CHAPTER6 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION N2| 2023-24]

Magncticfluxd] is the wtal number of magnetic lines of flux pusses perpendic wlar (90|hrough agiven
area. Unit is weber or Maxvwell

The tlux (o through aloop of arca Ain amagnetic tield is -BA Co|90'] wherce 'B' be the magnetic Nux
density and A' be the arca.
IfN be the number of turns in the coil, then = BAN ----[1]
IlECTRO MAGNETICINDUCTION:
MAGNETIC FLUX:10] lt is the totalno. of magnetic field lines passing throuh acoil. In Sl ynit it_aniis
weber or Maxwell
With thehlp of acoil and amagnet explain how the emf is induced across acoil.Alßo xplaim whether
the law of conservavtion of energy is applicable or not during the generation of en
Demonstration :
Here magnetic flux passing through the coil is 6 E
REST
PASSS TROLK

FIGURE MAGNET CHANGE IN MAGNETICGALVAMOMETER INDUCED

FLUX [d]THROUGH CTION CURRENT
THE COIL or
INDUCED
EMF[e]
Is away No flux throughe coi, No No
and at rest
(2] Moving Yes [increasipgl Yes,LEFT Yes[say
into the Say 0jo [20 th division] 2A]
coil
3| Moving Yes qcroasing] Yes,LEFT Yes [ say
into the Say U
to 4] [30h division] 3AJ
coil dy4]|
[4) Moving Y9 [increasing] Yes,LEFT Yes [4A,
inko th Say 0to 6,maximum |40h division, maximum]
oil and [d¢ - 6] maximum]
just
ches at
he middle
of the coil
Magnet at No No No
the middle d 0]
and at rest
Moving Yes, decreasing{6 to 4] Yes,RIGHT Yes
|6]
outof the [d¢ -2|
coil
Yes. decreasing |6 to 2] Yes,RIGHT Yes
Moving
 CHAPTER 6 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION N2| 2023-424|
out of the [d¢ 4|
coil
Itis the phenomenon in which an emf is induccd in the coil duc to achange in magnetic flux linked with the
coil.The emf thus induced is called induced emf and the corresponding current is called induced current. This is
the basic principle of generation of clectricity in the power station
Mechanism of induced emf in the coil:
When we move a coil|Velocity -v]into a magnet, the clectrons in the coil experiences Lorentz force<}=
qvB).This Lorentz torre pushes the elcctrons in the coil along a particular direction, constitutes current caed
induced current.
Faraday's la The magnitude of induced emf
Fmt-change in flux
is cqual to the rate of change of magnetic flux
d[BAN] do
time
ie e ------12] 023
dt

FARADAY'SLAWS OF ELECTROMANGETICINDUCTION
Fist lavw:
It states that, an emt is induced across a coil .if and if there is a
Second law
change in magnetiç
It states that. the induced emf is directly proportional to the rate of change of
Lenz,s law: magnetiux
It states. that emf induced during electro magnetic induction always
FLEMING'S RIGHT HAND RULE opposthe)cause which produces it.
Stretch the central finger, fore finger and thumb of right hand muua pependicular to each other ,then the
fore finger points the direction of magnetic field,central finger pons Le direction of current ,then thumb
represents the direction of force
RULES TO FIND THE DIRECTION OF INDUCED EMÉ
Sanght
NORTH PO
S
Ihumb giveg diecton of asoant
RIGHT HAND -kingr cwt giues H.fdiachion
CASE 2
Cielaor Cail
Lnduced
- Thunt M.fiecthon
act
dpcle
a -tinger cud gies divechonf,
Cwtont
CASE
CASE 4
fnegy stotod in an inductane
coil on domso cwtentand
NUMRIAYASED ON BOARD PAPERS Li
T Predjct the directions of induced currents in metal rings Iand 2 lyingin the same plane where Iin the wire is
inwashg stcadily.|C.B.SE2012|

SOLUTION
 CHAPTER 6 ELECTROMAGNETICINDUCTION N2|2023-'24|
Due to increasing current 1 through the conductor , an increasing Magnetic field Bo'|say .21.0.1
etc.Jisproduced perpendicular to the paper and outwards.
Bo increasiesl
X X
X

X outwards
X

This means the ring 1issubjectedto an increasing magnetic Bo` so that a current|c.w or a.c direc{iS
induced in the ring|due to electro magnetic induction]
According to Lenz's law, the direction of inducedcurrent is to oppose the cause which prodtceslitand
here the cause is due to increasing Bo, which is outwards.
N
So to oppose the cause, which is the increasing Bo, the currentEshould flow2
Ethrough0
tHe ny2 in the
clockwise direction.so that the magnetic field[Bijproduced by this induced curren ac
perpendicular and inwardslopposite to Bo]
Bo increasiegl
X T J E E

outwards
Bi Be

ie in loop l.current is clockwise

Similarly in loop2, current is anticlockwise
12]A triangular loop of wire placed at abc moved completelyánside amagnetic field which is directed normal
to the plane of the loop away from the reader to a new po_in a' be. What is the direction of the current
induced in the loop? Why?{C.B.SE.2014]
S

b, b'
No induced current as there is no enge in magnetic flux
2014 OUTSIDE DELHI
[19]A conducting loop is held ow Acurrent carrying wire PQ as shown. Predict the direction of the induced
current in the loop when the crre,in the wire is constantly increasing
P

The direcioron)agnetic field due to the flowof curent which is acting on the loop is perpendicular and into
the pa inghe current is increasing. the magneticflux also increases.Hence an emf is induced across the
logpIidiection of this emfis tooppose the cause which produces it[ie to oppose the increase in Magnetic
ied whjch isacting into the page]For this.the magnetic field due tothe induced emf should act in adirection
alsmthe page.Thisispossibleif the directionof induced current is anticlockwise
DIMOTIONAL ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE

3
 CHAPTER 6ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION N2| 2023-241
Magnetic flux -B.A - BAcos)- BA B(x or Blx Jal
-dO
e=b]
dt |a<in (b| c -d|Blx]
d
-BPV or e--BPV ---[3|
but | =VRwhere R' is the resistance of the rod
-BOV
R
B
.HD-TR PRI R
heat deeloped
Power
time

DAAconducting rod of length "' with one end pivoted is rotaled wih uniform angular specd othe maupetic
ficld 'b deduce an expression for enmf induced.
A T , J2E0E2 3

Let 'o` be the angular velocity of the rotating rod of length L'.
The area swept b the rod before rotation =0
The area swept by the rod after I complete rotation = IIL'
( = BA Cos0 = B IL'
do = B IIL-0 = Brl2
-do BrL?
But e
dt T

But T = 27 OR [3] ’e=

BrL2
Or e =.
BL'w
211
2

Self Induction:
It is the phenomenon of the production of back qmt in acoil during the growth and decay of current. Hence self
induction opposes both the growth and decay of curreng in the coil and can be treated as an analogous to inertia
of a body. It is a scalar quantity.
COEEFICIENT OF SELF INDUCTION
We have oa I
oa I oro= LI--{7]
We have.
-dø -dLI =-Ldi
dt dt
ORKe dt
--- [8]
Define coefficient of selfindaioD:
It is the induced emf in thegil,when the rate of change of current is lunit.unit of self induction is Henry.
Dimension is MLAA?
Define I Henry
Self inductanbe is gjd to be I Henry, if a rate of change of current of IA/s induces an emf of ly.
[D3| SELWOCTANCE OFA LONG SOLENOID
n-noofper length or n = or N= nê

(000001. We have. =LI ---al

= BAN .Also B - o nl andN =ne
= Ho nl A nl or

¢= Hon'lA ---[b]
[a< and[b]+LI=o n'IA Por L-n Al ---9|
L=Ho n' A l ---[10]
I|Asolenoid has a length of 1m.The no. ofturns per cm is 500.Calculate the self inductance of the coil, if its
diameter is 0.0Sm.Findthe magnetic flux whena current of2A passes through it
4
 CHAPTER 6 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION N2|
No. of turns in | cm =500 2023-*24|
No. of turns in 0.01 m =500
Or no. of turns/unit length =
L=o n-AC=4nx 10|50000| 500/0.0|xu
=50000
-6.17Henry &=
|2|A cOil of wire of certain radius has 600 turns anda self L| =|2.34 weber
of a second similar coilwith 500 induction of 108mH. What will be the self induction
turns? L =Mo n A Cfa)
L:=o n: A (--[b] or |a/|b] gives L=75mH
Resistance coils in resistance boxes are made up of double lavers.why? This is to
induction.The induced emf in one halfwill be onpposite to that avoid the effect of selr
induction of in the other.Hence the coil will free from s
Mutual Induction:The phenomenon in which an opposing emf is produced in a coil as a
current in the neighboring coil result of change
- Mdi
dt --[|||
Detine THenry: Mutual inductance is said to be 1Henry, if a rate of change of
induces an emfof lv in the secondary currentor/s ithe primary
||The coefficient of mutual inductance of acoil is 1OmH. If the current in the con is Aand if it is switched off
in 1/100 sec, what is the mutually induced emf-{l =lA& lh
-0}
[D4]COEFFICIENT OF MUTUAL INDUCTANCE OF APAIR OF SOLENOIDS
outer solenoid-S2
n2, N2,12,12
inner solenbdS1
S2
nl NI.l
2

Let Izis the current flowing through the outer solenoid Sh&o is the flux associated with the inner solenoid S,
.then
¢1 =M1zl2,where M12 is the mutual inductance of sòtenoid S with respect to S2
Or
Due to I, the magnetic flux associatgd with S= 1 =M12 b..a.
Also the magnetic flux associated iththq cÑilS, -¢1-BAN =B IIr? N, --b]
Due to I2, the magnetic field yithËn B= 4o n2l2--[c]
[c] in [b]gives, 1 =o Vrx Ni ---d]
[a] &(d] implies M12 lb = nly TInx Ni
M12 =o n2 IlrxN1 =po n2 IIr'x n1

SimilarlyM21=y ni Irr'x n:l

[DS|CnNERATOR
ItgonvertM.E into E.E/lt works on the principle of electromagnetic induction.Its design was originally given
b Scientist Nikola Tesla
Prineiple: clectromagnetic induction
Construction:The main parts are: [a] Armature- It consists ofa rectangular coil having a large number of turns
of insulatedcopper wire wound over a laminated core of soft iron core.The soft iron core is used to increase the
magnetic flux with the armature
[b] Field magnet:It is a powerful magnet and the armature coilget rotated in presence of this field
[c] Slip Rings: The armature coil is connected to the slip rings and the slip ring also get rotated along with the
coil
 CHAPTER6 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION N2| 2023-24|
[d]Brushes Bl and B2:The brushes ensures the contact with the armature even when the coil rotates.This makes
the the continuous tlow of current through the load.

Morking:lnthe fig. the trame ABCD is rotating in the clockwise direction with an angular veo ity6.
Initially the coil area Acoincides with the magnetic fieldBand it is then rotated with an apular velocity
GO'and makes an angle e in t' sec
GO =et or GOt
Magnetic tlux at that instant -¢= BAcose= BAcos
N E ESTA, T , J E E t
Induced emf at that instant =e -dØN -dBAcoswtN -BAN d[coswt]
dt dt dt
=-BANx-sin x
e= BAN GOsin GDt-------]
whenCt = 90 or 270, sin GOt =1 and e =e o= max. emf
eo =BANG) ---[2]
Sin 2nt
[2]in[1] gives e = eo sin GOt =eo sin2zft =e o T

Angle Sin e =e o
sine

90
180 0
270 -] -e0
360 0

votage
e)

180 270 3s0

IMPORTANT DERIVATIONS

|DIJA conductipg rod of length'L' with one end pivoted is rotated with uniform angular speed 'ao' in avertical
planc, nornalto euiform magnetic field 'B'. Deduce an expression for emf induced.State Lenz's law
|D2| Derivthe expyéssion for Motional electromotive force, e= -Blv .State Lenz's law
(D3| DgrNe thegpression for coefficient of mutual inductance of apair of solenoids.
Stat osaw
[D4DerhAhe expression for the Self inductance of along solenoid .State Lenz's law
[S]What isthe principle of an Ac generator .Derive the equation for the instantaneous emf.Describe its
constrdction, working with the helpof a labclled diagram