REFERENCES:

Al Saleh, S., Al Rammah, A. A. A., Syed, W., Al Duhailan, R., Kattan, S., & Al-Mana, F.
(2019).Stethoscope hygiene and barriers among physicians–A cross-sectional study from
National Guard Health Affairs in Dammam, Saudi Arabia. Journal of Patient Safety and
InfectionControl, 7(2), 53. https://doi.org/10.4103/jpsic.jpsic_19_19

Alfandari, S., Gois, J., Delannoy, P. Y., Georges, H., Boussekey, N., Chiche, A., Meybeck, A., Patoz, P.,
Blondiaux, N., Senneville, E., Melliez, H., & Leroy, O. (2014). Management and control of a
carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii outbreak in an intensive care unit. Medecine et
maladies infectieuses, 44(5), 229–231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medmal.2014.03.005

Amera Birlie, T., Amare, A. T., Tassew, S. F., Emiru, T. D., Feleke, D. G., & Chanie, E. S.
(2021).Nurses' cleaning practice of non-critical medical equipment in the era of COVID-19:
Across-sectional study in Debre-Tabor comprehensive specialized hospital. Heliyon,
7(7),e07626. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07626

Brooks, G. F., Carroll, K. C., Butel, J. S., Morse, S. A. and Meitzner T. A. (2013). Jawetz, Melnick and
Adelberg’s Medical Microbiology (25th ed., pp. 213-219). McGraw-Hill Companies Inc.
https://www.scirp.org/(S(351jmbntvnsjt1aadkozje))/reference/referencespapes.aspx?
referenceid=1617158

Carling, P. C., Parry, M. M., Bruno-Murtha, L. A., Dick, B., Huang, S. S., & von Harz, B. (2021).
Observational study of the role of hand hygiene and other surface interventions in preventing the
transmission of multidrug-resistant organisms in intensive care units. Antimicrobial Resistance &
Infection Control, 38(5), S41–S50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2010.03.004.

Dancer S. J. (2014). Controlling hospital-acquired infection: focus on the role of the environment and
new technologies for decontamination. Clinical microbiology reviews, 27(4), 665 690.
https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00020-14

Davis, C. (2009). Blood pressure cuffs and pulse oximeter sensors: A potential source of cross
contamination. Australasian Emergency Nursing Journal, 12(3), 104–109.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aenj.2009.03.004

Desai, F & Scribante, Juan & Perrie, H & Fourtounas, Maria. (2019). Contamination of pulse oximeter
probes before and after decontamination in two intensive care units. Southern African Journal of
Critical Care retrieved from http://www.sajcc.org.za/index.php/sajcc/article/view/384

Fashafsheh & Imad., (2015). Knowledge and Practice of Nursing Staff towards Infection Control
Measures in the Palestinian Hospitals. Journal of Education and Practice, v6 n4 p79-90.
https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1083751.pdf

Garcia-Cruz, C. P., Aguilar, M. J., Arroyo-Helguer, O. E. (2012). Fungal and Bacterial Contamination on
Indoor Surfaces of a Hospital in Mexico. Jundishapur Journal of Microbiology, 5(3), 460 464.
https://doi.org/10.5812/jjm.2625

Geetha, D., Kronbichler, A., Rutter, M., Bajpai, D., Menez, S., Weissenbacher, A., Anand, S., Lin, E.,
Carlson, N., Sozio, S., Fowler, K., Bignall, R., Ducharlet, K., Tannor, E. K., Wijewickrama, E.,
Hafidz, M. I. A., Tesar, V., Hoover, R., Crews, D., . . . Luyckx, V. (2022). Impact of the COVID-
19 pandemic on the kidney community: lessons learned and future directions. Nature
 Reviews Nephrology, 18(11), 724737. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41581-022-00618-4

Gialluly, C. D., Morange, V., Gialluly, E. D., Loulergue, J., van der Mee, N., & Quentin, R. (2006).
Blood Pressure Cuff as a Potential Vector of Pathogenic Microorganisms A Prospective Study in
a Teaching Hospital. Infection Control &Amp; Hospital Epidemiology, 27(9), 940–
943. https://doi.org/10.1086/507284

Gilman & Bedigian. (n.d.). E. Coli in Hospitals: Understanding Medical Malpractice Claims.
https://www.gilmanbedigian.com/e-coli-in-hospitals/

Haque, M., Sartelli, M., McKimm, J., & Abu Bakar, M. B. (2018). Health care-associatedinfections – an
overview. Infection and Drug Resistance, Volume 11(11), 2321–2333.
https://doi.org/10.2147/idr.s177247

Johnson, A. P., Osselton, M. D., Wearn, C. M., & McConnell, E. J. (2018). Escherichia coli bacteraemia
at a large teaching hospital: a prospective study of 200 consecutive cases. Journal of Infection,
77(1), 26-31.

Lees, E. A., Miyajima, F., Pirmohamed, M., & Carrol, E. D. (2016). The role of Clostridium difficile in
the paediatric and neonatal gut — a narrative review. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology
&Amp; Infectious Diseases, 35(7), 10471057. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10096-016-2639-3

León-Sampedro, R., Novais, Â., Peixe, L., & Baquero, F. (2019). Co-resistance plasmids carrying
multiple antimicrobial resistance genes in fecal Escherichia coli strains from healthy children.
Gut Pathogens, 11(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13099-019-0290-0

Lestari, T., Ryll, S., & Kramer, A. (2013). Microbial contamination of manually reprocessed, ready to use
ECG lead wire in intensive care units. GMS hygiene and infection control, 8(1), Doc07.
https://doi.org/10.3205/dgkh000207

Liu, J. Y., & Dickter, J. K. (2020). Nosocomial Infections: A History of Hospital-Acquired Infections.
Gastrointestinal endoscopy clinics of North America, 30(4), 637–652.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giec.2020.06.001

Loftus, R. W., Koff, M. D., Brown, J. R., Patel, H. M., Jensen, J. T., Reddy, S., Ruoff, K. L., Heard, S.
O., Yeager, M. P., & Dodds, T. M. (2015). The Epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus
Transmission in the Anesthesia Work Area. Anesthesia &Amp; Analgesia, 120(4), 807–818.
https://doi.org/10.1213/ane.0b013e3182a8c16a

Maki, D. G. (2014). Stethoscopes and Health Careâ Associated Infection. Mayo Clinic Proceedings.
https://www.mayoclinicproceedings.org/article/S0025-6196(14)00070-6/fulltext
Manifestations, and Management. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 28(3), 603–661.

Milner, Q.J.W. and Mathews, G.R. (2012), An assessment of the accuracy of pulse oximeters.
Anaesthesia, 67: 396-401. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2044.2011.07021.x

Monegro, A. F., Muppidi, V., & Regunath, H. (2019). Hospital Acquired Infections. Nih.gov; StatPearls
Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441857/

Nandy, P., Lucas, A. D., Gonzalez, E. A., & Hitchins, V. M. (2016). Efficacy of commercially available
 wipes for disinfection of pulse oximeter sensors. American Journal of Infection Control, 44(3),
304–310. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2015.09.028

O'Flaherty, N., & Fenelon, L. (2015). The stethoscope and healthcare-associated infection: a snake in the
grass or innocent bystander?.The Journal of hospital infection, 91(1), 1–7.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2015.04.010

Otter, J. A., Yezli, S., Salkeld, J. A., & French, G. L. (2013). Evidence that contaminated surfaces
contribute to the transmission of hospital pathogens and an overview of strategies to address
contaminated surfaces in hospital settings. American Journal of Infection Control, 41(5), S6–S11.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2012.12.004

Perrie, H., Scribante, J., Desai, F., & Fourtounas, M. (2019). Contamination of pulse oximeter probes
before and after decontamination in two intensive care units. Southern African Journal of
Critical Care, 35(2), 43-47. https://hdl.handle.net/10520/EJC-199d269a07

Shiferaw, T., Beyene, G., Kassa, T., & Sewunet, T. (2013). Bacterial contamination, bacterial profile, and
antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of isolates from stethoscopes at Jimma University Specialized
Hospital. Annals of clinical microbiology and antimicrobials,12, 39.
https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-0711-12-39
Sikora, A., & Zahra, F. (2022). Nosocomial Infections. National Library of Medicine.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32644738/
Smith, R. C., et al. (2019). Prevalence and risk factors for healthcare-associated Escherichia coli
infection: A case-control study. Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology, 40(2), 225-
231. Retrieved from https://www.gilmanbedigian.com/e-coli-in-hospitals/
Staphylococcus aureus Infections: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Clinical

Suarez et al., (2019), Infection Control Practice on Vital Signs Equipment: A Survey Among Senior
Nursing Students in Iloilo City, Philippines. Asia Pacific Journal of Multidisciplinary Research
Vol. 7 No.2, 56-62 retrieved from file:///C:/Users/admin/Downloads/SSRN-id3393011.pdf

Teshale Worku et al., (2018). Bacterial Profile and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern of the Isolates
from Stethoscope, Thermometer, and Inanimate Surfaces of Mizan-Tepi University Teaching
Hospital, Southwest Ethiopia. International Journal of Microbiology.
https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ijmicro/2018/9824251/

The genetic diversity and structure of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) in clinical

Escherichia coli isolates from Germany. BMC Microbiology, 21(1), 62.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12866-021-02106-9

Tschopp, C., Schneider, A., Longtin, Y., Renzi, G., Schrenzel, J., & Pittet, D. (2016). Predictors of Heavy
Stethoscope Contamination Following a Physical Examination. Infection Control &Amp;
Hospital Epidemiology, 37(6), 673–679. https://doi.org/10.1017/ice.2016.40

Vasudevan, R. S., Horiuchi, Y., Torriani, F. J., Cotter, B., Maisel, S. M., Dadwal, S. S., Gaynes, R., &
Maisel, A. S. (2020). Persistent Value of the Stethoscope in the Age of COVID-19. The
American Journal of Medicine, 133(10), 1143–1150.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2020.05.018
Venkatesan, K. D., Chander, S., & Victor, K. (2019). Stethoscopes: a potential source of hospital acquired
infection. International Journal of Advances in Medicine, 6(4), 1322.
https://doi.org/10.18203/2349-3933.ijam20193294

Wanke, I., Skabytska, Y., Kraft, B., Peschel, A., Biedermann, T., & Schittek, B. (2013). Staphylococcus
aureusskin colonization is promoted by barrier disruption and leads to local inflammation.
Experimental Dermatology, 22(2), 153–155. https://doi.org/10.1111/exd.12083

Weldegebreal, F., Admassu, D., Meaza, D., & Asfaw, M. (2019). Non-critical healthcare tools as a
potential source of healthcare-acquired bacterial infections in eastern Ethiopia: A hospital-based
cross-sectional study. SAGE Open Medicine, 7, 205031211882262.
https://doi.org/10.1177/2050312118822627

Worku, T., Derseh, B., Kumalo, A., & Worku, H. (2018). Bacterial Profile and Antimicrobial
Susceptibility Pattern of the Isolates from Stethoscope, Thermometer, and Inanimate
Surfaces of Mizan-Tepi University Teaching Hospital, Southwest Ethiopia. International
Journal of Microbiology, 2018, 9824251. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/9824251

World Health Organization (2023, May 10). Escherichia coli (E. coli). Retrieved from
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/e-coli

Zargaran, D., Hardwick, S., Adel, R., Hill, G., Stubbins, D., & Salmasi, A. M. (2014). 113
Sphygmomanometer Cuffs: A Potential Source of Infection! Heart, 100(Suppl 3), A65.1 A65.
https://doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2014-306118.113 [Original source:
https://studycrumb.com/alphabetizer]

Zúniga, A., Mañalich, J., & Cortés, R. (2016). ¿Estetoscopio o estafiloscopio?: Potencial vector en las
infecciones asociadas a la atención de la salud. Revista Chilena De Infectología, 33(1), 19–25.
https://doi.org/10.4067/s0716-10182016000100003