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Lec 9
Lec 9
DMT
Ragnar Thobaben
ISE/EECS/KTH
Formulation
Lecture 9: Diversity-Multiplexing Tradeoff
Theoretical Foundations of Wireless Communications1
Scalar Rayleigh
Channel
Parallel Rayleigh
Channel
MISO Rayleigh
Channel Ragnar Thobaben
2×2 MIMO Rayleigh ISE/EECS/KTH
Channel
1
Textbook: D. Tse and P. Viswanath, Fundamentals of Wireless Communication
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Overview
Lecture 7+8: MIMO Architectures
Lecture 9
• Transmitter architectures: V-BLAST and D-BLAST.
DMT • Receiver architectures
Ragnar Thobaben
ISE/EECS/KTH • Linear decorrelator
• Linear MMSE
Formulation • Successive cancellation (decorrelator and MMSE)
Scalar Rayleigh
Channel
• Capacity and outage probability
Parallel Rayleigh
Channel Lecture 9: Diversity-Multiplexing Tradeoff (Ch. 9.1)
MISO Rayleigh
Channel 1 Formulation
2×2 MIMO Rayleigh 2 Scalar Rayleigh Channel
Channel
PAM and QAM
General MIMO i.i.d.
Rayleigh Channel Optimal Tradeoff
3 Parallel Rayleigh Channel
4 MISO Rayleigh Channel
5 2×2 MIMO Rayleigh Channel
6 General MIMO i.i.d. Rayleigh Channel
Optimal Tradeoff
Geometric Interpretation
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Formulation: Diversity-Multiplexing Tradeoff (DMT)
MISO Rayleigh
Channel
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Formulation: Diversity-Multiplexing Tradeoff (DMT)
• To maximize the diversity gain, the rate R has to be fixed.
Lecture 9 • If we want to communicate at a rate R = r log SNR (i.e., a fraction
DMT
of the fast fading capacity), which diversity gain can we get?
Ragnar Thobaben
ISE/EECS/KTH
5 / 19
Scalar Rayleigh Channel
– PAM and QAM
• QAM: 2R/2 constellation points per real/imaginary dimension.
Lecture 9
DMT • Minimum distance and QAM error probability (high SNR)
Ragnar Thobaben √
ISE/EECS/KTH
SNR 2R
Dmin ≈ and pe ≈ .
Formulation 2R/2 SNR
Scalar Rayleigh
Channel
• Diversity-multiplexing tradeoff for QAM:
PAM and QAM
Optimal Tradeoff dqam (r ) = 1 − r , r ∈ [0, 1].
Parallel Rayleigh
Channel
MISO Rayleigh
Channel
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Scalar Rayleigh Channel
– PAM and QAM
MISO Rayleigh
Channel
7 / 19
Scalar Rayleigh Channel
– PAM and QAM
MISO Rayleigh
Channel
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Scalar Rayleigh Channel
– Optimal Tradeoff
Ragnar Thobaben
pout = Pr log(1 + |h|2 SNR) < r log SNR
ISE/EECS/KTH
SNRr − 1
Formulation = Pr |h|2 <
SNR
Scalar Rayleigh
Channel 1
≈ .
PAM and QAM
Optimal Tradeoff
SNR1−r
Parallel Rayleigh
Channel
(Last step: for Rayleigh fading and small , Pr{|h|2 < } ≈ .)
MISO Rayleigh → Uncoded QAM is DMT optimal.
Channel
• That a scheme is DMT optimal does not mean that it achieves the
outage probability. But it has the same exponential decay.
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Parallel Rayleigh Channel
Lecture 9
• Channel Model: L parallel channels, yl [m] = hl xl [m] + wl [m], with
DMT • Additive noise wl ∼ CN (0, 1);
Ragnar Thobaben • Transmit power constraint SNR per sub-channel.
ISE/EECS/KTH
→ Maximum diversity gain of d ∗ (0) = L.
Formulation
• Assume target rate R = r log SNR bit/s/Hz per sub-channel.
Scalar Rayleigh
Channel • Outage probability,
Parallel Rayleigh ( L )
Channel X 2
MISO Rayleigh pout = Pr log(1 + |hl | SNR) < Lr log SNR .
Channel
l=1
2×2 MIMO Rayleigh
Channel
• Outage occurs if each of the sub-channels is in outage, accordingly
General MIMO i.i.d.
Rayleigh Channel n oL 1
pout ≈ Pr log(1 + |hl |2 SNR) < r log SNR ≈ .
SNRL(1−r )
• Optimal DMT,
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Parallel Rayleigh Channel
• Repetition coding: transmit identical QAM symbols over the
Lecture 9 parallel channels:
DMT
Ragnar Thobaben
ISE/EECS/KTH
drep (r ) = L(1 − Lr ), with r ∈ [0, 1/L].
MISO Rayleigh
Channel
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MISO Rayleigh Channel
• Channel Model: nt transmit antennas,
Lecture 9
DMT y [m] = h∗ x[m] + w [m],
Ragnar Thobaben
ISE/EECS/KTH with
• Additive noise w ∼ CN (0, 1);
Formulation • Overall transmit power constraint SNR.
Scalar Rayleigh → Maximum diversity gain of d ∗ (0) = nt .
Channel
• Assume target rate R = r log SNR bit/s/Hz.
Parallel Rayleigh
Channel • Outage probability,
MISO Rayleigh
2 SNR
Channel
d ∗ (r ) = nt (1 − r ), r ∈ [0, 1].
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MISO Rayleigh Channel
• Alamouti converts a MISO channel into a scalar channel with the
Lecture 9 same outage behavior.
DMT
Ragnar Thobaben
→ Alamouti plus QAM is DMT optimal.
ISE/EECS/KTH
• Repetition coding: transmitting the same symbol over the two
Formulation antennas, one at a time; DMT for nt = 2,
Scalar Rayleigh
Channel drep (r ) = nt (1 − 2r ).
Parallel Rayleigh
Channel
MISO Rayleigh
Channel
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2×2 MIMO Rayleigh Channel
Comparison of four schemes (uncoded QAM)
• Repetition coding, Alamouti, and V-BLAST with nulling
Lecture 9
DMT
(decorrelator).
• The schemes convert the channel into scalar channels.
Ragnar Thobaben
ISE/EECS/KTH → DMT can be obtained as in the scalar case.
Formulation • V-BLAST with maximum likelihood (ML) decoding
Scalar Rayleigh • Pairwise error probability (PEP) between two codewords
Channel
(averaged over the channel realizations and with average transmit
Parallel Rayleigh energy normalize to one)
Channel
16
MISO Rayleigh Pr{xA → xB } ≤ (see as well (3.92)).
Channel
SNR2 kxA − xB k4
2×2 MIMO Rayleigh
Channel • Worst-case PEP is of the order (XA and XB differ only in one
General MIMO i.i.d.
dimension by the minimum distance of the QAM constellation)
Rayleigh Channel
16 · 2R
= 16 · SNR−(2−r ) .
SNR2
√ √
(with DAB = SNRkxA − xB k, Dmin ≈ SNR/2R/4 , R = r log SNR)
→ DMT: d(r ) = 2 − r .
• Optimal DMT: piecewise linear joining the points (0, 4), (1, 1), and
(2, 0).
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2×2 MIMO Rayleigh Channel
Comparison of the four schemes
Lecture 9
DMT
Ragnar Thobaben
ISE/EECS/KTH
Formulation
Scalar Rayleigh
Channel
Parallel Rayleigh
Channel
MISO Rayleigh
Channel
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General MIMO i.i.d. Rayleigh Channel
– Optimal Tradeoff
Lecture 9
DMT • Channel model: (nt × nr ) MIMO channel with i.i.d. Rayleigh fading.
Ragnar Thobaben
ISE/EECS/KTH • Outage probability (for R = r log SNR),
Formulation
mimo
pout (r log SNR) = min Pr{log det(Int + HKx H∗ ) < r log SNR}.
Kx :Tr[Kx ]≤SNR
Scalar Rayleigh
Channel → Transmit strategy Kx depends on the SNR.
Parallel Rayleigh
Channel • Assumption: Kx = SNR/nt Int .
MISO Rayleigh (Suboptimal but leads to the same decay rate as the optimal Kx ).
Channel
2×2 MIMO Rayleigh SNR
Channel
iid
pout (r log SNR) = Pr log det Int + HH∗ < r log SNR .
General MIMO i.i.d.
nt
Rayleigh Channel
Optimal Tradeoff • DMT for the MIMO channel with i.i.d. Rayleigh fading can be
Geometric
Interpretation shown to be a piecewise linear curve joining the points
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General MIMO i.i.d. Rayleigh Channel
– Optimal Tradeoff
Lecture 9
DMT
Ragnar Thobaben
ISE/EECS/KTH
Formulation
Scalar Rayleigh
Channel
Parallel Rayleigh
Channel
MISO Rayleigh
Channel
General MIMO i.i.d. • Left: optimal DMT for the MIMO channel with i.i.d. Rayleigh
Rayleigh Channel
Optimal Tradeoff
fading.
Geometric
Interpretation • Right: adding one transmit and receive antenna moves the entire
DMT curve by 1 (and not only the extreme point rmax ).
• Optimal DMT can be achieved by space-time codes with length
l = nt + nr − 1.
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General MIMO i.i.d. Rayleigh Channel
– Geometric Interpretation
• Outage probability
SNR
Lecture 9
DMT
pout (r log SNR) = Pr log det Int + HH∗ < r log SNR
nt
Ragnar Thobaben (n )
ISE/EECS/KTH min
X SNR 2
= Pr log 1 + λi < r log SNR .
Formulation
i=1
nt
Scalar Rayleigh
Channel
with
• Random singular values λi of the matrix H;
Parallel Rayleigh
Channel
• nmin eigenmodes with effective SNR, SNRλ2i /nt .
Parallel Rayleigh
Channel
MISO Rayleigh
Channel