11: Frequency Responses

• Frequency Response
• Sine Wave Response
• Logarithmic axes
• Logs of Powers +
• Straight Line
Approximations
• Plot Magnitude Response
• Low and High Frequency
Asymptotes
• Phase Approximation +
• Plot Phase Response +
• RCR Circuit
• Summary
11: Frequency Responses

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2018-10340) Frequency Responses: 11 – 1 / 12

 Frequency Response

11: Frequency Responses

• Frequency Response
If x(t) is a sine wave, then y(t) will also be a
• Sine Wave Response sine wave but with a different amplitude and
• Logarithmic axes
• Logs of Powers + phase shift. X is an input phasor and Y is the
• Straight Line
Approximations output phasor.
• Plot Magnitude Response
• Low and High Frequency
Asymptotes
• Phase Approximation +
• Plot Phase Response +
• RCR Circuit
• Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2018-10340) Frequency Responses: 11 – 2 / 12

 Frequency Response

11: Frequency Responses

• Frequency Response
If x(t) is a sine wave, then y(t) will also be a
• Sine Wave Response sine wave but with a different amplitude and
• Logarithmic axes
• Logs of Powers + phase shift. X is an input phasor and Y is the
• Straight Line
Approximations output phasor.
• Plot Magnitude Response
• Low and High Frequency
Y 1/jωC 1
Asymptotes
• Phase Approximation +
The gain of the circuit is X = R+1/jωC = jωRC+1
• Plot Phase Response +
• RCR Circuit
• Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2018-10340) Frequency Responses: 11 – 2 / 12

 Frequency Response

11: Frequency Responses

• Frequency Response
If x(t) is a sine wave, then y(t) will also be a
• Sine Wave Response sine wave but with a different amplitude and
• Logarithmic axes
• Logs of Powers + phase shift. X is an input phasor and Y is the
• Straight Line
Approximations output phasor.
• Plot Magnitude Response
• Low and High Frequency
Y 1/jωC 1
Asymptotes
• Phase Approximation +
The gain of the circuit is X = R+1/jωC = jωRC+1
• Plot Phase Response +
• RCR Circuit This is a complex function of ω so we plot separate graphs for:
• Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2018-10340) Frequency Responses: 11 – 2 / 12

 Frequency Response

11: Frequency Responses

• Frequency Response
If x(t) is a sine wave, then y(t) will also be a
• Sine Wave Response sine wave but with a different amplitude and
• Logarithmic axes
• Logs of Powers + phase shift. X is an input phasor and Y is the
• Straight Line
Approximations output phasor.
• Plot Magnitude Response
• Low and High Frequency
Y 1/jωC 1
Asymptotes
• Phase Approximation +
The gain of the circuit is X = R+1/jωC = jωRC+1
• Plot Phase Response +
• RCR Circuit This is a complex function of ω so we plot separate graphs for:
• Summary
Y 1
Magnitude: X = |jωRC+1| = √ 1
1+(ωRC)2

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2018-10340) Frequency Responses: 11 – 2 / 12

 Frequency Response

11: Frequency Responses

• Frequency Response
If x(t) is a sine wave, then y(t) will also be a
• Sine Wave Response sine wave but with a different amplitude and
• Logarithmic axes
• Logs of Powers + phase shift. X is an input phasor and Y is the
• Straight Line
Approximations output phasor.
• Plot Magnitude Response
• Low and High Frequency
Y 1/jωC 1
Asymptotes
• Phase Approximation +
The gain of the circuit is X = R+1/jωC = jωRC+1
• Plot Phase Response +
• RCR Circuit This is a complex function of ω so we plot separate graphs for:
• Summary
Y 1
Magnitude: X = |jωRC+1| = √ 1
1+(ωRC)2

Magnitude Response

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2018-10340) Frequency Responses: 11 – 2 / 12

 Frequency Response

11: Frequency Responses

• Frequency Response
If x(t) is a sine wave, then y(t) will also be a
• Sine Wave Response sine wave but with a different amplitude and
• Logarithmic axes
• Logs of Powers + phase shift. X is an input phasor and Y is the
• Straight Line
Approximations output phasor.
• Plot Magnitude Response
• Low and High Frequency
Y 1/jωC 1
Asymptotes
• Phase Approximation +
The gain of the circuit is X = R+1/jωC = jωRC+1
• Plot Phase Response +
• RCR Circuit This is a complex function of ω so we plot separate graphs for:
• Summary
Y 1
Magnitude: X = |jωRC+1| = √ 1
1+(ωRC)2

Y ωRC



Phase Shift: ∠ X = −∠ (jωRC + 1) = − arctan 1

Magnitude Response

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2018-10340) Frequency Responses: 11 – 2 / 12

 Frequency Response

11: Frequency Responses

• Frequency Response
If x(t) is a sine wave, then y(t) will also be a
• Sine Wave Response sine wave but with a different amplitude and
• Logarithmic axes
• Logs of Powers + phase shift. X is an input phasor and Y is the
• Straight Line
Approximations output phasor.
• Plot Magnitude Response
• Low and High Frequency
Y 1/jωC 1
Asymptotes
• Phase Approximation +
The gain of the circuit is X = R+1/jωC = jωRC+1
• Plot Phase Response +
• RCR Circuit This is a complex function of ω so we plot separate graphs for:
• Summary
Y 1
Magnitude: X = |jωRC+1| = √ 1
1+(ωRC)2

Y ωRC



Phase Shift: ∠ X = −∠ (jωRC + 1) = − arctan 1

Magnitude Response Phase Response

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2018-10340) Frequency Responses: 11 – 2 / 12

 Sine Wave Response

11: Frequency Responses

• Frequency Response
RC = 10 ms
• Sine Wave Response
Y 1 1
• Logarithmic axes
X = jωRC+1 = 0.01jω+1
• Logs of Powers +
• Straight Line
Approximations
• Plot Magnitude Response
• Low and High Frequency
Y
Asymptotes
• Phase Approximation +
ω = 50 ⇒ X = 0.89∠ − 27◦
• Plot Phase Response +
Y
• RCR Circuit ω = 100 ⇒ X = 0.71∠ − 45◦
• Summary
Y
ω = 300 ⇒ X = 0.32∠ − 72◦

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2018-10340) Frequency Responses: 11 – 3 / 12

 Sine Wave Response

11: Frequency Responses

• Frequency Response
RC = 10 ms
• Sine Wave Response
Y 1 1
• Logarithmic axes
X = jωRC+1 = 0.01jω+1
• Logs of Powers +
• Straight Line
Approximations
• Plot Magnitude Response
• Low and High Frequency
Y
Asymptotes
• Phase Approximation +
ω = 50 ⇒ X = 0.89∠ − 27◦
• Plot Phase Response +
Y
• RCR Circuit ω = 100 ⇒ X = 0.71∠ − 45◦
• Summary
Y
ω = 300 ⇒ X = 0.32∠ − 72◦

1 0

-20

Phase (°)
|Y/X|

-40
0.5
-60

-80
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 0 100 200 300 400 500
ω (rad/s) ω (rad/s)

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2018-10340) Frequency Responses: 11 – 3 / 12

 Sine Wave Response

11: Frequency Responses

• Frequency Response
RC = 10 ms 0
X

• Sine Wave Response

Y 1 1
= = -0.2 Y

Imag
• Logarithmic axes X-Y
X jωRC+1 0.01jω+1 -0.4
• Logs of Powers +
ω=50
• Straight Line
Approximations 0 0.5 1
Real
• Plot Magnitude Response
• Low and High Frequency
Y
Asymptotes
• Phase Approximation +
ω = 50 ⇒ X = 0.89∠ − 27◦
• Plot Phase Response +
Y
• RCR Circuit ω = 100 ⇒ X = 0.71∠ − 45◦
• Summary
Y
ω = 300 ⇒ X = 0.32∠ − 72◦

1 0

-20

Phase (°)
|Y/X|

-40
0.5
-60

-80
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 0 100 200 300 400 500
ω (rad/s) ω (rad/s)

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2018-10340) Frequency Responses: 11 – 3 / 12

 Sine Wave Response

11: Frequency Responses

• Frequency Response
RC = 10 ms 0
X

• Sine Wave Response

Y 1 1
= = -0.2 Y

Imag
• Logarithmic axes X-Y
X jωRC+1 0.01jω+1 -0.4
• Logs of Powers +
ω=50
• Straight Line
Approximations 0 0.5 1
Real
• Plot Magnitude Response
• Low and High Frequency
Y
Asymptotes
• Phase Approximation +
ω = 50 ⇒ X = 0.89∠ − 27◦ 1
w = 50 rad/s, Gain = 0.89, Phase = -27°

x=blue, y=red
• Plot Phase Response + 0.5 x
Y ◦
• RCR Circuit ω = 100 ⇒ X = 0.71∠ − 45 0 y
• Summary
-0.5
Y ◦
ω = 300 ⇒ X = 0.32∠ − 72 -1
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
time (ms)

1 0

-20

Phase (°)
|Y/X|

-40
0.5
-60

-80
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 0 100 200 300 400 500
ω (rad/s) ω (rad/s)

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2018-10340) Frequency Responses: 11 – 3 / 12

 Sine Wave Response

11: Frequency Responses

• Frequency Response
RC = 10 ms
• Sine Wave Response
Y 1 1
• Logarithmic axes
X = jωRC+1 = 0.01jω+1
• Logs of Powers +
• Straight Line
Approximations
• Plot Magnitude Response
• Low and High Frequency
Y
Asymptotes
• Phase Approximation +
ω = 50 ⇒ X = 0.89∠ − 27◦
• Plot Phase Response +
Y
• RCR Circuit ω = 100 ⇒ X = 0.71∠ − 45◦
• Summary
Y
ω = 300 ⇒ X = 0.32∠ − 72◦

1 0

-20

Phase (°)
|Y/X|

-40
0.5
-60

-80
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 0 100 200 300 400 500
ω (rad/s) ω (rad/s)

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2018-10340) Frequency Responses: 11 – 3 / 12

 Sine Wave Response

11: Frequency Responses

• Frequency Response
RC = 10 ms 0
X

• Sine Wave Response

Y 1 1
= = -0.2

Imag
• Logarithmic axes Y
X jωRC+1 0.01jω+1 -0.4
X-Y
• Logs of Powers +
ω=100
• Straight Line
Approximations 0 0.5 1
Real
• Plot Magnitude Response
• Low and High Frequency
Y
Asymptotes
• Phase Approximation +
ω = 50 ⇒ X = 0.89∠ − 27◦
• Plot Phase Response +
Y
• RCR Circuit ω = 100 ⇒ X = 0.71∠ − 45◦
• Summary
Y
ω = 300 ⇒ X = 0.32∠ − 72◦

1 0

-20

Phase (°)
|Y/X|

-40
0.5
-60

-80
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 0 100 200 300 400 500
ω (rad/s) ω (rad/s)

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2018-10340) Frequency Responses: 11 – 3 / 12

 Sine Wave Response

11: Frequency Responses

• Frequency Response
RC = 10 ms 0
X

• Sine Wave Response

Y 1 1
= = -0.2

Imag
• Logarithmic axes Y
X jωRC+1 0.01jω+1 -0.4
X-Y
• Logs of Powers +
ω=100
• Straight Line
Approximations 0 0.5 1
Real
• Plot Magnitude Response
• Low and High Frequency
Y
Asymptotes
• Phase Approximation +
ω = 50 ⇒ X = 0.89∠ − 27◦ 1
w = 100 rad/s, Gain = 0.71, Phase = -45°

x=blue, y=red
• Plot Phase Response + 0.5 x
Y ◦
• RCR Circuit ω = 100 ⇒ X = 0.71∠ − 45 0 y
• Summary
-0.5
Y ◦
ω = 300 ⇒ X = 0.32∠ − 72 -1
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
time (ms)

1 0

-20

Phase (°)
|Y/X|

-40
0.5
-60

-80
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 0 100 200 300 400 500
ω (rad/s) ω (rad/s)

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2018-10340) Frequency Responses: 11 – 3 / 12

 Sine Wave Response

11: Frequency Responses

• Frequency Response
RC = 10 ms
• Sine Wave Response
Y 1 1
• Logarithmic axes
X = jωRC+1 = 0.01jω+1
• Logs of Powers +
• Straight Line
Approximations
• Plot Magnitude Response
• Low and High Frequency
Y
Asymptotes
• Phase Approximation +
ω = 50 ⇒ X = 0.89∠ − 27◦
• Plot Phase Response +
Y
• RCR Circuit ω = 100 ⇒ X = 0.71∠ − 45◦
• Summary
Y
ω = 300 ⇒ X = 0.32∠ − 72◦

1 0

-20

Phase (°)
|Y/X|

-40
0.5
-60

-80
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 0 100 200 300 400 500
ω (rad/s) ω (rad/s)

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2018-10340) Frequency Responses: 11 – 3 / 12

 Sine Wave Response

11: Frequency Responses

• Frequency Response
RC = 10 ms 0
X

• Sine Wave Response Y

Y 1 1
= = -0.2 X-Y

Imag
• Logarithmic axes
X jωRC+1 0.01jω+1 -0.4
• Logs of Powers +
ω=300
• Straight Line
Approximations 0 0.5 1
Real
• Plot Magnitude Response
• Low and High Frequency
Y
Asymptotes
• Phase Approximation +
ω = 50 ⇒ X = 0.89∠ − 27◦
• Plot Phase Response +
Y
• RCR Circuit ω = 100 ⇒ X = 0.71∠ − 45◦
• Summary
Y
ω = 300 ⇒ X = 0.32∠ − 72◦

1 0

-20

Phase (°)
|Y/X|

-40
0.5
-60

-80
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 0 100 200 300 400 500
ω (rad/s) ω (rad/s)

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2018-10340) Frequency Responses: 11 – 3 / 12

 Sine Wave Response

11: Frequency Responses

• Frequency Response
RC = 10 ms 0
X

• Sine Wave Response Y

Y 1 1
= = -0.2 X-Y

Imag
• Logarithmic axes
X jωRC+1 0.01jω+1 -0.4
• Logs of Powers +
ω=300
• Straight Line
Approximations 0 0.5 1
Real
• Plot Magnitude Response
• Low and High Frequency
Y
Asymptotes
• Phase Approximation +
ω = 50 ⇒ X = 0.89∠ − 27◦ 1
w = 300 rad/s, Gain = 0.32, Phase = -72°

x=blue, y=red
• Plot Phase Response + 0.5
Y
• RCR Circuit ω = 100 ⇒ X = 0.71∠ − 45◦ 0
y

• Summary -0.5
Y ◦
ω = 300 ⇒ X = 0.32∠ − 72 -1
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
time (ms)

1 0

-20

Phase (°)
|Y/X|

-40
0.5
-60

-80
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 0 100 200 300 400 500
ω (rad/s) ω (rad/s)

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2018-10340) Frequency Responses: 11 – 3 / 12

 Sine Wave Response

11: Frequency Responses

• Frequency Response
RC = 10 ms 0
X

• Sine Wave Response Y

Y 1 1
= = -0.2 X-Y

Imag
• Logarithmic axes
X jωRC+1 0.01jω+1 -0.4
• Logs of Powers +
ω=300
• Straight Line
Approximations 0 0.5 1
Real
• Plot Magnitude Response
• Low and High Frequency
Y
Asymptotes
• Phase Approximation +
ω = 50 ⇒ X = 0.89∠ − 27◦ 1
w = 300 rad/s, Gain = 0.32, Phase = -72°

x=blue, y=red
• Plot Phase Response + 0.5
Y
• RCR Circuit ω = 100 ⇒ X = 0.71∠ − 45◦ 0
y

• Summary -0.5
Y ◦
ω = 300 ⇒ X = 0.32∠ − 72 -1
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
time (ms)

1 0

-20

Phase (°)
|Y/X|

-40
0.5
-60

-80
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 0 100 200 300 400 500
ω (rad/s) ω (rad/s)

The output, y(t), lags the input, x(t), by up to 90◦ .

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2018-10340) Frequency Responses: 11 – 3 / 12

 Logarithmic axes

11: Frequency Responses

• Frequency Response
We usually use logarithmic axes for frequency and gain (but not phase)
• Sine Wave Response because % differences are more significant than absolute differences.
• Logarithmic axes
• Logs of Powers + E.g. 5 kHz versus 5.005 kHz is less significant than 10 Hz versus 15 Hz
• Straight Line
Approximations
even though both differences equal 5 Hz.
• Plot Magnitude Response
• Low and High Frequency
Asymptotes
• Phase Approximation +
• Plot Phase Response +
• RCR Circuit
• Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2018-10340) Frequency Responses: 11 – 4 / 12

 Logarithmic axes

11: Frequency Responses

• Frequency Response
We usually use logarithmic axes for frequency and gain (but not phase)
• Sine Wave Response because % differences are more significant than absolute differences.
• Logarithmic axes
• Logs of Powers + E.g. 5 kHz versus 5.005 kHz is less significant than 10 Hz versus 15 Hz
• Straight Line
Approximations
even though both differences equal 5 Hz.
• Plot Magnitude Response
• Low and High Frequency
Asymptotes
• Phase Approximation +
• Plot Phase Response +
• RCR Circuit
• Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2018-10340) Frequency Responses: 11 – 4 / 12

 Logarithmic axes

11: Frequency Responses

• Frequency Response
We usually use logarithmic axes for frequency and gain (but not phase)
• Sine Wave Response because % differences are more significant than absolute differences.
• Logarithmic axes
• Logs of Powers + E.g. 5 kHz versus 5.005 kHz is less significant than 10 Hz versus 15 Hz
• Straight Line
Approximations
even though both differences equal 5 Hz.
• Plot Magnitude Response
• Low and High Frequency
Asymptotes
• Phase Approximation +
• Plot Phase Response +
• RCR Circuit
• Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2018-10340) Frequency Responses: 11 – 4 / 12

 Logarithmic axes

11: Frequency Responses

• Frequency Response
We usually use logarithmic axes for frequency and gain (but not phase)
• Sine Wave Response because % differences are more significant than absolute differences.
• Logarithmic axes
• Logs of Powers + E.g. 5 kHz versus 5.005 kHz is less significant than 10 Hz versus 15 Hz
• Straight Line
Approximations
even though both differences equal 5 Hz.
• Plot Magnitude Response
• Low and High Frequency
Asymptotes
• Phase Approximation +
• Plot Phase Response +
• RCR Circuit
• Summary

Note that 0 does not

exist on a log axis and so
the starting point of the
axis is arbitrary.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2018-10340) Frequency Responses: 11 – 4 / 12

 Logarithmic axes

11: Frequency Responses

• Frequency Response
We usually use logarithmic axes for frequency and gain (but not phase)
• Sine Wave Response because % differences are more significant than absolute differences.
• Logarithmic axes
• Logs of Powers + E.g. 5 kHz versus 5.005 kHz is less significant than 10 Hz versus 15 Hz
• Straight Line
Approximations
even though both differences equal 5 Hz.
• Plot Magnitude Response
|V |
• Low and High Frequency
Asymptotes
Logarithmic voltage ratios are specified in decibels (dB) = 20 log10 |V2 | .
1
• Phase Approximation +
• Plot Phase Response +
• RCR Circuit
• Summary

Note that 0 does not

exist on a log axis and so
the starting point of the
axis is arbitrary.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2018-10340) Frequency Responses: 11 – 4 / 12

 Logarithmic axes

11: Frequency Responses

• Frequency Response
We usually use logarithmic axes for frequency and gain (but not phase)
• Sine Wave Response because % differences are more significant than absolute differences.
• Logarithmic axes
• Logs of Powers + E.g. 5 kHz versus 5.005 kHz is less significant than 10 Hz versus 15 Hz
• Straight Line
Approximations
even though both differences equal 5 Hz.
• Plot Magnitude Response
|V |
• Low and High Frequency
Asymptotes
Logarithmic voltage ratios are specified in decibels (dB) = 20 log10 |V2 | .
1
• Phase Approximation +
• Plot Phase Response +
• RCR Circuit
• Summary Common voltage ratios:

|V2 |
|V1 |
1
dB 0

Note that 0 does not

exist on a log axis and so
the starting point of the
axis is arbitrary.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2018-10340) Frequency Responses: 11 – 4 / 12

 Logarithmic axes

11: Frequency Responses

• Frequency Response
We usually use logarithmic axes for frequency and gain (but not phase)
• Sine Wave Response because % differences are more significant than absolute differences.
• Logarithmic axes
• Logs of Powers + E.g. 5 kHz versus 5.005 kHz is less significant than 10 Hz versus 15 Hz
• Straight Line
Approximations
even though both differences equal 5 Hz.
• Plot Magnitude Response
|V |
• Low and High Frequency
Asymptotes
Logarithmic voltage ratios are specified in decibels (dB) = 20 log10 |V2 | .
1
• Phase Approximation +
• Plot Phase Response +
• RCR Circuit
• Summary Common voltage ratios:

|V2 |
|V1 |
0.1 1 10 100
dB −20 0 20 40

Note that 0 does not

exist on a log axis and so
the starting point of the
axis is arbitrary.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2018-10340) Frequency Responses: 11 – 4 / 12

 Logarithmic axes

11: Frequency Responses

• Frequency Response
We usually use logarithmic axes for frequency and gain (but not phase)
• Sine Wave Response because % differences are more significant than absolute differences.
• Logarithmic axes
• Logs of Powers + E.g. 5 kHz versus 5.005 kHz is less significant than 10 Hz versus 15 Hz
• Straight Line
Approximations
even though both differences equal 5 Hz.
• Plot Magnitude Response
|V |
• Low and High Frequency
Asymptotes
Logarithmic voltage ratios are specified in decibels (dB) = 20 log10 |V2 | .
1
• Phase Approximation +
• Plot Phase Response +
• RCR Circuit
• Summary Common voltage ratios:

|V2 |
|V1 |
0.1 0.5 1 2 10 100
dB −20 -6 0 6 20 40

Note that 0 does not

exist on a log axis and so
the starting point of the
axis is arbitrary.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2018-10340) Frequency Responses: 11 – 4 / 12

 Logarithmic axes

11: Frequency Responses

• Frequency Response
We usually use logarithmic axes for frequency and gain (but not phase)
• Sine Wave Response because % differences are more significant than absolute differences.
• Logarithmic axes
• Logs of Powers + E.g. 5 kHz versus 5.005 kHz is less significant than 10 Hz versus 15 Hz
• Straight Line
Approximations
even though both differences equal 5 Hz.
• Plot Magnitude Response
|V |
• Low and High Frequency
Asymptotes
Logarithmic voltage ratios are specified in decibels (dB) = 20 log10 |V2 | .
1
• Phase Approximation +
• Plot Phase Response +
• RCR Circuit
• Summary Common voltage ratios:

|V2 |
√ √
|V1 |
0.1 0.5 0.5 1 2 2 10 100
dB −20 -6 -3 0 3 6 20 40

Note that 0 does not

exist on a log axis and so
the starting point of the
axis is arbitrary.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2018-10340) Frequency Responses: 11 – 4 / 12

 Logarithmic axes

11: Frequency Responses

• Frequency Response
We usually use logarithmic axes for frequency and gain (but not phase)
• Sine Wave Response because % differences are more significant than absolute differences.
• Logarithmic axes
• Logs of Powers + E.g. 5 kHz versus 5.005 kHz is less significant than 10 Hz versus 15 Hz
• Straight Line
Approximations
even though both differences equal 5 Hz.
• Plot Magnitude Response
|V |
• Low and High Frequency
Asymptotes
Logarithmic voltage ratios are specified in decibels (dB) = 20 log10 |V2 | .
1
• Phase Approximation +
• Plot Phase Response +
• RCR Circuit
• Summary Common voltage ratios:

|V2 |
√ √
|V1 |
0.1 0.5 0.5 1 2 2 10 100
dB −20 -6 -3 0 3 6 20 40

Note that 0 does not

exist on a log axis and so
the starting point of the
axis is arbitrary.

P2
Note: P ∝ V 2 ⇒ decibel power ratios are given by 10 log10 P
1

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2018-10340) Frequency Responses: 11 – 4 / 12

 Logs of Powers +

11: Frequency Responses r

• Frequency Response Suppose we plot the magnitude and phase of H = c (jω)
• Sine Wave Response
• Logarithmic axes
• Logs of Powers +
• Straight Line
Approximations
• Plot Magnitude Response
• Low and High Frequency
Asymptotes
• Phase Approximation +
• Plot Phase Response +
• RCR Circuit
• Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2018-10340) Frequency Responses: 11 – 5 / 12

 Logs of Powers +

11: Frequency Responses r

• Frequency Response Suppose we plot the magnitude and phase of H = c (jω)
• Sine Wave Response
• Logarithmic axes Magnitude (log-log graph):
• Logs of Powers +
• Straight Line |H| = cω r ⇒ log |H| = log |c|+r log ω
Approximations
• Plot Magnitude Response
• Low and High Frequency
Asymptotes
• Phase Approximation +
• Plot Phase Response +
• RCR Circuit
• Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2018-10340) Frequency Responses: 11 – 5 / 12

 Logs of Powers +

11: Frequency Responses r

• Frequency Response Suppose we plot the magnitude and phase of H = c (jω)
• Sine Wave Response
• Logarithmic axes Magnitude (log-log graph):
• Logs of Powers +
• Straight Line |H| = cω r ⇒ log |H| = log |c|+r log ω
Approximations
• Plot Magnitude Response
• Low and High Frequency
Asymptotes
• Phase Approximation +
• Plot Phase Response +
• RCR Circuit
• Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2018-10340) Frequency Responses: 11 – 5 / 12

 Logs of Powers +

11: Frequency Responses r

• Frequency Response Suppose we plot the magnitude and phase of H = c (jω)
• Sine Wave Response
• Logarithmic axes Magnitude (log-log graph):
• Logs of Powers +
• Straight Line |H| = cω r ⇒ log |H| = log |c|+r log ω
Approximations
• Plot Magnitude Response This is a straight line with a slope of r .
• Low and High Frequency
Asymptotes
• Phase Approximation +
• Plot Phase Response +
• RCR Circuit
• Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2018-10340) Frequency Responses: 11 – 5 / 12

 Logs of Powers +

11: Frequency Responses r

• Frequency Response Suppose we plot the magnitude and phase of H = c (jω)
• Sine Wave Response
• Logarithmic axes Magnitude (log-log graph):
• Logs of Powers +
• Straight Line |H| = cω r ⇒ log |H| = log |c|+r log ω
Approximations
• Plot Magnitude Response This is a straight line with a slope of r .
• Low and High Frequency
Asymptotes
• Phase Approximation +
• Plot Phase Response +
• RCR Circuit
• Summary

Phase (log-lin graph):

π
∠H = ∠j r + ∠c = r × 2 (+π if c < 0)

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2018-10340) Frequency Responses: 11 – 5 / 12

 Logs of Powers +

11: Frequency Responses r

• Frequency Response Suppose we plot the magnitude and phase of H = c (jω)
• Sine Wave Response
• Logarithmic axes Magnitude (log-log graph):
• Logs of Powers +
• Straight Line |H| = cω r ⇒ log |H| = log |c|+r log ω
Approximations
• Plot Magnitude Response This is a straight line with a slope of r .
• Low and High Frequency
Asymptotes
• Phase Approximation +
• Plot Phase Response +
• RCR Circuit
• Summary

Phase (log-lin graph):

π
∠H = ∠j r + ∠c = r × 2 (+π if c < 0)

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2018-10340) Frequency Responses: 11 – 5 / 12

 Logs of Powers +

11: Frequency Responses r

• Frequency Response Suppose we plot the magnitude and phase of H = c (jω)
• Sine Wave Response
• Logarithmic axes Magnitude (log-log graph):
• Logs of Powers +
• Straight Line |H| = cω r ⇒ log |H| = log |c|+r log ω
Approximations
• Plot Magnitude Response This is a straight line with a slope of r .
• Low and High Frequency
Asymptotes
• Phase Approximation +
• Plot Phase Response +
• RCR Circuit
• Summary

Phase (log-lin graph):

∠H = ∠j r + ∠c = r × π2 (+π if c < 0)
The phase is constant ∀ω .

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2018-10340) Frequency Responses: 11 – 5 / 12

 Logs of Powers +

11: Frequency Responses r

• Frequency Response Suppose we plot the magnitude and phase of H = c (jω)
• Sine Wave Response
• Logarithmic axes Magnitude (log-log graph):
• Logs of Powers +
• Straight Line |H| = cω r ⇒ log |H| = log |c|+r log ω
Approximations
• Plot Magnitude Response This is a straight line with a slope of r .
• Low and High Frequency
Asymptotes
• Phase Approximation +
• Plot Phase Response +
• RCR Circuit
• Summary

Phase (log-lin graph):

∠H = ∠j r + ∠c = r × π2 (+π if c < 0)
The phase is constant ∀ω .

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2018-10340) Frequency Responses: 11 – 5 / 12

 Logs of Powers +

11: Frequency Responses r

• Frequency Response Suppose we plot the magnitude and phase of H = c (jω)
• Sine Wave Response
• Logarithmic axes Magnitude (log-log graph):
• Logs of Powers +
• Straight Line |H| = cω r ⇒ log |H| = log |c|+r log ω
Approximations
• Plot Magnitude Response This is a straight line with a slope of r .
• Low and High Frequency
Asymptotes
c only affects the line’s vertical position.
• Phase Approximation +
• Plot Phase Response +
• RCR Circuit
• Summary

Phase (log-lin graph):

∠H = ∠j r + ∠c = r × π2 (+π if c < 0)
The phase is constant ∀ω .

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2018-10340) Frequency Responses: 11 – 5 / 12

 Logs of Powers +

11: Frequency Responses r

• Frequency Response Suppose we plot the magnitude and phase of H = c (jω)
• Sine Wave Response
• Logarithmic axes Magnitude (log-log graph):
• Logs of Powers +
• Straight Line |H| = cω r ⇒ log |H| = log |c|+r log ω
Approximations
• Plot Magnitude Response This is a straight line with a slope of r .
• Low and High Frequency
Asymptotes
c only affects the line’s vertical position.
• Phase Approximation +
• Plot Phase Response +
• RCR Circuit
• Summary

Phase (log-lin graph):

∠H = ∠j r + ∠c = r × π2 (+π if c < 0)
The phase is constant ∀ω .

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2018-10340) Frequency Responses: 11 – 5 / 12

 Logs of Powers +

11: Frequency Responses r

• Frequency Response Suppose we plot the magnitude and phase of H = c (jω)
• Sine Wave Response
• Logarithmic axes Magnitude (log-log graph):
• Logs of Powers +
• Straight Line |H| = cω r ⇒ log |H| = log |c|+r log ω
Approximations
• Plot Magnitude Response This is a straight line with a slope of r .
• Low and High Frequency
Asymptotes
c only affects the line’s vertical position.
• Phase Approximation +
• Plot Phase Response +
• RCR Circuit
• Summary

Phase (log-lin graph):

∠H = ∠j r + ∠c = r × π2 (+π if c < 0)
The phase is constant ∀ω .

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2018-10340) Frequency Responses: 11 – 5 / 12

 Logs of Powers +

11: Frequency Responses r

• Frequency Response Suppose we plot the magnitude and phase of H = c (jω)
• Sine Wave Response
• Logarithmic axes Magnitude (log-log graph):
• Logs of Powers +
• Straight Line |H| = cω r ⇒ log |H| = log |c|+r log ω
Approximations
• Plot Magnitude Response This is a straight line with a slope of r .
• Low and High Frequency
Asymptotes
c only affects the line’s vertical position.
• Phase Approximation +
• Plot Phase Response +
• RCR Circuit
• Summary

Phase (log-lin graph):

∠H = ∠j r + ∠c = r × π2 (+π if c < 0)
The phase is constant ∀ω .
If c > 0, phase = 90◦ × magnitude slope.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2018-10340) Frequency Responses: 11 – 5 / 12

 Logs of Powers +

11: Frequency Responses r

• Frequency Response Suppose we plot the magnitude and phase of H = c (jω)
• Sine Wave Response
• Logarithmic axes Magnitude (log-log graph):
• Logs of Powers +
• Straight Line |H| = cω r ⇒ log |H| = log |c|+r log ω
Approximations
• Plot Magnitude Response This is a straight line with a slope of r .
• Low and High Frequency
Asymptotes
c only affects the line’s vertical position.
• Phase Approximation +
• Plot Phase Response + If |H| is measured in decibels, a slope of r
• RCR Circuit
• Summary is called 6r dB/octave or 20r dB/decade.

Phase (log-lin graph):

∠H = ∠j r + ∠c = r × π2 (+π if c < 0)
The phase is constant ∀ω .
If c > 0, phase = 90◦ × magnitude slope.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2018-10340) Frequency Responses: 11 – 5 / 12

 Logs of Powers +

11: Frequency Responses r

• Frequency Response Suppose we plot the magnitude and phase of H = c (jω)
• Sine Wave Response
• Logarithmic axes Magnitude (log-log graph):
• Logs of Powers +
• Straight Line |H| = cω r ⇒ log |H| = log |c|+r log ω
Approximations
• Plot Magnitude Response This is a straight line with a slope of r .
• Low and High Frequency
Asymptotes
c only affects the line’s vertical position.
• Phase Approximation +
• Plot Phase Response + If |H| is measured in decibels, a slope of r
• RCR Circuit
• Summary is called 6r dB/octave or 20r dB/decade.

Phase (log-lin graph):

∠H = ∠j r + ∠c = r × π2 (+π if c < 0)
The phase is constant ∀ω .
If c > 0, phase = 90◦ × magnitude slope.
Negative c adds ±180◦ to the phase.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2018-10340) Frequency Responses: 11 – 5 / 12

 Logs of Powers +

11: Frequency Responses r

• Frequency Response Suppose we plot the magnitude and phase of H = c (jω)
• Sine Wave Response
• Logarithmic axes Magnitude (log-log graph):
• Logs of Powers +
• Straight Line |H| = cω r ⇒ log |H| = log |c|+r log ω
Approximations
• Plot Magnitude Response This is a straight line with a slope of r .
• Low and High Frequency
Asymptotes
c only affects the line’s vertical position.
• Phase Approximation +
• Plot Phase Response + If |H| is measured in decibels, a slope of r
• RCR Circuit
• Summary is called 6r dB/octave or 20r dB/decade.

Phase (log-lin graph):

∠H = ∠j r + ∠c = r × π2 (+π if c < 0)
The phase is constant ∀ω .
If c > 0, phase = 90◦ × magnitude slope.
Negative c adds ±180◦ to the phase.

Note: Phase angles are modulo 360◦ , i.e.

+180◦ ≡ −180◦ and 450◦ ≡ 90◦ .

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2018-10340) Frequency Responses: 11 – 5 / 12

 Logs of Powers +

11: Frequency Responses r

• Frequency Response H = c (jω) has a straight-line magnitude graph and a constant phase.
• Sine Wave Response
• Logarithmic axes Magnitude (log-log graph):
• Logs of Powers +
• Straight Line |H| = cω r ⇒ log |H| = log |c|+r log ω
Approximations
• Plot Magnitude Response This is a straight line with a slope of r .
• Low and High Frequency
Asymptotes
c only affects the line’s vertical position.
• Phase Approximation +
• Plot Phase Response + If |H| is measured in decibels, a slope of r
• RCR Circuit
• Summary is called 6r dB/octave or 20r dB/decade.

Phase (log-lin graph):

∠H = ∠j r + ∠c = r × π2 (+π if c < 0)
The phase is constant ∀ω .
If c > 0, phase = 90◦ × magnitude slope.
Negative c adds ±180◦ to the phase.

Note: Phase angles are modulo 360◦ , i.e.

+180◦ ≡ −180◦ and 450◦ ≡ 90◦ .

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2018-10340) Frequency Responses: 11 – 5 / 12

 Straight Line Approximations

11: Frequency Responses

(
• Frequency Response ajω for |aω| ≫ |b|
• Sine Wave Response Key idea: (ajω + b) ≈
• Logarithmic axes b for |aω| ≪ |b|
• Logs of Powers +
• Straight Line
Approximations
• Plot Magnitude Response
• Low and High Frequency
Asymptotes
• Phase Approximation +
• Plot Phase Response +
• RCR Circuit
• Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2018-10340) Frequency Responses: 11 – 6 / 12

 Straight Line Approximations

11: Frequency Responses

(
• Frequency Response ajω for |aω| ≫ |b|
• Sine Wave Response Key idea: (ajω + b) ≈
• Logarithmic axes b for |aω| ≪ |b|
• Logs of Powers +
• Straight Line
1
Approximations Gain: H(jω) = jωRC+1
• Plot Magnitude Response
• Low and High Frequency
Asymptotes
• Phase Approximation +
• Plot Phase Response +
• RCR Circuit
• Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2018-10340) Frequency Responses: 11 – 6 / 12

 Straight Line Approximations

11: Frequency Responses

(
• Frequency Response ajω for |aω| ≫ |b|
• Sine Wave Response Key idea: (ajω + b) ≈
• Logarithmic axes b for |aω| ≪ |b|
• Logs of Powers +
• Straight Line
1
Approximations Gain: H(jω) = jωRC+1
• Plot Magnitude Response
• Low and High Frequency
1
Asymptotes
• Phase Approximation +
Low frequencies (ω ≪ RC ): H(jω) ≈ 1
• Plot Phase Response +
• RCR Circuit
• Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2018-10340) Frequency Responses: 11 – 6 / 12

 Straight Line Approximations

11: Frequency Responses

(
• Frequency Response ajω for |aω| ≫ |b|
• Sine Wave Response Key idea: (ajω + b) ≈
• Logarithmic axes b for |aω| ≪ |b|
• Logs of Powers +
• Straight Line
1
Approximations Gain: H(jω) = jωRC+1
• Plot Magnitude Response
• Low and High Frequency
1
Asymptotes
• Phase Approximation +
Low frequencies (ω ≪ RC ): H(jω) ≈ 1
1 1
• Plot Phase Response + High frequencies (ω ≫ RC ): H(jω) ≈ jωRC
• RCR Circuit
• Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2018-10340) Frequency Responses: 11 – 6 / 12

 Straight Line Approximations

11: Frequency Responses

(
• Frequency Response ajω for |aω| ≫ |b|
• Sine Wave Response Key idea: (ajω + b) ≈
• Logarithmic axes b for |aω| ≪ |b|
• Logs of Powers +
• Straight Line
1
Approximations Gain: H(jω) = jωRC+1
• Plot Magnitude Response
• Low and High Frequency
1
Asymptotes
• Phase Approximation +
Low frequencies (ω ≪ RC ): H(jω) ≈ 1
1 1
• Plot Phase Response + High frequencies (ω ≫ RC ): H(jω) ≈ jωRC
• RCR Circuit
• Summary
Approximate the magnitude response
as two straight lines

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2018-10340) Frequency Responses: 11 – 6 / 12

 Straight Line Approximations

11: Frequency Responses

(
• Frequency Response ajω for |aω| ≫ |b|
• Sine Wave Response Key idea: (ajω + b) ≈
• Logarithmic axes b for |aω| ≪ |b|
• Logs of Powers +
• Straight Line
1
Approximations Gain: H(jω) = jωRC+1
• Plot Magnitude Response
• Low and High Frequency
1
Asymptotes
• Phase Approximation +
Low frequencies (ω ≪ RC ): H(jω) ≈ 1⇒ |H(jω)| ≈ 1
1 1
• Plot Phase Response + High frequencies (ω ≫ RC ): H(jω) ≈ jωRC
• RCR Circuit
• Summary
Approximate the magnitude response
as two straight lines

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2018-10340) Frequency Responses: 11 – 6 / 12

 Straight Line Approximations

11: Frequency Responses

(
• Frequency Response ajω for |aω| ≫ |b|
• Sine Wave Response Key idea: (ajω + b) ≈
• Logarithmic axes b for |aω| ≪ |b|
• Logs of Powers +
• Straight Line
1
Approximations Gain: H(jω) = jωRC+1
• Plot Magnitude Response
• Low and High Frequency
1
Asymptotes
• Phase Approximation +
Low frequencies (ω ≪ RC ): H(jω) ≈ 1⇒ |H(jω)| ≈ 1
1 1 1
• Plot Phase Response + High frequencies (ω ≫ RC ): H(jω) ≈ jωRC ⇒ |H(jω)| ≈ RC ω −1
• RCR Circuit
• Summary
Approximate the magnitude response
as two straight lines

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2018-10340) Frequency Responses: 11 – 6 / 12

 Straight Line Approximations

11: Frequency Responses

(
• Frequency Response ajω for |aω| ≫ |b|
• Sine Wave Response Key idea: (ajω + b) ≈
• Logarithmic axes b for |aω| ≪ |b|
• Logs of Powers +
• Straight Line
1
Approximations Gain: H(jω) = jωRC+1
• Plot Magnitude Response
• Low and High Frequency
1
Asymptotes
• Phase Approximation +
Low frequencies (ω ≪ RC ): H(jω) ≈ 1⇒ |H(jω)| ≈ 1
1 1 1
• Plot Phase Response + High frequencies (ω ≫ RC ): H(jω) ≈ jωRC ⇒ |H(jω)| ≈ RC ω −1
• RCR Circuit
• Summary
Approximate the magnitude response
as two straight lines

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2018-10340) Frequency Responses: 11 – 6 / 12

 Straight Line Approximations

11: Frequency Responses

(
• Frequency Response ajω for |aω| ≫ |b|
• Sine Wave Response Key idea: (ajω + b) ≈
• Logarithmic axes b for |aω| ≪ |b|
• Logs of Powers +
• Straight Line
1
Approximations Gain: H(jω) = jωRC+1
• Plot Magnitude Response
• Low and High Frequency
1
Asymptotes
• Phase Approximation +
Low frequencies (ω ≪ RC ): H(jω) ≈ 1⇒ |H(jω)| ≈ 1
1 1 1
• Plot Phase Response + High frequencies (ω ≫ RC ): H(jω) ≈ jωRC ⇒ |H(jω)| ≈ RC ω −1
• RCR Circuit
• Summary
Approximate the magnitude response
as two straight lines intersecting at the
1
corner frequency, ωc = RC .

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2018-10340) Frequency Responses: 11 – 6 / 12

 Straight Line Approximations

11: Frequency Responses

(
• Frequency Response ajω for |aω| ≫ |b|
• Sine Wave Response Key idea: (ajω + b) ≈
• Logarithmic axes b for |aω| ≪ |b|
• Logs of Powers +
• Straight Line
1
Approximations Gain: H(jω) = jωRC+1
• Plot Magnitude Response
• Low and High Frequency
1
Asymptotes
• Phase Approximation +
Low frequencies (ω ≪ RC ): H(jω) ≈ 1⇒ |H(jω)| ≈ 1
1 1 1
• Plot Phase Response + High frequencies (ω ≫ RC ): H(jω) ≈ jωRC ⇒ |H(jω)| ≈ RC ω −1
• RCR Circuit
• Summary
Approximate the magnitude response
as two straight lines intersecting at the
1
corner frequency, ωc = RC .

At the corner frequency:

(a) the gradient changes by −1 (= −6 dB/octave = −20 dB/decade).

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2018-10340) Frequency Responses: 11 – 6 / 12

 Straight Line Approximations

11: Frequency Responses

(
• Frequency Response ajω for |aω| ≫ |b|
• Sine Wave Response Key idea: (ajω + b) ≈
• Logarithmic axes b for |aω| ≪ |b|
• Logs of Powers +
• Straight Line
1
Approximations Gain: H(jω) = jωRC+1
• Plot Magnitude Response
• Low and High Frequency
1
Asymptotes
• Phase Approximation +
Low frequencies (ω ≪ RC ): H(jω) ≈ 1⇒ |H(jω)| ≈ 1
1 1 1
• Plot Phase Response + High frequencies (ω ≫ RC ): H(jω) ≈ jωRC ⇒ |H(jω)| ≈ RC ω −1
• RCR Circuit
• Summary
Approximate the magnitude response
as two straight lines intersecting at the
1
corner frequency, ωc = RC .

At the corner frequency:

(a) the gradient changes by −1 (= −6 dB/octave = −20 dB/decade).

1
(b) |H(jωc )| = 1+j = √12 = −3 dB (worst-case error).

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2018-10340) Frequency Responses: 11 – 6 / 12

 Straight Line Approximations

11: Frequency Responses

(
• Frequency Response ajω for |aω| ≫ |b|
• Sine Wave Response Key idea: (ajω + b) ≈
• Logarithmic axes b for |aω| ≪ |b|
• Logs of Powers +
• Straight Line
1
Approximations Gain: H(jω) = jωRC+1
• Plot Magnitude Response
• Low and High Frequency
1
Asymptotes
• Phase Approximation +
Low frequencies (ω ≪ RC ): H(jω) ≈ 1⇒ |H(jω)| ≈ 1
1 1 1
• Plot Phase Response + High frequencies (ω ≫ RC ): H(jω) ≈ jωRC ⇒ |H(jω)| ≈ RC ω −1
• RCR Circuit
• Summary
Approximate the magnitude response
as two straight lines intersecting at the
1
corner frequency, ωc = RC .

At the corner frequency:

(a) the gradient changes by −1 (= −6 dB/octave = −20 dB/decade).

1
(b) |H(jωc )| = 1+j = √12 = −3 dB (worst-case error).

A linear factor (ajω + b) has a corner frequency of ωc = ab .

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2018-10340) Frequency Responses: 11 – 6 / 12

 Plot Magnitude Response

11: Frequency Responses

• Frequency Response
The gain of a linear circuit is always a rational polynomial in jω and is
• Sine Wave Response called the transfer function of the circuit. For example:
• Logarithmic axes
• Logs of Powers + 60(jω)2 +720(jω)
• Straight Line H(jω) = 3(jω)3 +165(jω)2 +762(jω)+600
Approximations
• Plot Magnitude Response
• Low and High Frequency
Asymptotes
• Phase Approximation +
• Plot Phase Response +
• RCR Circuit
• Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2018-10340) Frequency Responses: 11 – 7 / 12

 Plot Magnitude Response

11: Frequency Responses

• Frequency Response
The gain of a linear circuit is always a rational polynomial in jω and is
• Sine Wave Response called the transfer function of the circuit. For example:
• Logarithmic axes
• Logs of Powers + 60(jω)2 +720(jω) 20jω(jω+12)
• Straight Line H(jω) = 3(jω)3 +165(jω)2 +762(jω)+600
= (jω+1)(jω+4)(jω+50)
Approximations
• Plot Magnitude Response
• Low and High Frequency Step 1: Factorize the polynomials
Asymptotes
• Phase Approximation +
• Plot Phase Response +
• RCR Circuit
• Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2018-10340) Frequency Responses: 11 – 7 / 12

 Plot Magnitude Response

11: Frequency Responses

• Frequency Response
The gain of a linear circuit is always a rational polynomial in jω and is
• Sine Wave Response called the transfer function of the circuit. For example:
• Logarithmic axes
• Logs of Powers + 60(jω)2 +720(jω) 20jω(jω+12)
• Straight Line H(jω) = 3(jω)3 +165(jω)2 +762(jω)+600
= (jω+1)(jω+4)(jω+50)
Approximations
• Plot Magnitude Response
• Low and High Frequency Step 1: Factorize the polynomials
Asymptotes
• Phase Approximation + Step 2: Sort corner freqs: 1, 4, 12, 50
• Plot Phase Response +
• RCR Circuit
• Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2018-10340) Frequency Responses: 11 – 7 / 12

 Plot Magnitude Response

11: Frequency Responses

• Frequency Response
The gain of a linear circuit is always a rational polynomial in jω and is
• Sine Wave Response called the transfer function of the circuit. For example:
• Logarithmic axes
• Logs of Powers + 60(jω)2 +720(jω) 20jω(jω+12)
• Straight Line H(jω) = 3(jω)3 +165(jω)2 +762(jω)+600
= (jω+1)(jω+4)(jω+50)
Approximations
• Plot Magnitude Response
• Low and High Frequency Step 1: Factorize the polynomials
Asymptotes
• Phase Approximation + Step 2: Sort corner freqs: 1, 4, 12, 50
• Plot Phase Response +
• RCR Circuit
Step 3: For ω < 1 all linear factors equal
• Summary their constant terms:
20ω×12
|H| ≈ 1×4×50 = 1.2ω 1 .

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2018-10340) Frequency Responses: 11 – 7 / 12

 Plot Magnitude Response

11: Frequency Responses

• Frequency Response
The gain of a linear circuit is always a rational polynomial in jω and is
• Sine Wave Response called the transfer function of the circuit. For example:
• Logarithmic axes
• Logs of Powers + 60(jω)2 +720(jω) 20jω(jω+12)
• Straight Line H(jω) = 3(jω)3 +165(jω)2 +762(jω)+600
= (jω+1)(jω+4)(jω+50)
Approximations
• Plot Magnitude Response
• Low and High Frequency Step 1: Factorize the polynomials
Asymptotes
• Phase Approximation + Step 2: Sort corner freqs: 1, 4, 12, 50
• Plot Phase Response +
• RCR Circuit
Step 3: For ω < 1 all linear factors equal
• Summary their constant terms:
20ω×12
|H| ≈ 1×4×50 = 1.2ω 1 .

Step 4: For 1 < ω < 4, the factor (jω + 1) ≈ jω so

20ω×12
|H| ≈ ω×4×50 = 1.2ω 0

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2018-10340) Frequency Responses: 11 – 7 / 12

 Plot Magnitude Response

11: Frequency Responses

• Frequency Response
The gain of a linear circuit is always a rational polynomial in jω and is
• Sine Wave Response called the transfer function of the circuit. For example:
• Logarithmic axes
• Logs of Powers + 60(jω)2 +720(jω) 20jω(jω+12)
• Straight Line H(jω) = 3(jω)3 +165(jω)2 +762(jω)+600
= (jω+1)(jω+4)(jω+50)
Approximations
• Plot Magnitude Response
• Low and High Frequency Step 1: Factorize the polynomials
Asymptotes
• Phase Approximation + Step 2: Sort corner freqs: 1, 4, 12, 50
• Plot Phase Response +
• RCR Circuit
Step 3: For ω < 1 all linear factors equal
• Summary their constant terms:
20ω×12
|H| ≈ 1×4×50 = 1.2ω 1 .

Step 4: For 1 < ω < 4, the factor (jω + 1) ≈ jω so

20ω×12
|H| ≈ ω×4×50 = 1.2ω 0 = +1.58 dB.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2018-10340) Frequency Responses: 11 – 7 / 12

 Plot Magnitude Response

11: Frequency Responses

• Frequency Response
The gain of a linear circuit is always a rational polynomial in jω and is
• Sine Wave Response called the transfer function of the circuit. For example:
• Logarithmic axes
• Logs of Powers + 60(jω)2 +720(jω) 20jω(jω+12)
• Straight Line H(jω) = 3(jω)3 +165(jω)2 +762(jω)+600
= (jω+1)(jω+4)(jω+50)
Approximations
• Plot Magnitude Response
• Low and High Frequency Step 1: Factorize the polynomials
Asymptotes
• Phase Approximation + Step 2: Sort corner freqs: 1, 4, 12, 50
• Plot Phase Response +
• RCR Circuit
Step 3: For ω < 1 all linear factors equal
• Summary their constant terms:
20ω×12
|H| ≈ 1×4×50 = 1.2ω 1 .

Step 4: For 1 < ω < 4, the factor (jω + 1) ≈ jω so

20ω×12
|H| ≈ ω×4×50 = 1.2ω 0 = +1.58 dB.
20ω×12
Step 5: For 4 < ω < 12, |H| ≈ ω×ω×50 = 4.8ω −1 .

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2018-10340) Frequency Responses: 11 – 7 / 12

 Plot Magnitude Response

11: Frequency Responses

• Frequency Response
The gain of a linear circuit is always a rational polynomial in jω and is
• Sine Wave Response called the transfer function of the circuit. For example:
• Logarithmic axes
• Logs of Powers + 60(jω)2 +720(jω) 20jω(jω+12)
• Straight Line H(jω) = 3(jω)3 +165(jω)2 +762(jω)+600
= (jω+1)(jω+4)(jω+50)
Approximations
• Plot Magnitude Response
• Low and High Frequency Step 1: Factorize the polynomials
Asymptotes
• Phase Approximation + Step 2: Sort corner freqs: 1, 4, 12, 50
• Plot Phase Response +
• RCR Circuit
Step 3: For ω < 1 all linear factors equal
• Summary their constant terms:
20ω×12
|H| ≈ 1×4×50 = 1.2ω 1 .

Step 4: For 1 < ω < 4, the factor (jω + 1) ≈ jω so

20ω×12
|H| ≈ ω×4×50 = 1.2ω 0 = +1.58 dB.
20ω×12
Step 5: For 4 < ω < 12, |H| ≈ ω×ω×50 = 4.8ω −1 .
20ω×ω
Step 6: For 12 < ω < 50, |H| ≈ ω×ω×50 = 0.4ω 0 = −7.96 dB.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2018-10340) Frequency Responses: 11 – 7 / 12

 Plot Magnitude Response

11: Frequency Responses

• Frequency Response
The gain of a linear circuit is always a rational polynomial in jω and is
• Sine Wave Response called the transfer function of the circuit. For example:
• Logarithmic axes
• Logs of Powers + 60(jω)2 +720(jω) 20jω(jω+12)
• Straight Line H(jω) = 3(jω)3 +165(jω)2 +762(jω)+600
= (jω+1)(jω+4)(jω+50)
Approximations
• Plot Magnitude Response
• Low and High Frequency Step 1: Factorize the polynomials
Asymptotes
• Phase Approximation + Step 2: Sort corner freqs: 1, 4, 12, 50
• Plot Phase Response +
• RCR Circuit
Step 3: For ω < 1 all linear factors equal
• Summary their constant terms:
20ω×12
|H| ≈ 1×4×50 = 1.2ω 1 .

Step 4: For 1 < ω < 4, the factor (jω + 1) ≈ jω so

20ω×12
|H| ≈ ω×4×50 = 1.2ω 0 = +1.58 dB.
20ω×12
Step 5: For 4 < ω < 12, |H| ≈ ω×ω×50 = 4.8ω −1 .
20ω×ω
Step 6: For 12 < ω < 50, |H| ≈ ω×ω×50 = 0.4ω 0 = −7.96 dB.
20ω×ω
Step 7: For ω > 50, |H| ≈ ω×ω×ω = 20ω −1 .

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2018-10340) Frequency Responses: 11 – 7 / 12

 Plot Magnitude Response

11: Frequency Responses

• Frequency Response
The gain of a linear circuit is always a rational polynomial in jω and is
• Sine Wave Response called the transfer function of the circuit. For example:
• Logarithmic axes
• Logs of Powers + 60(jω)2 +720(jω) 20jω(jω+12)
• Straight Line H(jω) = 3(jω)3 +165(jω)2 +762(jω)+600
= (jω+1)(jω+4)(jω+50)
Approximations
• Plot Magnitude Response
• Low and High Frequency Step 1: Factorize the polynomials
Asymptotes
• Phase Approximation + Step 2: Sort corner freqs: 1, 4, 12, 50
• Plot Phase Response +
• RCR Circuit
Step 3: For ω < 1 all linear factors equal
• Summary their constant terms:
20ω×12
|H| ≈ 1×4×50 = 1.2ω 1 .

Step 4: For 1 < ω < 4, the factor (jω + 1) ≈ jω so

20ω×12
|H| ≈ ω×4×50 = 1.2ω 0 = +1.58 dB.
20ω×12
Step 5: For 4 < ω < 12, |H| ≈ ω×ω×50 = 4.8ω −1 .
20ω×ω
Step 6: For 12 < ω < 50, |H| ≈ ω×ω×50 = 0.4ω 0 = −7.96 dB.
20ω×ω
Step 7: For ω > 50, |H| ≈ ω×ω×ω = 20ω −1 .
At each corner frequency, the graph is continuous but its gradient changes
abruptly by +1 (numerator factor) or −1 (denominator factor).

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2018-10340) Frequency Responses: 11 – 7 / 12

 Low and High Frequency Asymptotes

11: Frequency Responses

• Frequency Response
You can find the low and high frequency asymptotes without factorizing:
60(jω)2 +720(jω) 20jω(jω+12)
• Sine Wave Response
• Logarithmic axes
H(jω) = 3(jω)3 +165(jω)2 +762(jω)+600
= (jω+1)(jω+4)(jω+50)
• Logs of Powers +
• Straight Line
Approximations
• Plot Magnitude Response
• Low and High Frequency
Asymptotes
• Phase Approximation +
• Plot Phase Response +
• RCR Circuit
• Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2018-10340) Frequency Responses: 11 – 8 / 12

 Low and High Frequency Asymptotes

11: Frequency Responses

• Frequency Response
You can find the low and high frequency asymptotes without factorizing:
60(jω)2 +720(jω) 20jω(jω+12)
• Sine Wave Response
• Logarithmic axes
H(jω) = 3(jω)3 +165(jω)2 +762(jω)+600
= (jω+1)(jω+4)(jω+50)
• Logs of Powers +
• Straight Line
Approximations
• Plot Magnitude Response
• Low and High Frequency
Asymptotes
• Phase Approximation +
• Plot Phase Response +
• RCR Circuit
• Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2018-10340) Frequency Responses: 11 – 8 / 12

 Low and High Frequency Asymptotes

11: Frequency Responses

• Frequency Response
You can find the low and high frequency asymptotes without factorizing:
60(jω)2 +720(jω) 20jω(jω+12)
• Sine Wave Response
• Logarithmic axes
H(jω) = 3(jω)3 +165(jω)2 +762(jω)+600
= (jω+1)(jω+4)(jω+50)
• Logs of Powers +
• Straight Line
Approximations
• Plot Magnitude Response
• Low and High Frequency
Asymptotes
• Phase Approximation +
• Plot Phase Response +
• RCR Circuit
• Summary

Low Frequency Asymptote:

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2018-10340) Frequency Responses: 11 – 8 / 12

 Low and High Frequency Asymptotes

11: Frequency Responses

• Frequency Response
You can find the low and high frequency asymptotes without factorizing:
60(jω)2 +720(jω) 20jω(jω+12)
• Sine Wave Response
• Logarithmic axes
H(jω) = 3(jω)3 +165(jω)2 +762(jω)+600
= (jω+1)(jω+4)(jω+50)
• Logs of Powers +
• Straight Line
Approximations
• Plot Magnitude Response
• Low and High Frequency
Asymptotes
• Phase Approximation +
• Plot Phase Response +
• RCR Circuit
• Summary

Low Frequency Asymptote:

20jω(12)
From factors: HLF (jω) = (1)(4)(50) = 1.2jω

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2018-10340) Frequency Responses: 11 – 8 / 12

 Low and High Frequency Asymptotes

11: Frequency Responses

• Frequency Response
You can find the low and high frequency asymptotes without factorizing:
60(jω)2 +720(jω) 20jω(jω+12)
• Sine Wave Response
• Logarithmic axes
H(jω) = 3(jω)3 +165(jω)2 +762(jω)+600
= (jω+1)(jω+4)(jω+50)
• Logs of Powers +
• Straight Line
Approximations
• Plot Magnitude Response
• Low and High Frequency
Asymptotes
• Phase Approximation +
• Plot Phase Response +
• RCR Circuit
• Summary

Low Frequency Asymptote:

20jω(12)
From factors: HLF (jω) = (1)(4)(50) = 1.2jω
720(jω)
Lowest power of jω on top and bottom: H (jω) ≃ 600 = 1.2jω

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2018-10340) Frequency Responses: 11 – 8 / 12

 Low and High Frequency Asymptotes

11: Frequency Responses

• Frequency Response
You can find the low and high frequency asymptotes without factorizing:
60(jω)2 +720(jω) 20jω(jω+12)
• Sine Wave Response
• Logarithmic axes
H(jω) = 3(jω)3 +165(jω)2 +762(jω)+600
= (jω+1)(jω+4)(jω+50)
• Logs of Powers +
• Straight Line
Approximations
• Plot Magnitude Response
• Low and High Frequency
Asymptotes
• Phase Approximation +
• Plot Phase Response +
• RCR Circuit
• Summary

Low Frequency Asymptote:

20jω(12)
From factors: HLF (jω) = (1)(4)(50) = 1.2jω
720(jω)
Lowest power of jω on top and bottom: H (jω) ≃ 600 = 1.2jω

High Frequency Asymptote:

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2018-10340) Frequency Responses: 11 – 8 / 12

 Low and High Frequency Asymptotes

11: Frequency Responses

• Frequency Response
You can find the low and high frequency asymptotes without factorizing:
60(jω)2 +720(jω) 20jω(jω+12)
• Sine Wave Response
• Logarithmic axes
H(jω) = 3(jω)3 +165(jω)2 +762(jω)+600
= (jω+1)(jω+4)(jω+50)
• Logs of Powers +
• Straight Line
Approximations
• Plot Magnitude Response
• Low and High Frequency
Asymptotes
• Phase Approximation +
• Plot Phase Response +
• RCR Circuit
• Summary

Low Frequency Asymptote:

20jω(12)
From factors: HLF (jω) = (1)(4)(50) = 1.2jω
720(jω)
Lowest power of jω on top and bottom: H (jω) ≃ 600 = 1.2jω

High Frequency Asymptote:

20jω(jω) −1
From factors: HHF (jω) = (jω)(jω)(jω) = 20 (jω)

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2018-10340) Frequency Responses: 11 – 8 / 12

 Low and High Frequency Asymptotes

11: Frequency Responses

• Frequency Response
You can find the low and high frequency asymptotes without factorizing:
60(jω)2 +720(jω) 20jω(jω+12)
• Sine Wave Response
• Logarithmic axes
H(jω) = 3(jω)3 +165(jω)2 +762(jω)+600
= (jω+1)(jω+4)(jω+50)
• Logs of Powers +
• Straight Line
Approximations
• Plot Magnitude Response
• Low and High Frequency
Asymptotes
• Phase Approximation +
• Plot Phase Response +
• RCR Circuit
• Summary

Low Frequency Asymptote:

20jω(12)
From factors: HLF (jω) = (1)(4)(50) = 1.2jω
720(jω)
Lowest power of jω on top and bottom: H (jω) ≃ 600 = 1.2jω

High Frequency Asymptote:

20jω(jω) −1
From factors: HHF (jω) = (jω)(jω)(jω) = 20 (jω)
60(jω)2 −1
Highest power of jω on top and bottom: H (jω) ≃ 3(jω)3
= 20 (jω)

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 Phase Approximation +

11: Frequency Responses 1

• Frequency Response Gain: H(jω) = jωRC+1
• Sine Wave Response
• Logarithmic axes
• Logs of Powers +
• Straight Line
Approximations
• Plot Magnitude Response
• Low and High Frequency
Asymptotes
• Phase Approximation +
• Plot Phase Response +
• RCR Circuit
• Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2018-10340) Frequency Responses: 11 – 9 / 12

 Phase Approximation +

11: Frequency Responses 1

• Frequency Response Gain: H(jω) = jωRC+1
• Sine Wave Response
1
• Logarithmic axes
• Logs of Powers +
Low frequencies (ω ≪ RC ):
• Straight Line
Approximations H(jω) ≈ 1
• Plot Magnitude Response
• Low and High Frequency
Asymptotes
• Phase Approximation +
• Plot Phase Response +
• RCR Circuit
• Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2018-10340) Frequency Responses: 11 – 9 / 12

 Phase Approximation +

11: Frequency Responses 1

• Frequency Response Gain: H(jω) = jωRC+1
• Sine Wave Response
1
• Logarithmic axes
• Logs of Powers +
Low frequencies (ω ≪ RC ):
• Straight Line
Approximations H(jω) ≈ 1⇒ ∠1 = 0
• Plot Magnitude Response
• Low and High Frequency
Asymptotes
• Phase Approximation +
• Plot Phase Response +
• RCR Circuit
• Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2018-10340) Frequency Responses: 11 – 9 / 12

 Phase Approximation +

11: Frequency Responses 1

• Frequency Response Gain: H(jω) = jωRC+1
• Sine Wave Response
1
• Logarithmic axes
• Logs of Powers +
Low frequencies (ω ≪ RC ):
• Straight Line
Approximations H(jω) ≈ 1⇒ ∠1 = 0
• Plot Magnitude Response
• Low and High Frequency
1 1
Asymptotes
• Phase Approximation +
High frequencies (ω ≫ RC ): H(jω) ≈ jωRC
• Plot Phase Response +
• RCR Circuit
• Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2018-10340) Frequency Responses: 11 – 9 / 12

 Phase Approximation +

11: Frequency Responses 1

• Frequency Response Gain: H(jω) = jωRC+1
• Sine Wave Response
1
• Logarithmic axes
• Logs of Powers +
Low frequencies (ω ≪ RC ):
• Straight Line
Approximations H(jω) ≈ 1⇒ ∠1 = 0
• Plot Magnitude Response
• Low and High Frequency
1 1
Asymptotes
• Phase Approximation +
High frequencies (ω ≫ RC ): H(jω) ≈ jωRC ⇒ ∠j −1 = − π2
• Plot Phase Response +
• RCR Circuit
• Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2018-10340) Frequency Responses: 11 – 9 / 12

 Phase Approximation +

11: Frequency Responses 1

• Frequency Response Gain: H(jω) = jωRC+1
• Sine Wave Response
1
• Logarithmic axes
• Logs of Powers +
Low frequencies (ω ≪ RC ):
• Straight Line
Approximations H(jω) ≈ 1⇒ ∠1 = 0
• Plot Magnitude Response
• Low and High Frequency
1 1
Asymptotes
• Phase Approximation +
High frequencies (ω ≫ RC ): H(jω) ≈ jωRC ⇒ ∠j −1 = − π2
• Plot Phase Response +
• RCR Circuit
Approximate the phase response as
• Summary
three straight lines.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2018-10340) Frequency Responses: 11 – 9 / 12

 Phase Approximation +

11: Frequency Responses 1

• Frequency Response Gain: H(jω) = jωRC+1
• Sine Wave Response
1
• Logarithmic axes
• Logs of Powers +
Low frequencies (ω ≪ RC ):
• Straight Line
Approximations H(jω) ≈ 1⇒ ∠1 = 0
• Plot Magnitude Response
• Low and High Frequency
1 1
Asymptotes
• Phase Approximation +
High frequencies (ω ≫ RC ): H(jω) ≈ jωRC ⇒ ∠j −1 = − π2
• Plot Phase Response +
• RCR Circuit
Approximate the phase response as
• Summary
three straight lines.

By chance, they intersect close to

1
0.1ωc and 10ωc where ωc = RC .

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2018-10340) Frequency Responses: 11 – 9 / 12

 Phase Approximation +

11: Frequency Responses 1

• Frequency Response Gain: H(jω) = jωRC+1
• Sine Wave Response
1
• Logarithmic axes
• Logs of Powers +
Low frequencies (ω ≪ RC ):
• Straight Line
Approximations H(jω) ≈ 1⇒ ∠1 = 0
• Plot Magnitude Response
• Low and High Frequency
1 1
Asymptotes
• Phase Approximation +
High frequencies (ω ≫ RC ): H(jω) ≈ jωRC ⇒ ∠j −1 = − π2
• Plot Phase Response +
• RCR Circuit
Approximate the phase response as
• Summary
three straight lines.

By chance, they intersect close to

1
0.1ωc and 10ωc where ωc = RC .

Between 0.1ωc and 10ωc the phase changes by − π2 over two decades.
This gives a gradient = − π4 radians/decade.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2018-10340) Frequency Responses: 11 – 9 / 12

 Phase Approximation +

11: Frequency Responses 1

• Frequency Response Gain: H(jω) = jωRC+1
• Sine Wave Response
1
• Logarithmic axes
• Logs of Powers +
Low frequencies (ω ≪ RC ):
• Straight Line
Approximations H(jω) ≈ 1⇒ ∠1 = 0
• Plot Magnitude Response
• Low and High Frequency
1 1
Asymptotes
• Phase Approximation +
High frequencies (ω ≫ RC ): H(jω) ≈ jωRC ⇒ ∠j −1 = − π2
• Plot Phase Response +
• RCR Circuit
Approximate the phase response as
• Summary
three straight lines.

By chance, they intersect close to

1
0.1ωc and 10ωc where ωc = RC .

Between 0.1ωc and 10ωc the phase changes by − π2 over two decades.
This gives a gradient = − π4 radians/decade.

(ajω + b) in denominator
⇒ ∆gradient = ∓ π4 /decade at ω = 10∓1 b
a .

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2018-10340) Frequency Responses: 11 – 9 / 12

 Phase Approximation +

11: Frequency Responses 1

• Frequency Response Gain: H(jω) = jωRC+1
• Sine Wave Response
1
• Logarithmic axes
• Logs of Powers +
Low frequencies (ω ≪ RC ):
• Straight Line
Approximations H(jω) ≈ 1⇒ ∠1 = 0
• Plot Magnitude Response
• Low and High Frequency
1 1
Asymptotes
• Phase Approximation +
High frequencies (ω ≫ RC ): H(jω) ≈ jωRC ⇒ ∠j −1 = − π2
• Plot Phase Response +
• RCR Circuit
Approximate the phase response as
• Summary
three straight lines.

By chance, they intersect close to

1
0.1ωc and 10ωc where ωc = RC .

Between 0.1ωc and 10ωc the phase changes by − π2 over two decades.
This gives a gradient = − π4 radians/decade.

(ajω + b) in denominator
⇒ ∆gradient = ∓ π4 /decade at ω = 10∓1 b
a .

The sign of ∆gradient is reversed for (a) numerator factors and (b) ab < 0.
E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2018-10340) Frequency Responses: 11 – 9 / 12
 Plot Phase Response +

11: Frequency Responses

60(jω)2 +720(jω)
• Frequency Response H(jω) = 3(jω)3 +165(jω)2 +762(jω)+600
• Sine Wave Response
• Logarithmic axes
• Logs of Powers +
• Straight Line
Approximations
• Plot Magnitude Response
• Low and High Frequency
Asymptotes
• Phase Approximation +
• Plot Phase Response +
• RCR Circuit
• Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2018-10340) Frequency Responses: 11 – 10 / 12

 Plot Phase Response +

11: Frequency Responses

60(jω)2 +720(jω) 20jω(jω+12)
• Frequency Response H(jω) = 3(jω)3 +165(jω)2 +762(jω)+600
= (jω+1)(jω+4)(jω+50)
• Sine Wave Response
• Logarithmic axes
• Logs of Powers + Step 1: Factorize the polynomials
• Straight Line
Approximations Step 2: List corner freqs: ± = num/den
• Plot Magnitude Response
• Low and High Frequency ωc = {1− , 4− , 12+ , 50− }
Asymptotes
• Phase Approximation +
• Plot Phase Response +
• RCR Circuit
• Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2018-10340) Frequency Responses: 11 – 10 / 12

 Plot Phase Response +

11: Frequency Responses

60(jω)2 +720(jω) 20jω(jω+12)
• Frequency Response H(jω) = 3(jω)3 +165(jω)2 +762(jω)+600
= (jω+1)(jω+4)(jω+50)
• Sine Wave Response
• Logarithmic axes
• Logs of Powers + Step 1: Factorize the polynomials
• Straight Line
Approximations Step 2: List corner freqs: ± = num/den
• Plot Magnitude Response
• Low and High Frequency ωc = {1− , 4− , 12+ , 50− }
Asymptotes
• Phase Approximation + Step 3: Gradient changes at 10∓1 ωc .

Sign depends on num/den and sgn ab :
• Plot Phase Response +
• RCR Circuit
• Summary .1− , 10+ ; .4− , 40+ ; 1.2+ , 120− ; 5− , 500+

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2018-10340) Frequency Responses: 11 – 10 / 12

 Plot Phase Response +

11: Frequency Responses

60(jω)2 +720(jω) 20jω(jω+12)
• Frequency Response H(jω) = 3(jω)3 +165(jω)2 +762(jω)+600
= (jω+1)(jω+4)(jω+50)
• Sine Wave Response
• Logarithmic axes
• Logs of Powers + Step 1: Factorize the polynomials
• Straight Line
Approximations Step 2: List corner freqs: ± = num/den
• Plot Magnitude Response
• Low and High Frequency ωc = {1− , 4− , 12+ , 50− }
Asymptotes
• Phase Approximation + Step 3: Gradient changes at 10∓1 ωc .

Sign depends on num/den and sgn ab :
• Plot Phase Response +
• RCR Circuit
• Summary .1− , 10+ ; .4− , 40+ ; 1.2+ , 120− ; 5− , 500+
Step 4: Put in ascending order and calculate gaps as log10 ω 2
ω decades:
1
.1 (.6) .4 (.48) 1.2 (.62) 5 (.3) 10 (.6) 40 (.48) 120− (.62) 500+ .
− − + − + +

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2018-10340) Frequency Responses: 11 – 10 / 12

 Plot Phase Response +

11: Frequency Responses

60(jω)2 +720(jω) 20jω(jω+12)
• Frequency Response H(jω) = 3(jω)3 +165(jω)2 +762(jω)+600
= (jω+1)(jω+4)(jω+50)
• Sine Wave Response
• Logarithmic axes
• Logs of Powers + Step 1: Factorize the polynomials
• Straight Line
Approximations Step 2: List corner freqs: ± = num/den
• Plot Magnitude Response
• Low and High Frequency ωc = {1− , 4− , 12+ , 50− }
Asymptotes
• Phase Approximation + Step 3: Gradient changes at 10∓1 ωc .

Sign depends on num/den and sgn ab :
• Plot Phase Response +
• RCR Circuit
• Summary .1− , 10+ ; .4− , 40+ ; 1.2+ , 120− ; 5− , 500+
Step 4: Put in ascending order and calculate gaps as log10 ω 2
ω decades:
1
.1 (.6) .4 (.48) 1.2 (.62) 5 (.3) 10 (.6) 40 (.48) 120− (.62) 500+ .
− − + − + +

Step 5: Find phase of LF asymptote: ∠1.2jω = + π2 .

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2018-10340) Frequency Responses: 11 – 10 / 12

 Plot Phase Response +

11: Frequency Responses

60(jω)2 +720(jω) 20jω(jω+12)
• Frequency Response H(jω) = 3(jω)3 +165(jω)2 +762(jω)+600
= (jω+1)(jω+4)(jω+50)
• Sine Wave Response
• Logarithmic axes
• Logs of Powers + Step 1: Factorize the polynomials
• Straight Line
Approximations Step 2: List corner freqs: ± = num/den
• Plot Magnitude Response
• Low and High Frequency ωc = {1− , 4− , 12+ , 50− }
Asymptotes
• Phase Approximation + Step 3: Gradient changes at 10∓1 ωc .

Sign depends on num/den and sgn ab :
• Plot Phase Response +
• RCR Circuit
• Summary .1− , 10+ ; .4− , 40+ ; 1.2+ , 120− ; 5− , 500+
Step 4: Put in ascending order and calculate gaps as log10 ω 2
ω decades:
1
.1 (.6) .4 (.48) 1.2 (.62) 5 (.3) 10 (.6) 40 (.48) 120− (.62) 500+ .
− − + − + +

Step 5: Find phase of LF asymptote: ∠1.2jω = + π2 .

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2018-10340) Frequency Responses: 11 – 10 / 12

 Plot Phase Response +

11: Frequency Responses

60(jω)2 +720(jω) 20jω(jω+12)
• Frequency Response H(jω) = 3(jω)3 +165(jω)2 +762(jω)+600
= (jω+1)(jω+4)(jω+50)
• Sine Wave Response
• Logarithmic axes
• Logs of Powers + Step 1: Factorize the polynomials
• Straight Line
Approximations Step 2: List corner freqs: ± = num/den
• Plot Magnitude Response
• Low and High Frequency ωc = {1− , 4− , 12+ , 50− }
Asymptotes
• Phase Approximation + Step 3: Gradient changes at 10∓1 ωc .

Sign depends on num/den and sgn ab :
• Plot Phase Response +
• RCR Circuit
• Summary .1− , 10+ ; .4− , 40+ ; 1.2+ , 120− ; 5− , 500+
Step 4: Put in ascending order and calculate gaps as log10 ω 2
ω decades:
1
.1 (.6) .4 (.48) 1.2 (.62) 5 (.3) 10 (.6) 40 (.48) 120− (.62) 500+ .
− − + − + +

Step 5: Find phase of LF asymptote: ∠1.2jω = + π2 .

Step 6: At ω = 0.1 gradient becomes − π4 rad/decade. φ is still π2 .

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2018-10340) Frequency Responses: 11 – 10 / 12

 Plot Phase Response +

11: Frequency Responses

60(jω)2 +720(jω) 20jω(jω+12)
• Frequency Response H(jω) = 3(jω)3 +165(jω)2 +762(jω)+600
= (jω+1)(jω+4)(jω+50)
• Sine Wave Response
• Logarithmic axes
• Logs of Powers + Step 1: Factorize the polynomials
• Straight Line
Approximations Step 2: List corner freqs: ± = num/den
• Plot Magnitude Response
• Low and High Frequency ωc = {1− , 4− , 12+ , 50− }
Asymptotes
• Phase Approximation + Step 3: Gradient changes at 10∓1 ωc .

Sign depends on num/den and sgn ab :
• Plot Phase Response +
• RCR Circuit
• Summary .1− , 10+ ; .4− , 40+ ; 1.2+ , 120− ; 5− , 500+
Step 4: Put in ascending order and calculate gaps as log10 ω 2
ω decades:
1
.1 (.6) .4 (.48) 1.2 (.62) 5 (.3) 10 (.6) 40 (.48) 120− (.62) 500+ .
− − + − + +

Step 5: Find phase of LF asymptote: ∠1.2jω = + π2 .

Step 6: At ω = 0.1 gradient becomes − π4 rad/decade. φ is still π2 .
Step 7: At ω = 0.4, φ = π2 − 0.6 π4 = 0.35π . New gradient is − π2 .

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2018-10340) Frequency Responses: 11 – 10 / 12

 Plot Phase Response +

11: Frequency Responses

60(jω)2 +720(jω) 20jω(jω+12)
• Frequency Response H(jω) = 3(jω)3 +165(jω)2 +762(jω)+600
= (jω+1)(jω+4)(jω+50)
• Sine Wave Response
• Logarithmic axes
• Logs of Powers + Step 1: Factorize the polynomials
• Straight Line
Approximations Step 2: List corner freqs: ± = num/den
• Plot Magnitude Response
• Low and High Frequency ωc = {1− , 4− , 12+ , 50− }
Asymptotes
• Phase Approximation + Step 3: Gradient changes at 10∓1 ωc .

Sign depends on num/den and sgn ab :
• Plot Phase Response +
• RCR Circuit
• Summary .1− , 10+ ; .4− , 40+ ; 1.2+ , 120− ; 5− , 500+
Step 4: Put in ascending order and calculate gaps as log10 ω 2
ω decades:
1
.1 (.6) .4 (.48) 1.2 (.62) 5 (.3) 10 (.6) 40 (.48) 120− (.62) 500+ .
− − + − + +

Step 5: Find phase of LF asymptote: ∠1.2jω = + π2 .

Step 6: At ω = 0.1 gradient becomes − π4 rad/decade. φ is still π2 .
Step 7: At ω = 0.4, φ = π2 − 0.6 π4 = 0.35π . New gradient is − π2 .
Step 8: At ω = 1.2, φ = 0.35π − 0.48 π2 = 0.11π . New gradient is − π4 .

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2018-10340) Frequency Responses: 11 – 10 / 12

 Plot Phase Response +

11: Frequency Responses

60(jω)2 +720(jω) 20jω(jω+12)
• Frequency Response H(jω) = 3(jω)3 +165(jω)2 +762(jω)+600
= (jω+1)(jω+4)(jω+50)
• Sine Wave Response
• Logarithmic axes
• Logs of Powers + Step 1: Factorize the polynomials
• Straight Line
Approximations Step 2: List corner freqs: ± = num/den
• Plot Magnitude Response
• Low and High Frequency ωc = {1− , 4− , 12+ , 50− }
Asymptotes
• Phase Approximation + Step 3: Gradient changes at 10∓1 ωc .

Sign depends on num/den and sgn ab :
• Plot Phase Response +
• RCR Circuit
• Summary .1− , 10+ ; .4− , 40+ ; 1.2+ , 120− ; 5− , 500+
Step 4: Put in ascending order and calculate gaps as log10 ω 2
ω decades:
1
.1 (.6) .4 (.48) 1.2 (.62) 5 (.3) 10 (.6) 40 (.48) 120− (.62) 500+ .
− − + − + +

Step 5: Find phase of LF asymptote: ∠1.2jω = + π2 .

Step 6: At ω = 0.1 gradient becomes − π4 rad/decade. φ is still π2 .
Step 7: At ω = 0.4, φ = π2 − 0.6 π4 = 0.35π . New gradient is − π2 .
Step 8: At ω = 1.2, φ = 0.35π − 0.48 π2 = 0.11π . New gradient is − π4 .
Steps 9-13: Repeat for each gradient change.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2018-10340) Frequency Responses: 11 – 10 / 12

 Plot Phase Response +

11: Frequency Responses

60(jω)2 +720(jω) 20jω(jω+12)
• Frequency Response H(jω) = 3(jω)3 +165(jω)2 +762(jω)+600
= (jω+1)(jω+4)(jω+50)
• Sine Wave Response
• Logarithmic axes
• Logs of Powers + Step 1: Factorize the polynomials
• Straight Line
Approximations Step 2: List corner freqs: ± = num/den
• Plot Magnitude Response
• Low and High Frequency ωc = {1− , 4− , 12+ , 50− }
Asymptotes
• Phase Approximation + Step 3: Gradient changes at 10∓1 ωc .

Sign depends on num/den and sgn ab :
• Plot Phase Response +
• RCR Circuit
• Summary .1− , 10+ ; .4− , 40+ ; 1.2+ , 120− ; 5− , 500+
Step 4: Put in ascending order and calculate gaps as log10 ω 2
ω decades:
1
.1 (.6) .4 (.48) 1.2 (.62) 5 (.3) 10 (.6) 40 (.48) 120− (.62) 500+ .
− − + − + +

Step 5: Find phase of LF asymptote: ∠1.2jω = + π2 .

Step 6: At ω = 0.1 gradient becomes − π4 rad/decade. φ is still π2 .
Step 7: At ω = 0.4, φ = π2 − 0.6 π4 = 0.35π . New gradient is − π2 .
Step 8: At ω = 1.2, φ = 0.35π − 0.48 π2 = 0.11π . New gradient is − π4 .
Steps 9-13: Repeat for each gradient change.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2018-10340) Frequency Responses: 11 – 10 / 12

 Plot Phase Response +

11: Frequency Responses

60(jω)2 +720(jω) 20jω(jω+12)
• Frequency Response H(jω) = 3(jω)3 +165(jω)2 +762(jω)+600
= (jω+1)(jω+4)(jω+50)
• Sine Wave Response
• Logarithmic axes
• Logs of Powers + Step 1: Factorize the polynomials
• Straight Line
Approximations Step 2: List corner freqs: ± = num/den
• Plot Magnitude Response
• Low and High Frequency ωc = {1− , 4− , 12+ , 50− }
Asymptotes
• Phase Approximation + Step 3: Gradient changes at 10∓1 ωc .

Sign depends on num/den and sgn ab :
• Plot Phase Response +
• RCR Circuit
• Summary .1− , 10+ ; .4− , 40+ ; 1.2+ , 120− ; 5− , 500+
Step 4: Put in ascending order and calculate gaps as log10 ω 2
ω decades:
1
.1 (.6) .4 (.48) 1.2 (.62) 5 (.3) 10 (.6) 40 (.48) 120− (.62) 500+ .
− − + − + +

Step 5: Find phase of LF asymptote: ∠1.2jω = + π2 .

Step 6: At ω = 0.1 gradient becomes − π4 rad/decade. φ is still π2 .
Step 7: At ω = 0.4, φ = π2 − 0.6 π4 = 0.35π . New gradient is − π2 .
Step 8: At ω = 1.2, φ = 0.35π − 0.48 π2 = 0.11π . New gradient is − π4 .
Steps 9-13: Repeat for each gradient change.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2018-10340) Frequency Responses: 11 – 10 / 12

 Plot Phase Response +

11: Frequency Responses

60(jω)2 +720(jω) 20jω(jω+12)
• Frequency Response H(jω) = 3(jω)3 +165(jω)2 +762(jω)+600
= (jω+1)(jω+4)(jω+50)
• Sine Wave Response
• Logarithmic axes
• Logs of Powers + Step 1: Factorize the polynomials
• Straight Line
Approximations Step 2: List corner freqs: ± = num/den
• Plot Magnitude Response
• Low and High Frequency ωc = {1− , 4− , 12+ , 50− }
Asymptotes
• Phase Approximation + Step 3: Gradient changes at 10∓1 ωc .

Sign depends on num/den and sgn ab :
• Plot Phase Response +
• RCR Circuit
• Summary .1− , 10+ ; .4− , 40+ ; 1.2+ , 120− ; 5− , 500+
Step 4: Put in ascending order and calculate gaps as log10 ω 2
ω decades:
1
.1 (.6) .4 (.48) 1.2 (.62) 5 (.3) 10 (.6) 40 (.48) 120− (.62) 500+ .
− − + − + +

Step 5: Find phase of LF asymptote: ∠1.2jω = + π2 .

Step 6: At ω = 0.1 gradient becomes − π4 rad/decade. φ is still π2 .
Step 7: At ω = 0.4, φ = π2 − 0.6 π4 = 0.35π . New gradient is − π2 .
Step 8: At ω = 1.2, φ = 0.35π − 0.48 π2 = 0.11π . New gradient is − π4 .
Steps 9-13: Repeat for each gradient change.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2018-10340) Frequency Responses: 11 – 10 / 12

 Plot Phase Response +

11: Frequency Responses

60(jω)2 +720(jω) 20jω(jω+12)
• Frequency Response H(jω) = 3(jω)3 +165(jω)2 +762(jω)+600
= (jω+1)(jω+4)(jω+50)
• Sine Wave Response
• Logarithmic axes
• Logs of Powers + Step 1: Factorize the polynomials
• Straight Line
Approximations Step 2: List corner freqs: ± = num/den
• Plot Magnitude Response
• Low and High Frequency ωc = {1− , 4− , 12+ , 50− }
Asymptotes
• Phase Approximation + Step 3: Gradient changes at 10∓1 ωc .

Sign depends on num/den and sgn ab :
• Plot Phase Response +
• RCR Circuit
• Summary .1− , 10+ ; .4− , 40+ ; 1.2+ , 120− ; 5− , 500+
Step 4: Put in ascending order and calculate gaps as log10 ω 2
ω decades:
1
.1 (.6) .4 (.48) 1.2 (.62) 5 (.3) 10 (.6) 40 (.48) 120− (.62) 500+ .
− − + − + +

Step 5: Find phase of LF asymptote: ∠1.2jω = + π2 .

Step 6: At ω = 0.1 gradient becomes − π4 rad/decade. φ is still π2 .
Step 7: At ω = 0.4, φ = π2 − 0.6 π4 = 0.35π . New gradient is − π2 .
Step 8: At ω = 1.2, φ = 0.35π − 0.48 π2 = 0.11π . New gradient is − π4 .
Steps 9-13: Repeat for each gradient change. Final gradient is always 0.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2018-10340) Frequency Responses: 11 – 10 / 12

 Plot Phase Response +

11: Frequency Responses

60(jω)2 +720(jω) 20jω(jω+12)
• Frequency Response H(jω) = 3(jω)3 +165(jω)2 +762(jω)+600
= (jω+1)(jω+4)(jω+50)
• Sine Wave Response
• Logarithmic axes
• Logs of Powers + Step 1: Factorize the polynomials
• Straight Line
Approximations Step 2: List corner freqs: ± = num/den
• Plot Magnitude Response
• Low and High Frequency ωc = {1− , 4− , 12+ , 50− }
Asymptotes
• Phase Approximation + Step 3: Gradient changes at 10∓1 ωc .

Sign depends on num/den and sgn ab :
• Plot Phase Response +
• RCR Circuit
• Summary .1− , 10+ ; .4− , 40+ ; 1.2+ , 120− ; 5− , 500+
Step 4: Put in ascending order and calculate gaps as log10 ω 2
ω decades:
1
.1 (.6) .4 (.48) 1.2 (.62) 5 (.3) 10 (.6) 40 (.48) 120− (.62) 500+ .
− − + − + +

Step 5: Find phase of LF asymptote: ∠1.2jω = + π2 .

Step 6: At ω = 0.1 gradient becomes − π4 rad/decade. φ is still π2 .
Step 7: At ω = 0.4, φ = π2 − 0.6 π4 = 0.35π . New gradient is − π2 .
Step 8: At ω = 1.2, φ = 0.35π − 0.48 π2 = 0.11π . New gradient is − π4 .
Steps 9-13: Repeat for each gradient change. Final gradient is always 0.
At 0.1 and 10 times each corner frequency, the graph is continuous but its
gradient changes abruptly by ± π4 rad/decade.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2018-10340) Frequency Responses: 11 – 10 / 12

 RCR Circuit

11: Frequency Responses

• Frequency Response
• Sine Wave Response
• Logarithmic axes
• Logs of Powers +
• Straight Line
Approximations
• Plot Magnitude Response
• Low and High Frequency
Asymptotes
• Phase Approximation +
• Plot Phase Response +
• RCR Circuit
• Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2018-10340) Frequency Responses: 11 – 11 / 12

 RCR Circuit

11: Frequency Responses 1

Y R+ jωC
• Frequency Response
X = 3R+R+ jωC1
• Sine Wave Response
• Logarithmic axes
• Logs of Powers +
• Straight Line
Approximations
• Plot Magnitude Response
• Low and High Frequency
Asymptotes
• Phase Approximation +
• Plot Phase Response +
• RCR Circuit
• Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2018-10340) Frequency Responses: 11 – 11 / 12

 RCR Circuit

11: Frequency Responses 1

Y R+ jωC jωRC+1
• Frequency Response
X = 3R+R+ jωC1 = 4jωRC+1
• Sine Wave Response
• Logarithmic axes
• Logs of Powers +
• Straight Line
Approximations
• Plot Magnitude Response
• Low and High Frequency
Asymptotes
• Phase Approximation +
• Plot Phase Response +
• RCR Circuit
• Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2018-10340) Frequency Responses: 11 – 11 / 12

 RCR Circuit

11: Frequency Responses 1

Y R+ jωC jωRC+1
• Frequency Response
X = 3R+R+ jωC1 = 4jωRC+1
• Sine Wave Response
• Logarithmic axes
− 1 +
Corner freqs: 0.25
• Logs of Powers +
• Straight Line RC , RC
Approximations
• Plot Magnitude Response
• Low and High Frequency
Asymptotes
• Phase Approximation +
• Plot Phase Response +
• RCR Circuit
• Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2018-10340) Frequency Responses: 11 – 11 / 12

 RCR Circuit

11: Frequency Responses 1

Y R+ jωC jωRC+1
• Frequency Response
X = 3R+R+ jωC1 = 4jωRC+1
• Sine Wave Response
• Logarithmic axes
− 1 +
Corner freqs: 0.25
• Logs of Powers +
• Straight Line RC , RC LF Asymptote: H(jω) = 1
Approximations
• Plot Magnitude Response
• Low and High Frequency
Asymptotes
• Phase Approximation +
• Plot Phase Response +
• RCR Circuit
• Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2018-10340) Frequency Responses: 11 – 11 / 12

 RCR Circuit

11: Frequency Responses 1

Y R+ jωC jωRC+1
• Frequency Response
X = 3R+R+ jωC1 = 4jωRC+1
• Sine Wave Response
• Logarithmic axes
− 1 +
Corner freqs: 0.25
• Logs of Powers +
• Straight Line RC , RC LF Asymptote: H(jω) = 1
Approximations
• Plot Magnitude Response
• Low and High Frequency
Asymptotes
• Phase Approximation +
• Plot Phase Response +
• RCR Circuit
• Summary

Magnitude Response:

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2018-10340) Frequency Responses: 11 – 11 / 12

 RCR Circuit

11: Frequency Responses 1

Y R+ jωC jωRC+1
• Frequency Response
X = 3R+R+ jωC1 = 4jωRC+1
• Sine Wave Response
• Logarithmic axes
− 1 +
Corner freqs: 0.25
• Logs of Powers +
• Straight Line RC , RC LF Asymptote: H(jω) = 1
Approximations
• Plot Magnitude Response
• Low and High Frequency
Asymptotes
• Phase Approximation +
• Plot Phase Response +
• RCR Circuit
• Summary

Magnitude Response:
Gradient Changes: −20 dB/dec at ω = 0.25
RC and +20 at ω = 1
RC

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2018-10340) Frequency Responses: 11 – 11 / 12

 RCR Circuit

11: Frequency Responses 1

Y R+ jωC jωRC+1
• Frequency Response
X = 3R+R+ jωC1 = 4jωRC+1
• Sine Wave Response
• Logarithmic axes
− 1 +
Corner freqs: 0.25
• Logs of Powers +
• Straight Line RC , RC LF Asymptote: H(jω) = 1
Approximations
• Plot Magnitude Response
• Low and High Frequency
Asymptotes
• Phase Approximation +
• Plot Phase Response +
• RCR Circuit
• Summary

Magnitude Response:
Gradient Changes: −20 dB/dec at ω = 0.25
RC and +20 at ω = 1
RC

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2018-10340) Frequency Responses: 11 – 11 / 12

 RCR Circuit

11: Frequency Responses 1

Y R+ jωC jωRC+1
• Frequency Response
X = 3R+R+ jωC1 = 4jωRC+1
• Sine Wave Response
• Logarithmic axes
− 1 +
Corner freqs: 0.25
• Logs of Powers +
• Straight Line RC , RC LF Asymptote: H(jω) = 1
Approximations
• Plot Magnitude Response
• Low and High Frequency
Asymptotes
• Phase Approximation +
• Plot Phase Response +
• RCR Circuit
• Summary

Magnitude Response:
Gradient Changes: −20 dB/dec at ω = 0.25
RC and +20 at ω = 1
RC
1 jωRC
Line equations: H(jω) = (a) 1, (b) 4jωRC , (c) 4jωRC = 0.25

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2018-10340) Frequency Responses: 11 – 11 / 12

 RCR Circuit

11: Frequency Responses 1

Y R+ jωC jωRC+1
• Frequency Response
X = 3R+R+ jωC1 = 4jωRC+1
• Sine Wave Response
• Logarithmic axes
− 1 +
Corner freqs: 0.25
• Logs of Powers +
• Straight Line RC , RC LF Asymptote: H(jω) = 1
Approximations
• Plot Magnitude Response
• Low and High Frequency
Asymptotes
• Phase Approximation +
• Plot Phase Response +
• RCR Circuit
• Summary

Magnitude Response:
Gradient Changes: −20 dB/dec at ω = 0.25
RC and +20 at ω = 1
RC
1 jωRC
Line equations: H(jω) = (a) 1, (b) 4jωRC , (c) 4jωRC = 0.25

Phase Response:

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2018-10340) Frequency Responses: 11 – 11 / 12

 RCR Circuit

11: Frequency Responses 1

Y R+ jωC jωRC+1
• Frequency Response
X = 3R+R+ jωC1 = 4jωRC+1
• Sine Wave Response
• Logarithmic axes
− 1 +
Corner freqs: 0.25
• Logs of Powers +
• Straight Line RC , RC LF Asymptote: H(jω) = 1
Approximations
• Plot Magnitude Response
• Low and High Frequency
Asymptotes
• Phase Approximation +
• Plot Phase Response +
• RCR Circuit
• Summary

Magnitude Response:
Gradient Changes: −20 dB/dec at ω = 0.25
RC and +20 at ω = 1
RC
1 jωRC
Line equations: H(jω) = (a) 1, (b) 4jωRC , (c) 4jωRC = 0.25

Phase Response:
LF asymptote: φ = ∠1 = 0

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2018-10340) Frequency Responses: 11 – 11 / 12

 RCR Circuit

11: Frequency Responses 1

Y R+ jωC jωRC+1
• Frequency Response
X = 3R+R+ jωC1 = 4jωRC+1
• Sine Wave Response
• Logarithmic axes
− 1 +
Corner freqs: 0.25
• Logs of Powers +
• Straight Line RC , RC LF Asymptote: H(jω) = 1
Approximations
• Plot Magnitude Response
• Low and High Frequency
Asymptotes
• Phase Approximation +
• Plot Phase Response +
• RCR Circuit
• Summary

Magnitude Response:
Gradient Changes: −20 dB/dec at ω = 0.25
RC and +20 at ω = 1
RC
1 jωRC
Line equations: H(jω) = (a) 1, (b) 4jωRC , (c) 4jωRC = 0.25

Phase Response:
LF asymptote: φ = ∠1 = 0
− + + −
Gradient changes of ± π4 /decade at: ω = 0.025
RC
0.1
, RC 2.5
, RC 10
, RC .

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2018-10340) Frequency Responses: 11 – 11 / 12

 RCR Circuit

11: Frequency Responses 1

Y R+ jωC jωRC+1
• Frequency Response
X = 3R+R+ jωC1 = 4jωRC+1
• Sine Wave Response
• Logarithmic axes
− 1 +
Corner freqs: 0.25
• Logs of Powers +
• Straight Line RC , RC LF Asymptote: H(jω) = 1
Approximations
• Plot Magnitude Response
• Low and High Frequency
Asymptotes
• Phase Approximation +
• Plot Phase Response +
• RCR Circuit
• Summary

Magnitude Response:
Gradient Changes: −20 dB/dec at ω = 0.25
RC and +20 at ω = 1
RC
1 jωRC
Line equations: H(jω) = (a) 1, (b) 4jωRC , (c) 4jωRC = 0.25

Phase Response:
LF asymptote: φ = ∠1 = 0
− + + −
Gradient changes of ± π4 /decade at: ω = 0.025
RC
0.1
, RC 2.5
, RC 10
, RC .
0.1
At ω = RC , φ = 0 − π4 log10 0.025
0.1
= − π4 × 0.602 = −0.15π

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2018-10340) Frequency Responses: 11 – 11 / 12

 Summary

11: Frequency Responses Y

• Frequency Response • Frequency response: magnitude and phase of X as a function of ω
• Sine Wave Response
• Logarithmic axes
◦ Only applies to sine waves
• Logs of Powers +
• Straight Line
Approximations
• Plot Magnitude Response
• Low and High Frequency
Asymptotes
• Phase Approximation +
• Plot Phase Response +
• RCR Circuit
• Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2018-10340) Frequency Responses: 11 – 12 / 12

 Summary

11: Frequency Responses Y

• Frequency Response • Frequency response: magnitude and phase of X as a function of ω
• Sine Wave Response
• Logarithmic axes
◦ Only applies to sine waves
• Logs of Powers +
• Straight Line ◦ Use log axes for frequency and gain but linear for phase
Approximations
• Plot Magnitude Response
• Low and High Frequency
⊲ Decibels = 20 log10 VV21 = 10 log10 P P1
2

Asymptotes
• Phase Approximation +
• Plot Phase Response +
• RCR Circuit
• Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2018-10340) Frequency Responses: 11 – 12 / 12

 Summary

11: Frequency Responses Y

• Frequency Response • Frequency response: magnitude and phase of X as a function of ω
• Sine Wave Response
• Logarithmic axes
◦ Only applies to sine waves
• Logs of Powers +
• Straight Line ◦ Use log axes for frequency and gain but linear for phase
Approximations
• Plot Magnitude Response
• Low and High Frequency
⊲ Decibels = 20 log10 VV21 = 10 log10 P P1
2

Asymptotes
b
• Phase Approximation + • Linear factor (ajω + b) gives corner frequency at ω = a .
• Plot Phase Response +
b
• RCR Circuit
• Summary
◦ Magnitude plot gradient changes by ±20 dB/decade @ ω = a .

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2018-10340) Frequency Responses: 11 – 12 / 12

 Summary

11: Frequency Responses Y

• Frequency Response • Frequency response: magnitude and phase of X as a function of ω
• Sine Wave Response
• Logarithmic axes
◦ Only applies to sine waves
• Logs of Powers +
• Straight Line ◦ Use log axes for frequency and gain but linear for phase
Approximations
• Plot Magnitude Response
• Low and High Frequency
⊲ Decibels = 20 log10 VV21 = 10 log10 P P1
2

Asymptotes
b
• Phase Approximation + • Linear factor (ajω + b) gives corner frequency at ω = a .
• Plot Phase Response +
b
• RCR Circuit
• Summary
◦ Magnitude plot gradient changes by ±20 dB/decade @ ω = a .
◦ Phase gradient changes in two places by:
⊲ ± π4 rad/decade @ ω = 0.1 × ab
⊲ ∓ π4 rad/decade @ ω = 10 × b
a

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2018-10340) Frequency Responses: 11 – 12 / 12

 Summary

11: Frequency Responses Y

• Frequency Response • Frequency response: magnitude and phase of X as a function of ω
• Sine Wave Response
• Logarithmic axes
◦ Only applies to sine waves
• Logs of Powers +
• Straight Line ◦ Use log axes for frequency and gain but linear for phase
Approximations
• Plot Magnitude Response
• Low and High Frequency
⊲ Decibels = 20 log10 VV21 = 10 log10 P P1
2

Asymptotes
b
• Phase Approximation + • Linear factor (ajω + b) gives corner frequency at ω = a .
• Plot Phase Response +
b
• RCR Circuit
• Summary
◦ Magnitude plot gradient changes by ±20 dB/decade @ ω = a .
◦ Phase gradient changes in two places by:
⊲ ± π4 rad/decade @ ω = 0.1 × ab
⊲ ∓ π4 rad/decade @ ω = 10 × b
a

• LF/HF asymptotes: keep only the terms with the lowest/highest power
of jω in numerator and denominator polynomials

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2018-10340) Frequency Responses: 11 – 12 / 12

 Summary

11: Frequency Responses Y

• Frequency Response • Frequency response: magnitude and phase of X as a function of ω
• Sine Wave Response
• Logarithmic axes
◦ Only applies to sine waves
• Logs of Powers +
• Straight Line ◦ Use log axes for frequency and gain but linear for phase
Approximations
• Plot Magnitude Response
• Low and High Frequency
⊲ Decibels = 20 log10 VV21 = 10 log10 P P1
2

Asymptotes
b
• Phase Approximation + • Linear factor (ajω + b) gives corner frequency at ω = a .
• Plot Phase Response +
b
• RCR Circuit
• Summary
◦ Magnitude plot gradient changes by ±20 dB/decade @ ω = a .
◦ Phase gradient changes in two places by:
⊲ ± π4 rad/decade @ ω = 0.1 × ab
⊲ ∓ π4 rad/decade @ ω = 10 × b
a

• LF/HF asymptotes: keep only the terms with the lowest/highest power
of jω in numerator and denominator polynomials

For further details see Hayt Ch 16 or Irwin Ch 12.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2018-10340) Frequency Responses: 11 – 12 / 12