JAWAHAR NAVODAYA VIDYALAYA

NAVSARI AMRAVATI

BIOLOGY PROJECT
“ Preparation of Extraction of essential
oils from saunf Ajwain &Ilayachi”

Guided By Submitted By
Mr.Nitin Chahande Miss Kinjal Raut
PGT(Biology) Class 12 th B
Certificate
THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT MISS KINJAL RAUT
STUDENT OF CLASS XI B OF
JAWAHAR NAVODAYA VIDYALAYA
NASVSARI, AMRAVATI,HAS SUCCESFULLY
COMPLETED THE PROJECT UNDER GUIDANCE
OF MR.N.G. CHAHANDE (PGT BIOLOGY)…
DURING THE ACADEMIC SESSION 2022-23 IN
PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT
OF CBSE,
CLASS:- 11th B

Roll No.:-

INTERNAL EXAMINER’S SIGN

SCHOOL STAMP PRINCIPAL’S SIGNATURE

 JAWAHAR NAVODAYAVIDYALAYA
NAVSARI, AMRAVATI
Acknowledgement
It is pleasure to acknowledge my gratitude to many
people involved, directly or indirectly in completion of
this project.
Firstly, I would like to express a deep sense of thanks
to my teacher Mr N.G.CHAHANDE, PGT (BIOLOGY) for
guiding me immensely through the course of this
project.
My sincere thanks go to Hon’ble Principal Shri.
SASEENDRAN C.K.& Shri. R. B. RAUT (Vice Principal
)for their co-ordination in extending every possible
support for the completion of this project.
I pay my heartfelt thanks to my friends, parents, Lab
Assistant and all my teachers for their
encouragement, motivation & support throughout
this project.

Name:- Miss Kinjal Raut

Class:- 11th B
INDEX
1.Abstract

2.Some Common Features All Mobile Handsets

3.Mobile Phone Radiation and Health

4.Some Of The Potential Side Effects Of Exposure

To Electromagnetic Radiation

5.Effects Of Mobile Radiation On Living Tissue…

6. Tips For Reducing Potential Harmful Effects of

Mobile Phone Radiation

7.Conclusions

8.Reference
ABSRACT
A mobile phone is a phone that can make and receive
telephone calls over a radio link while moving around a
wide geographic area. It does so by connecting to a
cellular network provided by a mobile phone operator,
allowing access to the public telephone network. By
contrast, a cordless telephone is used only within the
short range of a single, private base station.The first
hand-held cell phone was demonstrated by John F.
Mitchell and Martin Cooper of Motorola in 1973, using
a handset weighing around 4.4 pounds (2 kg).In 1983,
the DynaTAC 8000x was the first to be commercially
available. From 1983 to 2014, worldwide mobile phone
subscriptions grew from zero to over 7 billion,
penetrating 100% of the global population and
reaching the bottom of the economic pyramid. In 2014,
the top cell phone manufacturers were Samsung Etc.
Just in recent years, cell phone designs have actually
started to become larger and simpler, making room for
a larger screen and less buttons. Because phones have
become mobile media devices, the most desirable
aspect is a large, clear, high-definition screen for
optimal web viewing. Even the keyboard is being taken
away, replaced by a touch screen keyboard that only
comes out when you need it
Some Common Features To All Mobile
Handsets…
The common components found on all phones are:
1. A battery, providing the power source for the
phone functions.
2. An input mechanism to allow the user to interact
with the phone.
3. The most common input mechanism is a keypad,
but touch screens are also found in most smartphones.
4. A screen which echoes the user's typing, displays
text messages, contacts and more.

5. Basic mobile phone services to allow users to

make calls and send text messages.
6. All GSM phones use a SIM card to allow an
account to be swapped among devices. Some CDMA
devices also have a similar card called a R-UIM.

7. Individual GSM, WCDMA, iDEN and some satellite

phone devices are uniquely identified by
anInternational Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI)
number.
Mobile Phone Radiation And Health
The effect of mobile phone radiation on human health
is a subject of interest and study worldwide, as a result
of the increase in mobile phone usage throughout the
world. As of November 2011, there were more than 6
billion subscriptions worldwide. Mobile phones use
electromagnetic radiation in the microwave range.
Other digital wireless systems, such as data
communication networks, produce similar radiation.

In 2011, International Agency for Research on Cancer

(IARC) classified mobile phone radiation as Group 2B -
possibly carcinogenic (not Group 2A - probably
carcinogenic - nor the dangerous Group 1). That means
that there "could be some risk" of carcinogenicity, so
additional research into the long-term, heavy use of
mobile phones needs to be conducted. The WHO
added in June 2011 that "to date, no adverse health
effects have been established as being caused by
mobile phone use", a point they reiterated in October
2014. Some national radiation advisory authorities
have recommended measures to minimize exposure to
their citizens as a precautionary approach.
Some Of The Potential Side Effects Of
Exposure To Electromagnetic Radiation
• Blurry Vision
•Headaches
• Nausea
• Fatigue
• Neck Pain
• Memory Loss
• Leukemia
• Rare Brain Cancers
• Enzyme Changes That Affect DNA
• Birth Defects
• Changes In Metabolism
• Increased Risk For Alzheimer’s Disease
• Increased Risk For Heart Conditions
• Neurological Hormone Change Linked Brain Function
Effects Of Mobile Radiation On Living
Tissue…
RADIATION ABSORPTION
Part of the radio waves emitted by a mobile telephone
handset are absorbed by the body. The radio waves
emitted by a GSM handset are typically below a watt.
The maximum power output from a mobile phone is
regulated by the mobile phone standard and by the
regulatory agencies in each country.
In most systems the cellphone and the base
stationcheck reception quality and signal strength and
the power level is increased or decreased
automatically, within a certain span, to accommodate
different situations, such as inside or outside of
buildings and vehicles.
The rate at which energy is absorbed by the human
body is measured by the Specific Absorption Rate
(SAR), and its maximum levels for modern handsets
have been set by governmental regulating agencies
in many countries.
THERMAL EFFECTS
One well-understood effect of microwave radiation is
dielectric heating, in which any dielectric material (such
as living tissue) is heated by rotations of polar
molecules induced by the electromagnetic field. In the
case of a person using a cell phone, most of the heating
effect will occur at the surface of the head, causing its
temperature to increase by a fraction of a degree. In
this case, the level of temperature increase is an order
of magnitude less than that obtained during the
exposure of the head to direct sunlight. The brain's
blood circulation is capable of disposing of excess heat
by increasing local blood flow. However, the cornea of
the eye does not have this temperature regulation
mechanism and exposure of 2–3 hours duration has
been reported to produce cataracts in rabbits' eyes at
SAR values from 100–140 W/kg, which produced
lenticular temperatures of 41 °C. This has known to
cause premature cataract in humans.
BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER EFFECTS
Swedish researchers from Lund University have studied
the effects of mobile radiation on the brain. They
found a leakage of albumin into the brain via a
permeated blood–brain barrier. This confirms earlier
work on the blood–brain barrier by Allan Frey, Oscar
and Hawkins, and Albert and Kerns.
Prof Lesconzski of Finland's radiation and nuclear
safety authority found that, at the maximum legal limit
for mobile radiation, one protein in particular, HSP 27,
was affected. HSP 27 played a critical role in the
integrity of the blood-brain barrier.

COGNITIVE EFFECTS
A 2009 study, examined the effects of exposure to
radiofrequency radiation (RFR) emitted by standard
GSM cell phones on the cognitive functions of humans.
The study confirmed longer (slower) response times to
a spatial working memory task when exposed to RFR
from a standard GSM cellular phone placed next to the
head of male subjects, and showed that longer
duration of exposure to RFR may increase the effects
on performance.
ELECTROMAGNETIC HYPERSENSITIVITY
Some users of mobile handsets have reported feeling
several unspecific symptoms during and after its use;
ranging from burning and tingling sensations in the skin
of the head and extremities, fatigue, sleep
disturbances, dizziness, loss of mental attention,
reaction times and memory retentiveness, headaches,
malaise, tachycardia (heart palpitations), to
disturbances of the digestive system. Reports have
noted that all of these symptoms can also be attributed
to stress and that current research cannot separate the
symptoms from nocebo effects.

BEHAVIORAL EFFECTS
A study shows that exposure to excessive mobile
radiation during pregnancy can cause a risk of ADHD in
child.

SPERM COUNT AND SPERM QUALITY

Exposure to SAR values for long times for those men
who keep the mobile phones in their lower pockets for
most of the time, increases the temperature of groin
and the radiation has known to cause considerable
lowering of the sperm motility and vitality of sperm.
Tips For Reducing Potential Harmful
Effects of Mobile Phone Radiation
1. When on a call, use a wired headset or
speakerphone mode. Use a Bluetooth headset, which
emits a smaller amount of radiation, only when talking.
When not using the headset, keep it off your body.
2. Place the mobile phone away from your body
when on a call.
3. Do not carry mobile phones in pockets of pants or
in shirts or bras. Use a belt holster designed to shield
the body from radiation.
4. Avoidusing a mobile phone in a moving car, train,
bus, or in rural areas at some distance from a cell
tower. Distance from a cell tower will increase the cell
phone’s radiation output.
5. Turn the mobile phone off when you don't need to
use it.
6. Use a corded landline phone instead of a wireless
phone, which also emits radiation.
7. Avoid using mobile phone inside of buildings,
particularly those with steel structures, which
increases the device's radiation output because signals
are not as strong.
8. Do not allow children, whose bodies are more
vulnerable to absorbing radiation, to sleep with a cell
phone beneath their pillow or keep it at the bedside.
9. Do not allow children under 18 to use a mobile
phone except in emergencies.
10. When making a call, do not hold the phone to your
ear until after the person on the other line answers.
The device emits more radiation before a call goes
through.
Conclusions
The conclusion drawn from the investigatory project
finally states the mobile radiation is harmful to human
health. The effects may not be noted almost
immediately, but will be causing adverse effects to the
present as well the future generations because of the
ability of the radiations to effect and mutate human
DNA which have a high potential to cause mutations
and new diseases in the future generations. Mobile
radiations present a very high risk of brain cancer and
tumours in humans and most prominently in children
below the age of 5 years.
Precautionary measure should be taken to protect
one’s self and family and friends from the harmful
effects of mobile radiation. j Mobile radiation might
not seem harmful in almost immediate effects but is
such a slow poison to cause harmful effects to us and
even our future generations, in the long run.

Reference
• Biology textbook, NCERT
• www.wikipedia.com
• www.google/images.com• www.NHLBI (National
Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute).com