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    The Amazing Musical Instruments

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    Gemma Cadogan

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    ial Your. Guide to the Orchestrg fF Tee SOUNDS AND Srorics ee 1° Genevieve Helsby Dente eo ruse Scanned with CamScanner Musical Instrument Families Instruments are grouped into “families.” Like any other family, an instrument family has members with certain things in common. People in a human family sometimes look or sound similar; it’s the same with instruments. When these four musical families come together, they become an orchestra: Strings err TT Te all ave stings all originally wade of wood Violin Viola Flute Cello Oboe Double bass Clarinet Bassoon Leet (ol) all are struck or shaien to make @ sowed Lowch!) all usually made of brass Trumpet Trombone French horn Tuned percussion instruments produce exact pitches Untuned percussion instruments produce irregular pitches tll are tubes for Henig dows (Ohad erealer the una) But these families have some odd relatives. Did you know that there's “heckelphone? ‘What about an “ophicleide"?! There are even strange, electronic instruments, Have you heard of an “ondes martenot” before? Ora “theremin*? In the next few pages, all will be revealed Scanned with CamScanner vonanposuy Bi vononponyy What is an orchestra? ‘An orchestra is a fantastic fusion ‘of musical sounds! The orchestra itself is one giant instrument. The conductor "plays" this instrument, controlling it, molding it, guiding it, making it louder, softer, faster, slower. yy a composer. This music is like an 's partis like a piece of the puzzle, The orchestra performs music written b; ture in sound. enormous jigsaw puzzle: every musician's {itting perfectly with all the rest to create a pict When we just say “orchestra,” we mean the big symphony orchestra that grew up in Europe over 250 years 260. her well. And in the 18th for the The word “symphony” means sounds that go toget century, composers started writing pieces called “symphonies” orchestra to play. \ A= — Hear the instruments! Click “Orchestra Sound to hear examples of the whole orchestra playi together. Scanned with CamScanner uonanposjuy a Seating Plan When the orchestra comes together, the families each have a particular place to sit. I's very organized! Can you imagine the chaos if it weren't? Here is a common seating plan for the orchestra: Gamelan orchestras Genscan foarte are are 5 rion aso ch | GPC Monme omelets Meer Ast) Chinese drum and gong orchestras, African drumming, ‘groups, Vietnamese cout orchestras, Jewish klezmen POSS unum koi else py ny IMiersensrecneiinsnsotor ula! resale nsIs0y) t Cisiere ate nes ani Gist Clee) cd | string orchestras (ust string instroments)) Scanned with CamScanner E Sound uoponposquy uonsnposuy Different musical instruments make a whole variety of Noises. But they all have one basic thing in common: they produce sound. Vibration Sound fs all about vibration (something ‘moving). If you strike a saucepan lid, the ‘noise you hear is made by the saucepan lid vibrating. if you blow on a blade of grass, that squeaky sound you get is because you've made the grass vibrate. So, if you bow or pluck the strings of @ violin, they vibrate and that produces 2 sound. f you blow down an oboe, the ait vibrates down its tube and that produces sound. The sounds are diferent instrument's body. it's i It doesn’t match anyo leach person’s body is, The faster the vibra- tion, the higher the sourd. The slower the vibration, the lower the souncl Scanned with CamScanner KUT KUL \Fa string is long, the sound is tow. Ifa string is short, the sound is high. Wa tube is long, the sound is tow. if a tube is short, the sound is high. Size ‘Small instruments are higher pitched (have higher sounds) and big instruments are lower-pitched (have lower sounds). Ths is ‘because ofthe instrument's body. Sound Waves These vibrations ereate what are called "sound waves.” Sclentists can actually measure these sound waves and show them as a picture. Each instrument produces a particular kind of sound, So the shapes of the waves are alla bit diferent: CLARINET PIANO. ‘TRUMPET The vibration that you've created by blowing, plucking, striking. Fesonates somewhere before it ‘comes out a a sound. This lets the sound grow and develop Higher sounds don’t need so much room to develop, and the instruments are small (like the piccolo). Lower sounds need a lot of room to develop, and the instruments are large (like the enormous tuba, the double bass, ‘or the bass drum), Scanned with CamScanner uonsnpo. uy THE STRINGS eyow knop Te shape of the violin family Instruments is 2 bit ike the female body (without the arms and legs!) Many of ts parts have the same names 05, aris ofthe human body: belly, neck, back, shoulders, String instruments have always been beautiful - to see and to hear. They have a stylish, elegant shape. Good violin aren't built by machines like Identical cars in a factory: each one is crafted by hand out of top-quality wood and carefully varnished, Old instruments were sometimes even decorated with beautiful patterns. ai Scanned with CamScanner ore you kng Sometimes, when a player attacks the strings for loud, dramatic music, the bow starts losing hair! Sometimes you see one dangling from a player> bow in the middle of a concert before he or she yanks it off completely, i doesn't really matter: there are plenty more hairs, so you don't hear the difference. A bow would never {g0 bald in just one concert! Nobody Is sure when the first string instruments appeared. In cave paintings thousands of years old, it looks os though hunters may have discovered that their bows and arrows could do more than kill animals. A hunter might have plucked the string of his hunting bow for amusement. Then perhaps he discovered that if he made the string shorter, the note was higher; and if he drew another bow across the original bow, It produced a noise. What an exciting discovery! Today There are two distinct groups of string instruments. 4) Bowed: You draw a bow across the strings (violin, viola, cello, double bass). 2) Plucked: You pluck the strings with your fingers (harp, guitar) or a little piece of plastic called ap (guitar, mandolin). The violin, viola, cello and dou! bass can also be plucked Aharpist plucking the strings The shorter & thinter the ting, the higher the note All have these basic things in common: The longer & thicker the string, the lower the note. © There are strings made of a material that will produce a sound. ° ice to are activated by something (fingers, a pick or 9 ow). © A hollow box is put under the strings to make the sound louder. © The length and tension of the strings affects how high or low the Notes are. (“Tension” is how tight or slack they are.) On all instruments except the harp, the player's fingers “stop” the Strings. This means that the fingers press down at different points on the strings to alter the length used for playing: when the strings are then bowed or plucked, different notes are produced. Scanned with CamScanner The Violin Family The violin, viola, cello and double bass are full-time members of the orchestra. They are known as the “violin family,” since they all look quite similar. Bodily features ‘Arched "belly" and back. Gently curved shoulders Holes in an "I" shape for the Carved scroll above (except for the double bass). sound to come out of the peg box. Makers Italy was the center of violin making in the 1600s: whole families became famous for it. They crafted their instruments using the finest materials they could find in their quest for the most beautiful sound. The Amati and Guarneri families were the talk of Cremona, along with Antonio Stradivari and his family. The end of the bow where you hold it,is called the (Mr Stradivari lived to 90 and made ‘ver 1,000 top-quality violin, violas, ‘and cellos, Today, his instruments are stil the most desirable of al. The amazing thing about these high: lass string instruments. is. thal, Unlike most things, they get better as, they get older! They're worth more ‘and more money 2s time goes on. Lee Sete ea eon eri Ses Scanned with CamScanner E Suns ou. uonse: Construction of the Instruments sa icc Ie the sound esas ye hf sings? Thee cold ft be one Mervin rngond wos othe sme ob tit tei soicl oped vonin once" te srkleebek The bow dann ses sige te Sting plea ih hight ep emachenser a meas YOU ly orice suing: Years wre ot oe Ieioe emigng se ood, Yost nerdy voy mae fet rots one ty owing the bow ass ore than 10) Telefon ese oop te slge , te sing, Thi called double eripestoppng, nthe get lr nates tor tecnchosca aon cy Tarte nore 044 one out Lucha ee elton neat Bows re important too BO ti bow wh ren anaes Sgreenaeecta tte sonarocaatis | mmretes bo, min Peter cate soe . horsehalron a sticks pretty of a pool cue with chalk eat op fsa er tot ‘easy to make, but no! Good chalk prevents the cue from Tate peda ht pers can each ove hem smoot onesare expensive. They are slipping. on the bal, rosin (itor nunng tena? ‘ Wait and exe end help prevents the. bow rom snace To produce the bet Ripping onthe srngs. ‘yay of sound the’ bow tnt grip ihe firings ané-make them = oa s Sarees eee ti vate seed ee smarts Vota ee Seroltwith Lining them up. tuning pegs Teint setae. tt bows gone Vila ow) “EI —> sae Vila bow RE peer (9b? rns poo Cerin) Double bass bow PE Sener Dero osina? er Scanned with CamScanner Special Effects String instruments have an incredible range of expression. That's why composers have always loved writing music for them. They can sing beauty, shriek angrily or da any of the following clever things wonsas UIs 241 Pizticato: Plucking - this Is used 9 lot Vibrato: Used nearly all the time - the finger wobbles backwards and forwards very fast on the string to make the note sound richer and more atvactive Double/triple-stopping: Playing mote than one note at atime, to make 9 chord Teemolo:_ “Trembling” - the bow is shaken very quickly backwards and forwards on the sting, The effect can be frightening or exciting, Splecato: short, bouncy strokes played atthe midle ofthe bow. Ricochet: the bow is basically thrown atthe string (but in 2 controlled ‘way, without letting go!) so that it rebounds sharply. Sul ponticelo: Playing very ne sound: 1 bridge, which gives a creepy but crisp Col egno: The wooden stick ofthe bow Is struck against the strings, The sound is quite harsh, ‘Muted: smal piece of rubber - the “mute” - is placed on top of the brie. lt makes the sound quleter and more muffled ean change the whole mood of 3 piece. tern Ten se dog te rid whe pt ples ‘makes the sound snoop up (or down depending which oa the fingers slide). ° Penne Harmonics: Al specific places onthe sting wine the bow i plled acres hollow ringing sound, 2 the finger just touches lightly: 8 the string it makes @ magical, ©) Are bows really made of horsehair? CY) Yest Horses in northern climates have stronger tail hair, so Siberian horses are great for bows, But hairs are taken from horses that are already dead, ‘and the horses are not killed for it. Scanned with CamScanner Strings in the Orchestra The leader of the whole orchestra Percussion = i [Bassoons | “°mbones is a string player: Clarinets , zp a first violinist. ear ee rib ee Flutes Umpet Conductor Members of the string family (shown above) form the heart of the orchestra: they Surround the conductor and like to keep busy. Just 2s 2 body would be dead without a beating heart an orchestra would be dead without a liely string section! A typical orchestra today has: + but this varies a fo: it depends on 16 first violins the piece of music, the size of the 14 second violins concert platform, and the conductor's 12 violas preference, Some orchestral pieces 10 cellos may include the harp, guitar, or 8 double basses, ‘mandolin 133 = String trios Playing Together - Chamber Music The string section of the orchestra (not including the harp) Is ‘unique: all the instruments are basically the same. They vary in T size, So they range in sound - from very high to very low. But nn Wy = String quartets they blend perfecily together because they are all builtin the ‘same way and have the same sort of sound, So outside the symphony orchestra, there are many “chamber” pieces written just for them, ee + + = String quintets ap 5 Hear the +e + : DD ~ sing sexes lee reent ’ Click String Sound wis wb. 33.8 - .S a sya violas syeclos v2 double bosses Scanned with CamScanner uonsas SUIS ONL fe The Violin Leader of the Pack scroll Tuning peg fingerboard neck soundboard tailpiece chin vest wooden stick frog Scanned with CamScanner 7 3 = ‘2 2 Overall é ° The violin is a jack of all trades: singing, shouting, leaping around, whispering, whining, making 3 a $ sounds that are high and wispy, low and gutsy, warm and mellow, soft and silky, shrill and ‘oud... it can do anything, and loves to be the center of attention! It’s the highest and most agile member of the string family. For over three centuries, many people have seen the violin as the most extraordinary and beautiful instrument ever invented. The great physicist Abert Einstein was o GP0d ond etchusiastic Violinist: he plasyect chowber music eral It’s at home in a whole variety of situations (Solo music, orchestral music, chamber music, folk, pop, world, jazz) and takes up its role of concertmaster quite happily. toueht the i L From around 1600 to today, the violins have ght the instrament, been at the heart of the orchestra. Bat perhaps he wasn't that goods | opparentty | ik a rehearsal of a Hayde string guartet, he file for the lowe Ye fo beg playing his part od the correct tise. So the cellist looked up anc said, “The problene with you, Albert, is that yom sinaply cain’) come,” Nana nee eee an TT agth century that people thought he was in league with the devil They couldn't uyderstand how he could play so spectacularly, er effects (pizzicato, harmonics etc.) He would ory j even wow audifnces with tricks, such as playing a really difficult piece on one string, having snapped off the other three on purpose! Scanned with CamScanner Violins in the Orchestra Today top-quality aE met ‘clarineteyyy (Ba88GONS Senna | cost) [Fates Ex many thesans Violas, G Cellos Conductor The violin section is the largest in the orchestra: there are often around 30. They're divided into first violins (playing the highest parts) and second violins (playing lower parts). The first violinist, called the concertmaster, leads the orchestra, and sits at the front. In a concert, the concertmaster comes on stage separately, just before the conductor, and gets a round of applause. In some ways, you might think it's easiest to be a violinist: there are so many people around you playing the same thing that if you were to go wrong, nobody would really notice. And if you couldn't play it, perhaps you could just pretend! Right? COR LTM cosy ) Wrong! Miming on a violin isn't easy: the bow ends up touching the string and making sounds you weren't planning for. And although you don't stand out as much as the wind players, the challenge is for everyone to play perfectly together. AS soon as one person is slightly off, the sound becomes messy and the orchestra immediately stops sounding professional In the 1780s a Frenchman called Frangois Tourte made a brilliant bow which matched Stradivari's brilliant violins. His bow was thinner, longer ‘and more flexible. It became the model for all others. Violins are given a lot of wonderful, soaring melodies: the visual effect of 30 bows rushing up and down at exactly the same time, producing 2 full and satisfying sound, is very dramatic, The koncertmaster may also be given a (oe the clear, sweet Sound of the violin can be heard right above thi: orchestra Scanned with CamScanner The Viola The Indispensable Undlercloc) uonses 3upis out “Viola” Is proncunceg vye-orlah” (even though "viola pronounce) “yye-orlin” and gt “vee-o-in"!) serall feaning peg horse hair soundboard wooden stick The Bow The viola is not just a middle instrument, but is the center of gravity, Yuri Bashmet, famous solo viola player chin ees! (ro Scanned with CamScanner So, is the viola just “a big violin”? No! The poor viola has struggled with this label for years. Viola players hate it because it suggests that they're simply violinists with a clumsy, oversized instrument stuck under their chin. uonses Sus oy f | Overall | | In fact, the viola looks like a big violin and you play itin the exactly the same way. Many violinists, even famous ones, have had a stab at performing on it. But in the end, it needs an expert. It's a deep and soulful instrument which produces a very different character of sound from that of the violin AAC Tn Size: The viola is bigger than a violin, The exact size has never been agreed on, so each viols varies a tiny bit, Because the viola's register (the range of notes it can play) is in between those of the violin and cello, la music is written using a special clef called the “alto clef.” It makes sure the notes are easy to read and don't fall off the staff. ‘The wood ‘wood, 50 i the same thickness as the vialin's a thinner instrument for its sie. The strings are longer and abitthicker, so they sound darker and less delicate than a violins The bow of the viola is shorter and heavier. If the notes for the viola were written in the treble clef, lke they are for the violin, a lot of them would be reaching down from the bottom, like this: Longer strings and 3 larger fingerboard mean big stretches for the fingers. If they were written in the bass clef, like they are for the cello, a lot of them would be climbing Up on extra little lines, like this: se ees Challenge The viola has never become a popular solo instrument, despite having a few star players. Its sound isn't as bright a8.a violin’s or as rich as a cello’s. So, when the spotlight’s shining and the pressure’s on, it’s a challenge to stop it from sounding like a violin with 2 frog in its throat. So, to make things easier to read, you get this: Scanned with CamScanner Violas in the Orchestra - Percussion Clarinets sassdons| © ’OMbores a af es) (Flutes: Oboes Tine 183 Horr® . and 3 ‘violins: Gor fast ' Violins Conductor Violas are middle-men: they fill in the notes between the higher violins and the lower cellos. The orchestra needs them, but you'd need really good ears to pick out the violas when all the strings are playing, There are usually 12 violas in a symphony orchestra, They sit right in front of the conductor, in between the violins and cellos. foeart, Haydi anc two other composers used to spend many evenings playing string quartets together. For these, hoeart aluays played the viola part: he lect to be ight in the waiddle of the wassic Viola d’a The viola d'amore (meaniig “viola of love”) is differen from the regular viola I's an early instrument that was popular in the +7th and #8th centuries. Belonging to the viol family, it has sloping shoulders, like the double bass, and more strings than a modern viola. But i's stil held under the chin. In the 2oth century, it became popular again and has had pieces written specifically for! Scanned with CamScanner The Violoncello (“Cello”) Rich Uncle of the String, Fauaily scroll hi neck fingerboarcl string soundboard belly bridge {hole wooden stic! The cello is like a beautiful woman who has not grown older but younger with time, more slender, more supple, more graceful. Pablo Casals, famous cellist tailpiece Scanned with CamScanner Overall The cello can sing like a human being. It sounds warm and deep, and communicates feelings and emotions just like a singer does. Bigger than the violin and viola but smaller than the double bass, it sits in the orchestra with authority. Cellists generally don’t compete with each other (which the violinists sometimes do) but simply enjoy playing together. Cellos in the Orchestra Percussion Teor Clarinets") [Bassoons ombones: r re ‘Oboes Tr ba Flutes s ] “Se, and Violas tins Violi Sag Conductor ‘An orchestra normally has about 10 cellos, Being low-pitched, they often provide a necessary bass line in the music. But sometimes they get great passionate melodies to enjoy, which sweep magnificently through the rest of the orchestra, Sometimes the cellos swap places with the second violins, so that they sit between the first violins and violas. This can give an interesting stereo effect. But in that position, the second violins end up being angled away from the audience: their sound holes point the wrong way and people can't hear them very well. So nosmally, the cellos sit at the front, opposite the first violins and to the right of the conductor - as above. Senile one The cello developed in the 15005 with the violin, as part of the “violin family.” So all the famous Italian violin makers (iike Amati and Stradivasi) made cellos too. ————— Scanned with CamScanner uonaes Zug 841 extended bolton string Double Bass Burly Bedrock of the Orchestra seroll with metal tuning keys tip belly horse hair wooden ste bridge frog If chocolate could sing, it would sound like the double bass. Gary Karr, double bass soloist and showman tailpiece Scanned with CamScanner Overall The double bass is enormous! This giant of the string section would definitely not fit under your chin or between your knees. If you tried either, you'd probably be in pain for a long time afterwards... The bass is taller than a person and wider than a wheelbarrow. It's amazing that anyone chooses to drag it around to rehearsals and concerts, only to be stuck on the outskirts of the orchestra playing all the bottom notes But bass players are happy doing what they do! They are at the edge of the orchestra - but they perch on high stools and can look over the top of everyone else. And the instrument isn’t quite as heavy as you'd think. Don’t forget that the wooden body is hollow. Inside, it's all air The double basses are sometimes called “the wardrobes” - because they line up like tall Double Basses in the Orchestra the name “double bass” is often shortened to just “bass.” wardrobes along the edge Percussion of the orchestra! clarinets Bassoons’ Mbones wi Oboes Th bg est (tes 0 rinse yor? 3 arrans) | Views © ast CF Avion Cellos Conductor Pretty tunes are all very well, but they need support. There are normally eight double basses in a symphony orchestra, and they give solid support beneath everyone else's ups and downs. They do have tunes to play sometimes, but not very often. The powerful low notes are fantastic: they can ICOM OLN e yy make the hairs on the back of your neck stand on end. tf you're very near the instrument, you can even feel the vibration. In the 18th century there was a composer called Carl Ditters von Dittersdorf. Today, he's remembered for his good double bass music and his funny name. Double basses can also bring a piece of music to life, dancing rhythmically underneath the higher melodies. Scanned with CamScanner I pillar of collate The Harp Heavenly Guest of Honor neck string (4% of ese, & taixture of eylon. ght, anc wetal) Harp strings have different colors depending on their note: AIL "C strings are red, and all “F* strings are black. This helps the harpist find them quickly. soundboard wooden frame The harp is special. It has a delicate, angelic sound, as if it has come from another world: For this reason, it's been linked with heaven - i music, paintings and books. Scanned with CamScanner i 2 | | 2 | z Overall a @ The harp is in a world of its own. It’s a string | 2 i instrument, but it’s completely different from 3 HLA IASHaE vols, viola, cello and double bass. wos ee ai saab different, it’s played differently, and its history | SUT is unconnected with those instruments. er eras It’s thousands of years old. There were harps in Ancient Egypt: we know this because they feature in cave paintings. It spread across the world, and many countries and cultures made their own versions of the same instrument. The concert harp (the type used in orchestras and pictured on the opposite page) has a triangular wooden frame with strings stretched from top to bottom and pedals on the base. Harps in the Orchestra Percussion clarinets”) [Bassoons | °Mbones I re Oboes) Toby > T= co fo and Brome) py a 4st Violins Cellos Conductor You won't always see harps in the orchestra, because not every piece needs them. When they are there, their unusual, silvery sound comes floating through with a kind of magical effect. There might be just one harp, perhaps two. When Wagner wrote for six of them in his Ring cycle (a gigantic work containing four operas and lasting for hours!) he was, as usual, asking for more than most composers. As for Berlioz, demanding 10 in his Damnation of Faust... that's just greedy! The harp is sometimes used in wedding receptions, restaurants and hotels to create a kind of luxurious atmosphere for the guests. Scanned with CamScanner The Guitar Popular Spaniard wonses 3ujys oy, a The most famous guitar concerto is Concierto de Aranjuez by the blind Spanish composer Rodrigo. QO c heck YY x K fusing peg oF wainehne bead {vet sound hole bridge soundboard The guitar is a small orchestra... every string | is a different color, a different voice. Andrés Segovia, legendary classical guitarist —— Scanned with CamScanner Overall The guitar's main claim to fame is that it gets everywhere! It's in pop, rock, heavy metal, jazz, folk, and more than happy to go solo. There are two main types of guitar. Acoustic guitars Electric guitars This group includes the classical guitar These are a modern, 2oth- century development. They (pictured on the opposite page), which have a slimmer body and no big round sound hole. has been around for centuries. It's al- When the strings are plucked, they vibrate over tiny ways been a popular instrument in Spain. coils of wire on magnets. This creates an electrical Many famous guitar makers and players signal which is passed through an amplifier and comes have been Spanish. The famous Italian blasting out of speakers. It’s not the kind of guitar violin maker Stradivari also made guitars Paganini knew about! It's used in rock and pop bands. and mandolins. How do you play it? All acoustic guitars have a hollow, “s*-shaped body of varnished wood in varying shades. There’s a big round hole to help the sound (instead of the f-holes on the violin-family instruments). Highs & Lows pitch range on A uitar is always plucked (or sometimes strummmed) ~ there's not a bow in sight. You hold it across your body diagonally, so that your left hand can press the strings on the fingerboard and your right hand can pluck the strings with the fingers or a pick. The guitar's fingerboard is divided horizontally into sections by thin strips of metal called “frets,” This makes it easy to find notes on the strings and snoote therefore to play chords - which guitarists do a lot. | 2 s 3 3 2 2 5 z a Hear the instruments! Click Guitar Sound under “Strings” Electric guitar Scanned with CamScanner THE WOODWINDS Each woodwind instrument makes 23 distinct sound. All are tubes with keys for the fingers and somewhere for the mouth to blow, but they sound completely different! Long Ago ‘Woodwind instruments have been around for centuries. Our ancestors may have blown nto Shells or hallow bis of wood to make sounds nd fules were certainly present in prehistoric ‘umes, made rom animal bone The Family Members The flute, oboe, clarinet and bassoon are ke the Piccolo baby fue; sounds primary colors fr an artist (he composer) to use They higher fe the basic sounds avaiable in a symphony orchestra But adding extra instruments ~ and therefore extra | colors -makes things even more intresting English hoon also koown as “cor angle an enlarges ‘oboe; sounds lower clarinet a big deep voiced ‘larne, th the Boom bent upwards and the top bent downwards Comteabessoon “double bassoon” — nearly twenty feet of tube felded ino four parts, sounds lower than ‘bassoon Saxophone the streetwise “My Cool” ofthe woodiind family EESTI) Scanned with CamScanner How is the sound made? orche, ye Sting ‘ All woodwind instruments are just lubes with holes! To supply the “wind,” the player blows: So white string players have safety in numbers - and feel supported during difficult passages - there are fewer woodwind instruments in a typical orchestra, Therefore @ woodwind player needs to be calm under pressure to make sure he or she doesn’t mess up the solos! Across a hole (lute) Down a hole (recorder) On a reed (clarinet, oboe, bassoon) This makes waves of air vibrate down the tube and come out at the other end as sound. Air comes out through any open key holes too. COVER HOLES Pd. The sound of woodwinds is actually TUBE affected by the size and shape of AIRIN——B> ss the player's mouth. All players work ms to adjust the shape to produce the ‘AIR best tone. Holes down the length of a tube can~ be covered and uncovered to make Construction of the Instruments different notes. Most woodwinds are, in fact, made of wood, but there are a couple of rebels: The longer the tube , the lower the note. Flutes were made of wood years ago, but now are usually made of metal. Saxophones are made of brass. But because they have a mouthpiece with a reed, they belong to | the woodwind section (and are often played | by clarinetists). The shorter the tube, the higher the note Scanned with CamScanner Clarinet reed Saxophone reed Bassoon reed Oboe reed Reeds Clarinets, saxophones, oboes and bassoons use reeds to produce their sound. The clarinet ieingls reed ‘and saxophone have a “single reed”; oboes ‘and bassoons have a “double reed.” The type Thesimplcst sort ones Meares ‘of reed affects the sound, and must suit both Baan othe nathan the player and the instrument. outhpiece by a metal band. ed vibrates against i ou thpiece. d N kng Reeds don’t last forever! After a reed has been used a few times itis likely to split When that happens, the player will buy or make anew one. of cane with a base instrument. The two livers vibrate against each other wh blows on their ends. — Scanned with CamScanner Alike? Not really! ist glance, look very similar. din The oboe and clarinet, at fit But although they're both black tubes covere silver keys, they're quite different wonseg pulmpoom ayy. Clarinet Oboe Double reed Single reed Body is cylindrical Body is more conical- iB the same width all the | like a cone: gets wider way down until the bell towards the bottom | Smooth, thick sound Grassy, thin sound Invented in the Its ancestor (shawm) 38th century dates back to the agth century Used in jazz Never used in jazz Special Effects Double-tongu blesonguing: This s a way of playing fast notes, and Players often do it by quickly mauthing TK-T-K" down the instrument Huttertonguing: Mainly forthe fue, sometimes the slarnet, thsi a fluttering kind of sound made by tiling the tongue as you py. The player rolls an Re uth the tongle behind the teeth. Mibrato: This is where the note is made to wobble ‘Just slightly, making the sound a bit corpse ficher You do this ether by usngyoor the flute was known ae ihe ile muscle a the bot Paratha a lungs) or. tom ip Pee ee Upard down sgh, Weg uch ts ue! eo epends onthe instrument 2: wel 2s He didd'!” in Ge " Player's style and the music being playe¢- Glisa do: A swooping effec, up or down Scanned with CamScanner Woodwinds in the Orchestra eye" kno» Percussion players prefer not to be too close to the brass in the orchestra: their ears get blasted and they can’t hear what they're doing! Conductor Like the animals in Noah's Ark, woodwind instruments have often gone ‘two-by-two. Particularly for late-18th-century music, it's aormal to find pairs of woodwind instruments in the orchestra (two flutes, two clarinets, two bassoons, two oboes). These days it varies, but a typical line-up is: 2 flutes + 1 piccolo 2 oboes + 1 english horn 2 clarinets +1 bass clarinet 2 bassoons + 4 contrabassoon The four main instruments - flute, oboe, ‘As the woodwind players sit behind the clarinet, bassoon - are very different strings, they're further away from the from each other, but all make good solo conductor and have to watch carefully. But instruments. just one can sound clearly their sound doesn't have any trouble in right through the orchestra when itis given floating right over the top of te strings and 3 melody of its own to play. So orchestral ‘across to the audience. pieces are stacked with great woodwind solos! Playing Together - Chamber Music Woodwind instruments often play together in groups, especially in wind quintets. These are for flute, oboe, clarinet, bassoon - and French horn. The French horn is officially a brass instrument, but it blends ‘well with the woodwind instruments, Hear the _ instruments! Click Sound under” “Woodwind” Scanned with CamScanner The Flute The Family's Finest Flutterer The flute has 16 keys ver 16 holes. Pressing ‘certain keys wil make two or three other keys £0 down too, Flutes in the Orchestra ‘Percussion Clrinets~) [8aetoone) "®hiboey . saa Mab o> EEE ons) Se, ae A OF tt ator Voting 4 worth hole, lp plode The flute is not an instrument which has a good moral effect. Itis too exciting, Asta, ncient Greek philosopher Like the other woodwind instrament, the ate gts alt of solos. ‘They are often fat and ively, the flute scurying around ikea litle bird The flte can also make # so, hauating sound when it plays ioe notes, but these arn't so powerful ‘They're best used in sic without anorchet, ‘Tere ae gentler, more wandering solos f00 Tike the famous opening of Debussy Preluse 8 Foprés mc dun faune ("Prelude tothe ‘Alteroan of 9 Foun") Overall Ih ae soe of te eset sume the worl oe back oie Stone Age, tno or tree milton years ago Meapk dant eg that they node hls n es of ing ee ‘hel, they could tow down tem an prods ae The flute plays @ starring role in Mozart's opera The Magic Flute. Tee dp, lt hig et a es, th thy mt body and keys he ate _ Seay or aon wit oH eh Bete 7 4 eine Ue op oe ecru ay we Heol he eg apene hase oy aul goon or ever god taster ake ~ Glick Flute Sound the word, But no instru der “Woodwind” .sillndexpenenee ee often called sound 51's the esis thing in “flautists.” ‘ents thot easy i takes practi Scanned with CamScanner ved The Oboe The Dulcet Duck It's not so much the “school” but the player's character and personality which make the sound. Heine Holliger, famous oboist Pes wth doe red Poet arog vend te hen the oboe ance ented trope tae, cies sau bell There's a keyon the oboe eed 2 "banana key" —_ it saves the right hand's ite finger fom eaching further do? to get a low note aS ear Prokofiev ‘ick Oboe Sound under “Woodwind” Overall Bright wistful and crystat clear, the sound of the oboe makes you stop and listen, Is not particularly loud, but its ound Seems to cut through the rest ofthe orchestra and insist on being heard, I's particularly good at playing sad music. Ins fomous lee Peer od he Wo the composer Prete eld tat he oboe would eine dk terse obosts ive pate with pone aye erie sends ihe Tis igh raa a Feet ound, stoma pay Secon tne bayou fv tue your inalor Ahsaboe say much, much rove Beat than duck rch Roweve led he Pecussion ema be Wombanes Oboes in the Orchestra cvnets > Basboane ie Mm, Rn, ot Oy SF / Wns cates, Tuning he sund of he reese “tuning up very ey 0 ecoanae: al rumen plying molly oe le, Inorctetal ces, the oboe at round ‘Merblant prongs ou ap aaa seeing tard ‘toes aeeaeg o once ibe ohoe thes The word Se'iaks the echesta oboe" comes on mah she soe from the Frene “snpime mean 1) 2 Energie When is og nt fy in fb Yemen bt eapeiy wih eb word "hautbos, = ‘meaning “high wood en i alo energy. Ws We » Ble pe the oboe isa high ‘ning fork ‘ering ac, ih lied ay pltched instrument nade out ol wood. Scanned with CamScanner The Clarinet Cool Cat olf the elarinet ep joint Itmay have been called a “clarinet” because its top notes sounded a bit like a trumpet. A “clarion” was an early trumpet - and “clarionet” means “litte trumpet.” ley beHow joict The American fim ‘recor Wondy Allen s ® good jazz linet, He ha his onn New Otleansjze Band belt { Overall The clarinet is quite a young instrument. It was invented in about 1700. That might seem lke slong time ago ie 9 longtime ago ~ but tes, ‘oboes and bassoans had been tolling away Tor years by that time. Like the violin in the string family, the clarinet is the most versatile member of the woodwind Clorinets can express themselves very well their tow notes (very low!) are dark and moody; their high notes (very high!) are bright and shall. They canbe hushed and meliow, of loud and penetrating, Overall, he sound is smoath snd veWvety. fom. The meaos that ean make lots of llerent sounds and whiar around all over the pace ~ fom top to bottom, potom to top ~ perhaps with few twnddles along the way. The sound produced on fhe elanet is scaly affected by the shape and size of the player's mouth, Clarinets in the Orchestra Pereson eo ott ities oon) a, Be S) [Vine eter My, Waibones by Conductor There ae usually two clarinets in an orchestra, often with a bass clarinet (ihe low one, shown under "Other Clarinets,” page 72). The fist clarinet will generally have the solos, and the second wil il out he sound ang Suppor the frst Like al woodnind iatruments, the clarinet les its solo moments, ‘whether the solos are fast and flshy oF slow and fxpressive. doth demand 2big breath rom tne player ~ and 00d control of that breath a it comes out Scanned with CamScanner bell The Bassoon “Tua not a clown) reed bs joist There once was a brainy baboon, Who always breathed down a bassoon, For he said, “It appears That in billions of years | shall certainly hit on a tune.” {ara Pound, pet Overall Ieimight be a bass instrument, but the bassoon does more than bumble ‘along 2 bass ine. It gues the underneath of pieces 2 special character When i's combined with cellos, for example, its low, dey sound makes the bottom line sting and ful of character. Some people have ssid the bassoon sounds ike an jboe with» cold, but tha's 2 bit mean in is middle Fegister (when its playing a bit higher vp, it has 2 fovely singing sound - lke the human tenor voice. Thonks to thot, it gets some satisfying solos to ply. I's not 9 show-off, but I's quietly confident about what Itcan do ‘There are normaly a coupe of bassoon in the brchestra, and they have two main roles: 4) "Doubling" bass lines The cellos might have ‘line of music inthe bass whch the Bassoons Will play a5 well, making i sound stronger. 2) Solos: When it's not playing very low down, ihe bassoon makes 2 smooth and gentle Solo ‘Tere’ algo 2 contabassoon, which you ean meet under “Other Bassoons." Ths 1 really Tow I's le the foots of 2 tee, Supporting everyone ese Bassoons in the Orchestra TPerRaion ‘condetor Whenit goes even higher, itean sound asf t's crying. Wt can go surprisingly hgh for sucha bg instrument. Stravinsky gives its op notes 2 real workout atthe beginning ois Rite of Spring. Hear The Rite of Spri ~ Click Bassoon “Sound under -"Woodwin ‘4 The battoon got 9 name forse 35 9 bitofacown It con sound quite funny ‘en lt plays bouncy bottom notes “They sound something ike “bob: bob bb,” even pays grumbling randiather in Prokotev's Petr ond the Woll Sait host work had to imoke peopl bebeve that snus 9 ‘bumbling buoon! Scanned with CamScanner z z ee, ~«ivee The Saxophone Relaxed Rebel Don't play the saxophone. Letit play you. Charlie Parker, jazz saxophonist crook A saxophone ‘once owned by the {famous jaz saxophonist Charl Seittoga stomata Saya mae Sages * smn ten Saxophones in the Orchestra Zou kno Saxophone players - “saxophonists” ~ Hike to mave alt when they poy. They tp the Instrument ‘op and dowa with a confident ‘swing, so that the bell on the end keeps popping up to greet whoever Is ‘watching conductor The saxophone isn't a regular member ofthe orchestra. Only ‘Tew pieces inciade i, When i's In the orchestra, I adds an ‘unvsual, soltedged sound tothe mistre. ‘wen it's inthe orchestra, the saxophone adds an unusual, soft-edged sound tothe mixture, ‘the saxophone sits withthe clvinets. ‘The saxls common in pop music and ja. ‘Wadores the freedom and the spotlight, and can als play slow, ooting melodies. \teandoallkindso clever runs upand down People “improvise” on i. This means they _play 2s the mood takes them: no musi, no emo, no plan ~ js pickup and go Scanned with CamScanner THE BRASS . 1c powetl and grand sar pitch , Construction of the Instruments ey tthe es ese HET Today al bts nstonent the pth how gh ing ea ena Towne depends on: re tron seme rom met ened tes ‘vce 0 onelshoped mothe, Itilerent pches fates) could 1) How athe ps rate. te payed 3) Mheenget he be and expe i eames instrument s0 diferent pitches ean sound. See rely ey eam god ped, and he igmoun ramet! Woon Mai os Samed samp Trombone ors, ramps nebo hve vanes- side Uke th rembones ae vas arte ength live mambans tubes ht are note psi How is the sound made? Mutes ermal GHe ae 5} Roun ves we for enc ar ond some bes diaphragm a fol when they distorted pear. 50 this isn’t a problem. breathe 25 do woodwind players and singers. This s sn nporto tle muscle at ‘he Bottom of he lngs, Alrteaveing from the lungs I. ‘through the AINE = srour eo aene Piston valves ‘ut ofthe bel ¢ ) Mouthpieces Waves of wibrating ait ore sent down PRESS DOWN, the naument when the player blows Uke valves, mouthpieces | inte the mouthpiece. But the ais civerted by the valves~lke a train come nwa base pes ma at a railroad switch track, The path the a shogen and fe son to separate ope Selorei'sepeedheough thee i choges he fitch of he ote ARNE a °) Cypstaped mouthece for trumpets. » fate bors sdb 2) Funnel shaped mautpece for Freneh home. ‘Ale bing diverted by valve Scanned with CamScanner The Trumpet | Overall bell, ‘The wumpe sa bold, bright, conident instrument I speaks plaly clearly and often very loudly! Bold as Brass ‘You might heat i plying high, soaring proudly over te top ofthe orchestra lke # beni bie of pre and attracting atention to its T'stands out ftom the crowed and makes sure that you'e listening tot, ‘Trumpets in the Orchestra nai artnet | thgee vg The tumpetolten has sudden, loud statements. It aves to come blasting Tn with ots of exltng notes and then shut up, leaving you wondering where t's gone. I's good a fanfares~ and so it shouldbe, sine thase are ait ever used to ply! _— lend x Teas Hub is Eye 4N22 hn ben yng hare watever fr 3,000 years 19318 cup-shaped moulbpiece “Trumpet payers have oft of rests. n some x8th-cenfury musie~neuding Peres bf Hayan, Novo, etioven and Seubert =they spend moe ime | ‘im im vecording ols sd wos de Coole ‘lige thi wth nating todo than actualy plying \ Gi? Betti erves res he BEC «bot the sean of being layed But atthe end of the 19th century, composers started going crazy. They Problem on trumpet, siodde if shar ido pieces! "wanted more and more brass, 0 stead of two trumpets you could | © because when you bi Ai teor sin on lee Tih about how loud ae ape. then mess up everyone agine how fd se would be! ean hear it. | Syston anata, ‘oday you willie in vee trumpets inthe brass section. famous trumpet @ er Scanned with CamScanner Overall You can spat a trombone 2 mie off by its long slide. Instead of keys or valves, the trombone lias this enormous U-bend that gives the players right arm a real workoUt Its powerful and can bare with the best of them: you don't argue witha trombone The Trombone Sleling Every Which Woy Itcon have quite @ dark sound - as if something bad is about to happen. Mozart obviously thought so Inhis oper8 Don Giovanni, that's exactly when he uses But how could it possibly have 2 slide like that and not havea funy side? lean sound quite comical - even eude. And the players ("trombaniss") don't take themselves toa senously, einer! outer tube of slide ‘Teombones in the Orchestra Trombones sound Pereeetion lower than trumpets ‘but higher than clots | Ssseons] "RB tubas, wn Gog & > "eis nay Beethoven was the lit l fo use Yroubones it Canductor fs symaphony. He vsed Hhens i is Filth, (08049. ‘ody, you often ind Ice rombanes a arches: ‘we "ener" vombones an "bass" rombove Are you producing as much sound as possible You don't hear one trombone on is own very \ Y from that quaint and ‘olen. The best ramon eects when they al antique drainage system lay together: theyre strong and magoiien. (see tev gleaming sides a being pushed which you are applying To se ther leaming sides al being push . ‘nd pulled at exactly the same time adds to toyour face? the excitement ofthe muse ‘SirThorss Beecham, conductor, ‘alin toa trombonist Scanned with CamScanner The French Horn Spaghelti Spiral of the Brass Ws called a French Hons" because it was develeped ik Feosice, Bal there's wong particulary French abo AWS offen jst called ‘born fr short Overall The French hown is probably the mest dificult instrument ta pay - even mare dificult than the violin. The most expert payers can sil if he acasionl note. Butt smooth, velvety sound's 9 world away om the rest ofthe bras section It produces two main sounds 1) Sot, golden, vehely 2 Loud, eurover, rousing French Horns in the Orchestra Percussion Chrnete eS Flutes an Yates wo) RY eassoons “bones coe) in, los CAN. Condetor There are normaly fou hors ia the orchestra, tough there an be eight. Sometimes they playin pas, with one playing the higher notes and one doing the lower notes. The soundof he hornsistypea ofthe Romantic era, This was. in the 19th century, composers Ike Schumann, Wagner land Bruckner wanted huge, cch sounds. Their ‘music oten depets outdoor scenes, Hoes get big, beely solos. They're good at sweling the ound ofthe orehesta, 08 well as playing lng, held notes in the background. Horns sound ke a cross between the brass instruments and the woodwind. Although they are brass Insirumens, ther sound cane very gentle. They blend much better with the woodwind than do the trumpet, rambone or tuba tetSej elon Hundreds of years 2g0, the horn's place was in the hunt, Horsemen would carry it anduse it to sound signals. That's why it has a round, called shape ~ s0 that it could fit over the horseman’s shoulder when it wasn't being played. He was Iree to take up the reins and gallop at full speed. Scanned with CamScanner — Overall | 17-pah, dom ph” eit alte tubs can do. Say that what's fama foe Is the beget and lowest bea Instrument. W's 20 bi, yoo cam any sce the player bend Tuba The Looking ati, you'd think played nothing butt ca alia make around, rch, mellow sound. The sow nates But it ean be amazingly light and ype, English composer Yaughan Wins knew that unming around with fast notes ke the smaller aes ie Tubs Concert instrument 336 Insuments, opportunty to enoy ghar thought he dan dephant stuck ints bathroom. cup shaped tactbpiece ‘orchestra only needs one of these! Mainly, the U9 | enc necton what the dub B oes a aceon Wsengers he ass ine | ut crass is prema chnce | “a tane on cys rome eon tat thn sae caewn ane Richard Strauss, conductog “Tuba, too loud again! Violins: “Maestro, he's not here today.” R. Strauss “Well, you tell him, once he’s back!” Scanned with CamScanner 5 E i : : i THE PERCUSSION The Colorful Clatterers Overall Scanned with CamScanner ‘uopoes worssnosed “gy Percussion in the Orchestra conductor The percussion sections the most exotic part of the orchestra, and has the estes varity of sound Instruments come from allover the world ‘composer caninchde anything at alin The varety makes ita colorul section It 2 prce, sof you're a percussionst you cando lost anything, from gentle tunes ‘righ be asked to doa kinds of things, orl chimes, to massive, exciting bangs suchastaponatypewster,popa cork o° and crashes, Composers can ask forall venir pistl Perevssionaisdon just sorts of weird and wonderful sounds to ‘now howto ply ane ofthe percussion go with the other orchestral instruments, instrument: they ae mulvaented and They might be something Ike this. fan play many neuen! Ad ts one by toe orto people shy wn ‘sae beech etgnet he oe sta. 5 On way alee i The Percussionist Playing percussion isn't easy. Here are some ofthe skills you need: 1+ Co-ordination: Unlike everyone ese inthe orchestra, you often have to play several things at once with both hands and feet. you can't pat your head and fib your stomach atthe same time, you might not ‘make 0 good percussionist! Pereussionists ten doa't own all the instruments, a5 there ate so many to play! But they always have their ‘wn soto sucks, hammers, mallets or beaters 4 Sense of ehythm: Percussiolsts must be ehythmic and precise, imagine walloping 2 bass drum or flashing 9 cymbal atthe wrong moment! + Confidence: You're on your own at the back of the frchestra with some ofthe loudest instruments. You just fave to believe in yoursel and go fori 4+ Musialty: All orchestral players need ths. It means being sensitive towards the music they te playing: they hove to listen, and know how to blend in with everyone. You might think that percussionist, because they “just hit things." don't need to be “musical” at al, But this ist true, Striking @ drum, for example, can be done in ‘many cilferent ways: it needs udginent and a good tar to know exscly how hard and at what angle to bring down the Beater onto the instrument. The sense of fouch i reall important eR cae ‘The percussion section grew up in the 18th century, when composers like Mozart and Haydn used Turkish military percussion instruments in theie march-like music. This Turkish style music was really popular. The’section grew from bass drum, cymbals and triangle to include tam-tam, glockenspiel, tambourine and snare drum =to name a few. Eugene Ormandy i conductor ofthe Phisdelphis orchestra in the USA. This was 3 conversation between him and the percussion section n one rehearsal: Ormandy: “Percussion a ite louder.” Percussion: “We don’t have anything.” ‘Ormandy: “That's right, play it louder.” Apparently he wast Histening! Scanned with CamScanner What is in the percussion section? ing hat makes a sound ten, person eine anti ar ert You haven your chen copboaés..). Seng 25 the French stk an rayne nis Pred, perhaps the set emnene poser wil want ay walter, oF maybe a WTIOWE nce, thre at two groups of preusion instruments tha are ‘sed in many peces: \ 4) Tuned Percussion 2) Untuned Percussion | (percussion of finite pth") {percussion of “ndetinite pitch) | Tresewanmenscanprotice orethn Thee nsrumens dant hae a definite ph nee, re, Te mat eon they produce one sound. The mos commen “gan or eters) the ly teams tht congo ere pees Snare dum (or “Sie drum") Wood back “stohone tans du Cymbsts: Marina Tomtom cantante Cjeserspl Benger Murase Viaphone Tambourine Tomtom “Whaler or “Chines Tange Calesta or “Celeste Beaters ws face The raged oth eu Hangin compat yoy Lit ct 3 plese eae Acne we ss ome perce for many werd thn, he instrument Is one thing, but the stick used to strike iris another. Sometimes, 2§ with the Tambourine, yout ands do al the work, But many other Inseumemts eed Dealers, and percussionists have whole cases ful of diferent kinds: very sft to very hard: very Tight lo wery heavy: very small to very big. “paper bas (opp) og que Silos (to asic) ath ta er) oak to ick pogeh i fo rest) empty stease (tori met tacoma ey of Sabes (ahs tbe tonne ast) Thebesters come allkinds of colors, oo, indesting their welght and stength. So whether you use ced ‘ith stripes, blue without stripes, or yellow with 2 tushion may actually mean a iflerencein sound, W's not ust for fun soda feesen! Percussion all over: Concertos: There are inpon concetas rom the Jat: Drums belong here, of course! So does the Baroque era iGoo-175) but mast oers have been vbrepone wren since the mi vp8ee Since te percussion , Taste playltsofistaman, ts simost ike an. POP ust: Pop musi woud be lst without bstale couse as muchas moe perfoerancel percussion: nary alo thas a drumbeat pp arte wera whem ond vo World musi: Percussion Instrument re jst lo pleces: There ae pices orl sors of Used n muse ram around the world they've come ‘elo pleces: There ae pest omens The (omaround he wer. Thats why the percussion (eee tae enterrtah ‘sell 20 enol and coo = “J ss Scanned with CamScanner Tuned Percussion These are the ones that can play different pitches, or notes, “Tsp” is plaral. The singel is “iaapano, "bab ebay ever says Tiapane’l People alway fal Timpani (or “Kettledrums”) hod “laaponi” as 0 graye “rey ‘eHHledasas” oY ‘Al drums are called "membranophones. ‘The word “membrane” means a thin layer of skin. Drums have a thin layer of skin, or material pretending to be skin, stretched across the top. Some orchestras feature 2 “timpanist” who does not play any ether percussion inurrament I's Because tenpan feature 20 mueh im orchestral mesic “mpanists dont have time to go running sround unkling 2 trisngle Timpani Construction Timpan are ancient a cave man ‘rho Banged on an smal skin steeiched over a wooden or bone frame wasn't so dfleren fom 8 ‘ipa player af today" “The drum has a capper bow, 9 bit hee 2 huge lea-cup. ‘ross the top of i there's 2 ft, smooth surlace (or head") of plate. libersinoreafsin A plssuc head is more reliable, because it doesn't change when i gets fotor cold, or damp a dey, tke skin does. And t doesn't break os eel ‘or rating tambourine 35 wel! They're qute busy enough wth Hust ther drums, Atthebottom of modern imponis afoot pedsl.Atimpanist uses ths peda 10 tune the drum before the rehearsal of concert begins, Tuning one ofthese drums i realy dificult you need 2 "200d ear" and lls of patience. The pedal can also make the drum do a bilan "gissando.” As you strike the érum, ol the note slides up of down How do you play them? You steke them with sticks or beaters. Dillerent kinds make diferent sounds, and payers ae experts at knowing luc ave best n which piece eel ees lus also important where the beater falls on the wide timpant head, Near the edge produces a cleser pitch than Inthe mid, whch Is more hike a thud, “Trumpets and drums” often means trumpets and timpani Their combined strong sounds, have been very useful in wars ‘and since the 47th century, ‘composers have used them together to celebrate the glory of God You need tobe able tocount, too ke other percussionists timpanists have alot of ess, then they dont pay at all Buti they fal asleep, or think about what they had for breakfst, that's it they'e lost. They have 10 fallow the musi and count all the time, When you hove an insirument that makes 2 loud boom ‘yeu dont wnt to come Baring inate wrong timer Scanned with CamScanner ES 7 What sound do they make? |B boom! i " ‘The agea of drums sounding different Binks arene he ange butte a. ach UM 5 fas a range of at least five whole notes. ae occest a diferent ses, There might be fou tmp aa oun on ther own noes They asl Ba often ad owe othe orchestra's sound new tat he was the They can sound very extn. Bestoven a prope otis ola fest give em a proper soi, athe begining concen. a efets, such a heartbeat oF They can even crete hal’ hy they became top ofthe punt, They e good rere ner fone Cioran toon) Hear the rumen Timpani Sound under Percussion” Remember, @ USTs Wa drum sins st the sound is tow. : Highs & Lows pitch range i 3 3 Awhole sto timpani can cover this range Highs & Lows pitch range | in Grek, "0" ea phone means ‘Bree "wood sound" ~B Xylophone Construction ner vvons9g woyssnasog How do you play it? You stand over itand ske the wooden bars with beaters, usually mage of wood. Dosti, rubber or latex *) eros Geert. Roernrirot oer bac What sound does it make? obey tn es sfgones sed iobe mode ot temps Hear the instruments! Click Xylophone Sound under “Percussion” Scanned with CamScanner Highs & Lows i Marimba oe i What is it? ner | | ; Highs & Lows ’ i O77] ETT ine, ‘Aset of metal (steel) bars arranged ihe 3 plano keyboard, They stn order of length, ke the prano’s strings: shorter ones sound higher notes 298 What sound the longer ones sound lower noes | does it make? 7 loes it make? How do you play it? lemakes ting, beh hee ean, You stand over it and stikt the bars with beaters, usu") made of plastic or Drs Highs & Lows pitch range ‘The vibraphone is so called because it makes a throbbing “vibrating” sound. Vibraphone What is it? fancy glockenspiel! ‘The vibraphone (called “vibes” for shor) Nas invented in America teas test used ia joa and pop musi nthe 1920s, but soon caught on in ovehesiras Iwhas ase of metal bars arranged fram longest (west to shortest (highest Underneath each bars 9 tube (or resonator) 0 elp project the sound - as ih the ‘lophone, But that's nt al on topof each tube 9 tie disc The ds spun around by an electric motor 20 that when you strike the bar, the sound vibrates and quivers abit ‘he vibraphone even has 2 “sustain” pedal. which means you can make the notes last longe. How do you play it? You strike the bars wh beaters, usually made cof rubber, yen, woo or Tatex, The Bas con aso be bowed wing 9 ln oF cello bow. What sound does it make? Vibcaphone dises ay ~ Hear the instruments! Click Glockenspiel, Marimba, or Vibraphone Ithas mete sound butitcan be qote sooting. doe tothe wa vibrating sou) ie sound fet cnsp te the splophone's t's a fhe edges Meee been rounded off ating tmarmer and more eared Sound under “Percussion” Scanned with CamScanner Untuned Percussion Snare drum ip that can include just about anything at al (or “Side drum”) whatever next?! The sare drum has ceton fythne patterns iat realy good 2: One of thems calles *paradiddle”, four quick Ile beats, just ke when yousoy the word “paradide ‘This isthe grou Gunshots, typewriters, iron chains. ‘wonses woteenaseg ous, vvoji2as worssnoseg a4 A few ofthe most common ones are described here aa io ue Wa dam wih woes! sholow =) Upinserhas one heed stretched arssone Sa i Aine "ater" heb) and another head Tee i cla one etched across the other end the “srare™ f Sante snore heod hee snore ouchng | these ae srnds ol wire, gut or Ik I tioate when you since the drum. The snace drum ig aso called ‘side drum” because In miliary bands i's slung ‘These nstumens can reste many sound effects ut ot ely pitches, hich is why the neutral Snare drums have been around for hundreds of years, in war and in music. its uadcente mkb orn dow, sensor ployer sole ihe acl snd crved Ss to the side, How do you play it? Yow ute two wooden sticks ‘eve troshes to ste x BS ‘ounesd ot of silo pay —— thie ea rope. Te agit othe hone nd bg What sound Soettelfor ales, crap rest does it make? Inmates a dry, rating sound Ti con help to buldexctement (ost does In Roel famous Bold) sndits also good at felting people's attention. Drom Falls ae very efecive Hear the instruments! Click Snare Drum Sound under “Percussior Scanned with CamScanner Bongos what are they? reica and re an extic oye rom tah A noe Sadho ney're joined in pairs, wher te fe ees, Tey Se ee ante oe tay lexan wooden meted slo eed erst thet What sound | do they maker the conga” is Tike one big 000g0, rum, with 8 longer bod. How do you play them? ‘A colo igh che "bup-bup-bup” soon, | They're plyed either with the hands ~ tapping out complicated rhythms ~ or 2 tice of many deren types of sticks, hummer, males beaters. Tambourine What is it? . 7 The tambourine 2 very od instrument, going back it moon | Ws ahand hed istument=2 it ke aversion cn / thou Doom: Around the oder ashes I Solel is wh one t What sound does it make? When is struck, the surface of the tambourine makes? short. dead sound. But the litle diss jangle, whateve *

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