a. I met a woman ________________ can speak six languages.
b. What’s the name of the man _____________ lives next door?
c. What’s the name of the river _____________ goes through the town?
d. Everybody _____________ went to the party enjoyed it very much.
e. Do you know anybody _____________ wants to buy a car?
f. Where is the picture _____________ was on the wall?

1. Write who/that/which in the blanks.

a. I met a woman who can speak six languages.

b. What’s the name of the man who lives next door?

c. What’s the name of the river which goes through the town?

d. Everybody who went to the party enjoyed it very much.

e. Do you know anybody who wants to buy a car?

f. Where is the picture that was on the wall?

2. Complete the sentences using one of the words provided.

1 - Can you name man ___ was America's first president?
whose where which who
2 - Can you name the country ___ was the birthplace of Mozart?
which where whose who
3 - Can you name British singer ___ sang 'Imagine'?
who whose which where
4 - Can you name the basektball team ___ Michael Jordan won 6 NBA titles with?
whose which where
5 - Can you name the country ___ Mount Everest can be found?
where whose which who
6 - Can you name artist ___ famous painting is called 'The Girl with the Pearl Earring'?
where whose which who
7 - Can you name scientist ___ discovered radiation?
whose which who where
8 - Can you name the city ___ Barack Obama was born?
where whose which who
9 - Can you name the actress ___ real name was Norma Jeane?
who which where whose
10 - Can you name the country ___ is well known for the tango dance?
where who whose which
 2. Complete the sentences using one of the words provided.

1 - Can you name man was America's first president?

whose where which who

2 - Can you name the country was the birthplace of Mozart?

which where whose who

3 - Can you name British singer sang 'Imagine'?

who whose which where

4 - Can you name the basektball team Michael Jordan won 6 NBA titles with?

whose which where

5 - Can you name the country Mount Everest can be found?

where whose which who

6 - Can you name artist famous painting is called 'The Girl with the Pearl Earring'?

where whose which who

7 - Can you name scientist discovered radiation?

whose which who where

8 - Can you name the city Barack Obama was born?

where whose which who

9 - Can you name the actress real name was Norma Jeane?

who which where whose

10 - Can you name the country is well known for the tango dance?

where who whose which

3. Join the sentences using who or which.

a. We chose the hotel. It seemed to be the nicest. We chose the hotel which seemed to be the nicest.
b. She spoke to the man. He was standing next to her.
_________________________________________________________________________________
c. I read the letters. They came in the morning post.
_________________________________________________________________________________
d. He likes the other people. They work in his office.
_________________________________________________________________________________
e. She’s that singer. She was on television last night.
_________________________________________________________________________________
f. Next week there is a festival. It happens in the village every summer.
_________________________________________________________________________________
g. I paid the bills. They came yesterday.
_________________________________________________________________________________
3. Join the sentences using who or which.

a. We chose the hotel. It seemed to be the nicest. We chose the hotel which seemed to be the nicest.

b. She spoke to the man. He was standing next to her.

She spoke to the man who was standing next to her

c. I read the letters. They came in the morning post.

I read the letters which came in the morning post

d. He likes the other people. They work in his office.

He likes the other people who work in this office _

e. She’s that singer. She was on television last night.

She’s that singer who was on television last night

f. Next week there is a festival. It happens in the village every summer.

Next week there is a festival which happens in the village every summer

g. I paid the bills. They came yesterday.

I paid the bills that came yesterday