10

Department of Education
National Capital Region
S CHOOLS DIVIS ION OFFICE
MARIK INA CITY

MATHEMATICS
Quarter 2: Module 1
Graphs of Polynomial Functions

Writers: Christlie Rose R. Nicolas

Cover Illustrator: Joel J. Estudillo

DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE

 What I Need to Know

Hello Grade 10 learners! In this module, you will learn how to:

a) Illustrate polynomial functions (M10AL-IIa-1)

b) Understand, describe and interpret the graphs of polynomial
functions.

You can say that you have understood the lesson in this module if you
can already:
1. illustrate polynomial functions
2. determine the x- and y-intercepts of the graph of a polynomial function;
3. describe and interpret the end behavior of the graph of polynomial
function.

What I Know
Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer.
1. Which of the following could be the value of n in f(x) = xn if f(x) is a
polynomial function?
1
A. √−8 B. -7 C. 0 D. 2

2. Which of the following is not a polynomial function?

A. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝜋 C. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = −𝑥 3 + √7𝑥
1 1
B. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = − 2 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 + 1 D. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = −𝑥 4 − 2𝑥 5

3. What is the leading coefficient of 𝑔(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 − 5𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 4 ?

A. -5 B. -3 C. 1 D. 4

4. How should the polynomial function 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 2𝑥 + 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 5 + 4 be

written in standard form?
A. f x   x 3  2 x  3x 5  4 C. f x   4  2 x  x 3  3x 5
B. f x   4  3x 5  2 x  x 3 D. f x   3x 5  x 3  2 x  4

DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE

5. Which of the following are the x-intercepts
Figure 1
in the given graph (Figure 1)?
A. x = -2, 1
B. x = 2, 1
C. x = 2, -1
D. x = -2, -1

6. In Figure 1, which of the following is the y-

intercept?
A. -2 C. 1
B. 0 D. 2

7. Which of the following could be the graph of 𝑔(𝑥 ) = −𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 + 1?

A. B. C. D.

8. Using leading coefficient test, what could be the behavior of the graph
of 𝑓(𝑥 ) = −𝑥 4 + 8𝑥 2 − 12𝑥?
A. Rising on both left and right end of the graph.
B. Falling on both left and right end of the graph.
C. Rising on the left and falling on the right end of the graph.
D. Falling on the left and rising on the right end of the graph.

9. The demographer in Marikina predicts that the population, P, will

increase t years from now in Barangay San Roque which can be
modeled by the function 𝑃(𝑥 ) = 9𝑡 4 + 530𝑡 2 + 15 800. What will be the
population two (2) years from now?
A. 18 064 C. 20 764
B. 20 692 D. 21 647

10. A sales manager of a shoe factory determines that its profit, P, in

thousands of pesos, can be modeled by the function 𝑃 (𝑥 ) = 0.4𝑥 3 +
𝑥 2 − 7, where x represents the number of pair of shoes sold. What is
the profit when there are 120 pairs of shoes sold?
A. ₱ 425 625 C. ₱ 705 593
B. ₱ 691 200 D. ₱ 750 333

DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE

 What’s In

Before we discuss further about polynomial function, let us recall first

the concept of polynomials.
Determine whether the following algebraic expression is polynomial or
not by putting a check mark ( ). If polynomial, identify its kind according to
number of terms and its degree. The first one is done for you.
Kind of Polynomial According to… Not
Algebraic Expression Polynomial
No. of Terms Degree Polynomial
25x2 monomial quadratic
2
1. 𝑥 + 3𝑥 − 1
2. 2𝜋
3. 4𝑥 √2 − √3𝑥 + 9
1
4. 𝑥 3 − 7𝑥 −1
5. 10 − 7𝑥

How was the activity? Have you remembered how to

determine polynomials? We will further discuss it.

What’s New
The above activity is very much related to our topic for today. A big help
if you got most of the items correctly. It only means that you have a good
foundation of it. If not, it’s ok. Let us deal with it.

Now, may I request you to be a keen observer. Through examples and

non-examples, examine and determine whether the following is a polynomial
function or not.
Polynomial Function Not Polynomial Function
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 3 − 𝑥 − 12 𝑗(𝑥 ) = 3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 −3 − 𝑥 − 12
7
𝑔(𝑥 ) = 32 − 7𝑥 2 𝑘 (𝑥 ) = 32 − 2
𝑥
ℎ(𝑥 ) = −𝑥 4 + √2𝑥 2 − 5 𝑚(𝑥 ) = √2𝑥 5 − 𝑥 3 − 5

Can you see the difference between the examples and

non-examples of polynomial functions? Kindly write
down your ideas how to determine a polynomial function
and when does it does not become.

DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE

 ____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________

What is It
Polynomial functions are not just algebraic expressions. It varies
depending on its degree of the polynomial which pertains to the highest
exponent or power among the terms in the function.

Lesson 1. Polynomial Functions and its kinds

Definition: POLYNOMIAL FUNCTION

A polynomial function in one variable x, is defined by an equation
of the form P(x) = anxn + an-1xn-1 + an-2xn-2 + …+ a1x + a0, where:
a. the coefficients a0, a1, a2,…,an, represent real numbers
b. an ≠ 0
c. n represents a non-negative integer

Let us use the previous examples and non-examples.

Polynomial Function Not Polynomial Function
2 3
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 3𝑥 + 4𝑥 − 𝑥 − 12 𝑗(𝑥 ) = 3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 −3 − 𝑥 − 12
7
𝑔(𝑥 ) = 32 − 7𝑥 2 𝑘 (𝑥 ) = 32 − 2
𝑥
4 2
ℎ(𝑥 ) = −𝑥 + √2𝑥 − 5 𝑚(𝑥 ) = √2𝑥 5 − 𝑥 3 − 5
Explanation:
1. f(x), g(x) and h(x) are all polynomial functions because it satisfies the
three conditions.
2. j(x) is not a polynomial function because the second term ( 4𝑥 −3 ) has a
negative integer exponent which violates the third condition.
3. k(x) is not a polynomial function because its second term (𝑥72) also
violates the third condition where the exponents should be non-
7
negative integer. It seems to be positive on the first look, but once 𝑥2 is
simplified, it will become 7𝑥 −2.
4. m(x) is not a polynomial function because the exponent on its first term,
5
√2𝑥 5 = (2𝑥 )2 , violates the third condition that the exponents should be
5
non-negative integer; the exponent 2 is not an integer.

DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE

 Try this! 😊
Which of the following is a polynomial function?
a. 𝑝(𝑥 ) = 5𝑥 4 − 𝑥 3 + 7𝑥 2 + 2
b. 𝑝(𝑥 ) = − 𝑥 5 + 7√𝑥 3 − 4

For polynomial functions, we can determine the parts of a polynomial

function. It can also be written in standard form if and only if the terms are
written in decreasing powers of x.

Based on its definition:

A polynomial function is a function of the form

Px   a n x n  a n1 x n1  a n2 x n2  ...  a1 x  a0 , a n  0 , where:
a) a 0 , a1 ,..., a n are real numbers called coefficients
n
b) an x is the leading term
c) a n is the leading coefficient
d) a 0 is the constant term

Example:
WRITTEN IN LEADING CONSTANT
DEGREE
POLYNOMIAL STANDARD FORM COEFFICIENT TERM
Exponent in Numerical a0
FUNCTION Terms are written in decreasing powers of x the leading coefficient in the number without
term leading term literal coefficient

𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 3 − 𝑥 − 12 f(x) = 4x3 + 3x2 – x – 12 3 4 -12

𝑔(𝑥) = 32 − 7𝑥 2 g(x) = -7x2 + 32 3 -7 32
ℎ(𝑥) = −𝑥 4 2
+ √2𝑥 − 5 h(x) = – x3 + √𝟐x2 – 5 4 -1 -5

Polynomial functions can also be written in factored form such as:

a) p(x) = x3 – 4x + 2 can be written into m(x) = (x – 1)2 (x + 2)
b) n(x) = 2x4 + 7x3 – 4x2 can be written into n(x) = x2 (2x – 1)(x + 4)
c) t(x) = -2x4 – 14x3 + 2x2 + 14x can be written into t(x) = -2x (x + 7) (x2 – 1)

There is a need to recall and master factoring techniques and related

theorems to easily factor out these polynomial functions. It is a pre-requisite in
graphing.

Lastly, polynomial functions can be classified according to its degree.

DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE

 KIND OF
DESCRIPTION GRAPH
POLYNOMIAL
Linear Function Degree: 1
Form:
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏
where m is the slope and b is
the y-intercept
Graph: Linear
Example: 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 2𝑥 + 1

Quadratic Degree: 2
Function Form:
𝑔(𝑥 ) = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐
where a, b, c are real numbers;
and a ≠ 0
Graph: Parabola
Example: 𝑔(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1
Cubic Function Degree: 3
Form:
ℎ(𝑥 ) = 𝑎𝑥 3 + 𝑏𝑥 2 + 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑
where a, b, c, d are real
numbers; and a ≠ 0
Graph: Curve passing through
y-axis with turning points.
Example: ℎ(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 3

What’s More

A. Identify whether the following is a polynomial function. If so, fill in the table
below. The first one is done for you. 😊 (1 pt. each)
POLYNOMIAL

POLYNOMIAL

COEFFICIENT
STANDARD

CONSTANT
FUNCTION

FUCNTION

LEADING
DEGREE
FORM

TERM
NOT

GIVEN

f(x) = 3x4 + 2x5 – x + 1 √ f(x) = 2x5 + 3x4 – x + 1 5 2 1

g(x) = -8x + 4x2 + 7x3
h(x) = x6 + 8x – 3x2 – 6
p(x) = 5x-3 + 2x – 9

DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE

B. Answer the following problems with complete solution (if necessary).
Mathlusog at Home:
Mrs. Nicolas converted
her idle backyard into an urban
gardening where she planted
commonly used vegetables and
crops in cooking.
Use the lay-out of her
backyard and your knowledge
of polynomials in solving the
following:

1) Write and simplify a polynomial function that represents the perimeter of (a)
kalamansi; (b) onion and garlic.

2) Write and simplify a polynomial function that represents the land area for (a)
petchay; (b) talong and okra

3) If each kangkong reached a height of (x + 8) inches, what is the volume of

kangkong in the backyard?

4) Differentiate the polynomial functions formed in perimeter, area, and

volume.

5) If you will have a chance to change your backyard into urban gardening,
what kind of plants will you have and why?

What I Have Learned

Write “Fact” if the statement is correct, otherwise, write “BLUFF”.

1) An algebraic expression is a polynomial function if the coefficients are

real numbers, a0 ≠ 0 and the exponents are integers.

2) The polynomial function 𝑗(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 3 + 5𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 is in standard form.

3) The leading coefficient in ℎ(𝑥 ) = −7𝑥 4 + 𝑥 5 − 3𝑥 + 1 is -7.

4) The graph of 𝑗(𝑥 ) = 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 4 is a parabola.

5) The degree of the polynomial ℎ(𝑥 ) = −7𝑥 4 + 𝑥 5 − 3𝑥 + 1 is 5.

DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE

 What I Can Do

“PERFORMANCE TASK: BIRTHDAY CAKE”

Goal: Make a birthday cake design for your loved one.

Role: You will be a cake designer.
Audience: Classmates, teacher and your chosen loved one.
Situation: Your loved one’s birthday is upcoming. You want to surprise him/her
with a cake that you personally designed.
Product: The expected output must be the following:

1) Identify your loved one whom you will surprise with a birthday cake.
2) Create a sketch of your cake with complete label of its dimensions. Your
cake may have several layers and not limited to a circular shape.
3) In your sketch, write expressions in terms of x to represent each
dimension of the cake.
4) Write the polynomial function that represents its volume.
5) Interview a baker to show your design and ask for its cost. You may do
the interview online (for safety purposes).

Standard for Success: Be guided with the scoring rubrics.

CRITERIA 3 2 1 0
Completed all the Lacks 1. Lacks 2-3. Lacks 4 or more.
Details
tasks indicated in the
×2
‘product’.
All representations Committed 1 error. Committed 2-3 Committed 4 or
on each dimension errors. more errors.
Construction
and volume of the
×5
cake are correct and
accurate.
Work is Artwork is generally Artwork is somewhat Artwork is not unique
Creativity
exceptionally unique unique and unique and nor interesting.
×3
and interesting. interesting. interesting.

Assessment
Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer.
2𝑥 𝑛
1. Which of the following could be the value of n in 𝑔(𝑥 ) = if g(x) is a
5
polynomial function?
2
A. -5 B. √2 C. D. 2
5

2. Which of the following is a polynomial function?

A. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 3𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 3 + 𝑥 4 C. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = −𝑥 3 + √7𝑥
1 1
B. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = − 2 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 −1 + 1 D. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = −𝑥 4 − 2𝑥 5
8

DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE

 3. What is the leading coefficient of ℎ(𝑥 ) = −𝑥 − 5𝑥 9 + 15𝑥 4 ?
A. -5 B. -1 C. 9 D. 15
4. Which of the following polynomial functions is written in standard form?
A. 𝑘 (𝑥 ) = 𝑘 3 + 4𝑘 + 3𝑘 5 − 7 C. 𝑝(𝑥 ) = 9𝑥 5 − 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2
B. 𝑚(𝑥 ) = 2𝑥 5 + 3𝑥 + 4𝑥 3 D. 𝑞(𝑥 ) = 4 − 𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 + 𝑥 0
5. If the transportation fare in tricycle is represented by 𝑡(𝑥 ) = 2𝑥 + 15,
where x means the distance travelled, how much is the fare when you
acquired 7 kilometers?
A. ₱ 20 C. ₱ 44
B. ₱ 29 D. ₱ 105

Additional Activities

A. Write “YES” if the given is a polynomial function. Otherwise, write “NO”.

1) 𝑏(𝑥 ) = 4 − 𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 0
1
2) ℎ(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 5 − 6𝑥 3 +
2
−7
3) 𝑤(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 + √𝑥 2 +1
B. Rewrite the following polynomial functions on its standard form. Then,
identify its degree, leading coefficient and constant.
1) 𝑗(𝑥 ) = 19 − 7𝑥 3 + 𝑥 9 − 𝑥 5
2) 𝑑 (𝑥 ) = −6𝑥 4 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3 − 𝑥

Lesson 2. INTERCEPTS OF THE GRAPH

What’s In

Keep in mind the definition of polynomial functions so that we will always

be on the right track. With this, let us examine how much you remembered.

Identify which of the following given is a polynomial function. Then,

rewrite it in standard form; and identify the degree, leading coefficient and
constant term. If not polynomial function, put a check on its corresponding
column. Let us complete the table below:

DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE

 POLYNOMIAL

POLYNOMIAL

COEFFICIENT
STANDARD

CONSTANT
FUNCTION

FUCNTION

LEADING
DEGREE
FORM

TERM
NOT
GIVEN

𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 7 − 𝑥 + 2𝑥 3 − 1
𝑔(𝑥) = 5𝑥 8 − 4𝑥 + 2𝑥 7

ℎ(𝑥) = √𝑥 4 − 𝑥 + 2𝑥 −1 − 1

What’s New

Before we begin graphing the polynomial functions, let us recall the

concept of x- and y-intercepts.

ACTIVITY: PLOT TO THINK

1. Plot the following points in the Cartesian

Plane. Use a RED pen for SET A and use
a BLUE pen for SET B.

SET A SET B
A (2, 0) F (0, 2)
B (-3, 0) G (0, -3)
C (5,0) H (0, 5)
D (-4, 0) I (0, -4)
E (-6, 0) J (0, -6)

2. Answer the following questions using the previous activity:

a. On what axis do points in SET A lie? ______________________

b. On what axis do points in SET B lie? ______________________

c. Which among the two sets of points represent x-intercept? Y-intercept?

___________________________________________________

d. What is the difference between x- and y-intercepts in terms of:

d.1 ordered pairs? ________________________________________
d.2 exact location in the Cartesian plane? _____________________

10

DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE

 What is It

It is important for us to know how do these polynomial functions look like

in our life. Graphing polynomial functions is our target skill for this section.

With our previous activity, we explored the difference between the x- and
y-intercepts.

x-intercept: If y=0, then (x,0) passes through the x-axis.

y- intercept: If x=0, then (0,y) passes through the y-axis.

Through the intercepts, the polynomial functions can easily be graphed.

However, knowledge and skills in factoring must be also be mastered.

Example 1: Graph the polynomial function f(x) = x3 + 3x2 – x - 3 .

Solution:

Step 1: Get the factors of the given polynomial function.

Using the theorems and synthetic division, the factors of f(x) are as
follows:
f(x) = (x – 1) (x +1) (x + 3)

Step 2: Solve for the x-intercept and its ordered pairs.

According to the definition of x-intercept, substitute y = 0. However, there
is no y in the given function. Always remember that the representation of a
function f(x) can be replaced by y because they are equal.
f(x) = (x – 1) (x +1) (x + 3)
y = (x – 1) (x +1) (x + 3)
0 = (x – 1) (x +1) (x + 3)
Then, apply the zero-product property.
0 = (x – 1) (x +1) (x + 3)

x–1=0 x+1=0 x+3=0

x=1 x = -1 x = -3
(1, 0) (-1, 0) (-3, 0)

With this, we can easily say that the x-intercepts of a function is

commonly known as the zeros of the function (all possible values of x).

11

DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE

Step 3: Solve for the y-intercept and its ordered pairs.
According to the definition of y-intercept, substitute x = 0. It can be
substituted in either of the given polynomial function in standard form or on its
factored form.
Standard Form Factored Form
f(x) = x3 + 3x2 – x – 3 f(x) = (x – 1) (x +1) (x + 3)
f(0) = (0) + 3(0) – (0) – 3
3 2 f(0) = (0 – 1) (0 +1) (0 + 3)
f(0) = -3 f(0) = (-1) (1) (3)
f(0) = -3

So, the ordered pair is (0, -3). It will end up to the same answer. And
observing it carefully, we can easily say that the y-intercept of polynomial
function pertains to the constant of a function.

Step 4: Identify its companions.

As quoted, “No man is an island”. Even in polynomial functions, it can be

easily graphed if we know the companions of the intercepts. In other words, we
need to identify the values of x beside the intercepts.

(-3,0) (1,0)

(-1,0)

Again, x – intercepts are -3, -1, 1 which gives us the ordered pairs: (-
3,0), (-1,0) and (1,0). Plot these points in a Cartesian plane to easily identify the
companions.

Based on the figure on the right side, choose value(s) of x on the left, in
between and right side of the x-intercepts. Those are the companions to easily
graph whether it will go up or down.

12

DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE

 As you can notice in the figure
on the left, there is no circle on the
origin. It is because it is already known
which is for the y-intercept. So, the
companions are -4, -2, and 2. With
these values of x, substitute it on the
given function to get the value of y.

If x = -4 If x = -2 If x = 2
f(x) = x3 + 3x2 – x – 3 f(x) = x3 + 3x2 – x – 3 f(x) = x3 + 3x2 – x – 3
f(-4) = (-4)3 + 3(-4)2 – (-4) – 3 f(-2) = (-2)3 + 3(-2)2 – (-2) – 3 f(2) = (2)3 + 3(2)2 –(2)– 3
f(-4) = -15 f(-2) = 3 f(2) = 15
(-4, -15) (-2, 3) (2, 15)

Step 5: Plot the ordered pairs

found in the intercepts and
companions. Then, connect the
points following the x-values from
left to right.

Guide Points
x – intercepts:(-3,0), (-1,0), (1,0)
y – intercept: (0, -3)
Companions: (-4, -15), (-2, 3), (2, 15)

See the graph on the right.

Example 2: Graph the polynomial function g(x) = x3 – x2 – 2x.

Solution:
Step 1: Get the factors of the given polynomial function.
Given: g(x) = x3 – x2 – 2x
Factors of g(x) : x (x + 1) (x – 2)

Step 2: Solve for the x-intercept and its ordered pairs. Let y = 0.
g(x) = x (x + 1) (x – 2)
y = x (x + 1) (x – 2)
0 = x (x + 1) (x – 2)
Then, apply the zero-product property.

13

DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE

 0 = x (x + 1) (x – 2)

x-intercepts: x+1=0 x–2=0

0, -1, 2 x=0 x = -1 x=2
Ordered Pairs:
(0,0) (-1,0) (2,0)
(0, 0) (-1, 0) (2, 0)

Step 3: Solve for the y-intercept and its ordered pairs. Let x = 0.

Using the factored form:

g(x) = x (x + 1) (x – 2)
Let x = 0 g(0) = 0 (0 + 1) (0 – 2)
Simplify g(0) = 0 (0) (0)

So, the y-intercept is 0. If you will also observe the given polynomial function,
it does not have any constant. That is the implication when y-intercept is 0.

Step 4: Identify its companions.

To know the companions, examine
the points near the x-intercepts.

With these x -intercepts, we could

get the values of the companions if:
(2,0)
 x = -2
(0,0)
 x = -0.5
x=1
x=3
(-1,0)
Solve the values of y corresponding
to x values to form ordered pairs:
x -2 -0.5 1 3
g(x) -8 0.625 -2 12

Given: g(x) = x (x + 1) (x – 2)
x = -2 x = -0.5 x=1 x=3
g(x) = x (x + 1) (x – 2) g(x) = x (x + 1) (x – 2) g(x) = x (x + 1) (x – 2) g(x) = x (x + 1) (x – 2)
g(-2)=(-2) (-2 + 1) (-2 – 2) g(-0.5)=(-0.5) (-0.5 + 1) (-0.5 – 2) g(1)=(1) (1 + 1) (1 – 2) g(3)=(3) (3 + 1) (3 – 2)
g(-2)=(-2) (-1) (-4) g(-0.5)=(-0.5) (0.5) (-2.5) g(1)=(1) (2) (-1) g(3)=(3) (4) (1)
g(-2)= -8 g(-0.5)= 0.625 g(1)= -2 g(3)= 12

14

DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE

Step 5: Plot the ordered pairs found in the intercepts and companions.
Then, connect the points following the x-values from left to right.

(3,12)

(-0.5,0.625)
(-1,0) (0,0) (2,0)

(1,-2)

(-2,-8)

What’s More

A. Given the graphs of a polynomial function, identify the x- and y-intercepts.

Graph 1 Graph 2 Graph 3

1) x-intercept(s): _________________; y-intercept: ___

2) x-intercept(s): _________________; y-intercept: ___

3) x-intercept(s): _________________; y-intercept: ___

B. Graph the polynomial function g(x) = x 3 + x2 – 12x through identifying the

missing parts.

Given: g(x) = x3 + x2 – 12x

Factored form: g(x) = x(x+4)(x – 3)

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 1) Factors: ___, ___, ___
2) x – intercept(s): ___, ___, ___
Ordered Pairs: ___, ___, ___
3) y – intercept: ___
Ordered Pair: ___
4) Solve for the companions with complete solution.

x -5 -2 1 4
g(x)

5) Graph (Use a graphing paper.)

What I Have Learned

Arrange the following steps in graphing polynomial functions using the

intercepts and its companions.
____ Identify its companions.
____ Get the factors of the given polynomial function.
____ Plot the ordered pairs found in the intercepts and companions. Then,
connect the points following the x-values from left to right.
____ Solve for the y-intercept and its ordered pairs. Let x = 0.
____ Solve for the x-intercept and its ordered pairs. Let y = 0.

What I Can Do

“POLYNOMIAL RIDE!”

Situation:
Chris, and her friends enjoy roller
coasters. Whenever a new roller coaster opens
near their community, they try to be among the
first to ride.

One Saturday, they decide to ride a new

coaster built in Marikina Riverbanks. While
waiting in line, Chris notices that part of this
coaster resembles the graph of a polynomial
Image Source: Enchanted Kingdom @ek_philippines; photo credit to
function that they have been studying in their
@tomxur(IG)
Math 10 class.

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DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE

1. The brochure for the coaster says that, for the first 10 seconds of the ride,
the height of the coaster can be determined by h(t )  0.3t 3  5t 2  21t , where
t is the time in seconds and h is the height in feet. Classify this polynomial
by degree and by number of terms. (3 pts.)
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
2. Graph the polynomial function where the height (h(t)) of the roller coaster
is located on the y-axis and t is on the x-axis. Label your graph correctly.
Use a graphing paper. (20 pts.)
Table of Values: h(t )  0.3t 3  5t 2  21t
t 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
h(t) 24.4 17.5 4.9 1.6 10

3. Find the height of the coaster at t = 0 seconds. Explain why this answer
makes sense. (3 pts.)
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

4. Evaluate h(60). Does this answer make sense? Is there a roller coaster
ride at this height? CLEARLY EXPLAIN your reasoning.
(Hint.: Mt. Everest is 29,028 feet tall.) (5 pts.)
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(Activity Source: lindblomeagles.org/.../GIFT%202%20Roller%20Coaster%20Polynomials...)

Assessment

Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer.

1. Where do x-intercepts located in the cartesian plane?
A. origin C. x-axis
B. quadrant D. y-axis
2. All of the following statements are true about intercepts, EXCEPT…
A. In x- and y-intercept, the points are (0, x) and (y,0).
B. In x- and y-intercept, the points are (x,0) and (0,y).
C. In x-intercept, the point intersects at x-axis.
D. In y-intercept, the point intersects at y-axis.
3. Given the factored form of a polynomial function, 𝑏(𝑥 ) = 𝑥(𝑥 − 7)(𝑥 + 1),
which of the following the y-intercept?
A. -7 B. -1 C. 0 D. 7
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 For numbers 4 to 5, refer to Figure 1.
4. What are the x-intercepts? Figure 1

A. x = -2, 1
B. x = 2, 1
C. x = 2, -1
D. x = -2, -1
5. Which of the following is the y-intercept?
A. -2
B. 0
C. 1
D. 2

Additional Activities

THINK DEEPER!
Do all polynomial functions have y-intercepts? If yes, how many? What
is the easiest way to spot the y-intercept(s) in the equation?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

Lesson 3. END-BEHAVIORS OF THE GRAPH

(LEADING COEFFICIENT TEST)

What’s In

Let us have a quick recap of what we did last time!

Given the graph of a polynomial function, determine the x- and y-intercepts.

a) x-intercepts: ________________
Ordered Pairs: ________________

b) y-intercept: ________________
Ordered Pair: ________________

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 What’s New
Graphing polynomial functions using the intercepts and its companions
is quite laborious. However, there are theorems or concepts that can give us a
hint on how a polynomial function behaves in a graph without solving. One of
which is using the leading coefficient test.

But before we proceed, let us recall first how to identify leading

coefficient and degree of a polynomial function.

ACTIVITY 1: REMEMBER ME?

Complete the table below by identifying the leading coefficient and degree of a
polynomial function.
LEADING
POLYNOMIAL FUNCTION DEGREE
COEFFICIENT
1. y   x 3  2 x 2  11x  12
2. y  2 x 5  x 2  x  1
3. y  2 x 2  x  6
4. y  x3  2 x 4  1
5. y  14  x
2

Did you find it easy or difficult? This will be of great help to discover how
to apply the concept of leading coefficient test.

End-behaviors in a graph of a polynomial function gives us the direction

where x increases or decreases without bound. In a most convenient way, let
us explore how it works by doing the next activity.

Since we are in a digital world, we may download graphing apps which

is applicable in our gadgets. The following applications is easy to use. Once the
polynomial function is entered, the graph will be seen and explored right away.

Search… Download…
Ready… Explore!

NOTE: If the gadget you are using cannot accommodate these graphing apps, the teacher
will provide illustrations for exploration on Activity 2.

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ACTIVITY 2: FOLLOW MY PATH
Complete the details on the table. Then, answer the following guide
questions as conclusion.
BEHAVIOR OF
LEADING DEGREE OF THE
THE GRAPH:
COEFFICIENT POLYNOMIAL
POLYNOMIAL FUNCTIONS Rising or Falling
n > 0 or Positive or Right-
Even or Odd Left-end
n<0 Negative end
𝑦 = 2𝑥 3 − 7𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 12
𝑦 = −𝑥 5 + 3𝑥 4 − 7𝑥 2 + 4
𝑦 = 𝑥 4 − 7𝑥 2 + 6𝑥
𝑦 = −𝑥 4 + 2𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 4
𝑦 = −2𝑥 4 + 𝑥 3 − 𝑥
𝑦 = −2𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 5
𝑦 = 𝑥 4 + 4𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 − 2
𝑦 = 𝑥 5 − 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 1

CONCLUSION:
What do you observe on the end-behaviors of the graph of a polynomial
function if:

1. The degree of the polynomial is odd and the leading coefficient is positive?

If the degree of the polynomial is ________ and the leading coefficient is

________, then the graph ________ to the left and ________ to the right.

2. The degree of the polynomial is odd and the leading coefficient is negative?

If the degree of the polynomial is ________ and the leading coefficient is

________, then the graph ________ to the left and ________ to the right.

3. The degree of the polynomial is even and the leading coefficient is positive?

If the degree of the polynomial is ________ and the leading coefficient is

________, then the graph ________ to the left and ________ to the right.

4. The degree of the polynomial is even and the leading coefficient is negative?

If the degree of the polynomial is ________ and the leading coefficient is

________, then the graph ________ to the left and ________ to the right

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 What is It

Leading Coefficient Test helps to determine the end behaviors of a

graph of a polynomial function as x increases or decreases without bound.

Degree of the End-Behavior of the Graph

Leading Coefficient
Polynomial Left-end Right-end
Positive Odd Falling Rising
Negative Odd Rising Falling
Positive Even Rising Rising
Negative Even Falling Falling

Example 1: 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙𝟑 − 𝟕𝒙𝟐 − 𝟕𝒙 + 𝟏𝟐

Leading Coefficient: 2  Positive

Degree of the Polynomial: 3  Odd

Given these conditions, it is expected the left-end

behavior is continuously falling and the right-end is
continuously rising.

Example 2: 𝒈(𝒙) = −𝒙𝟓 + 𝟑𝒙𝟒 − 𝟕𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒

Leading Coefficient: -1  Negative

Degree of the Polynomial: 5  Odd

The end-behaviors of the graph is rising to the left-

end and falling to the right-end.

Example 3: 𝒉(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟒 + 𝟒𝒙𝟐 + 𝟕𝒙 − 𝟐

Leading Coefficient: 1  Positive

Degree of the Polynomial: 4  Even

The end-behaviors of the graph is both rising.

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Example 4: 𝒌(𝒙) = −𝟐𝒙𝟒 + 𝒙𝟑 − 𝒙

Leading Coefficient: -2  Negative

Degree of the Polynomial: 4  Even

The end-behaviors of the graph is both falling.

What’s More

Without graphing the given polynomial functions, identify whether the following
will rise and/or falls on left and right-hand of the graph.

LEFT-END RIGHT-END
POLYNOMIAL FUNCTION
BEHAVIOR BEHAVIOR
1. y  x 5
2. y   x 4  16
3. y  x 4  2 x 2  15
4. y  x 3  x 2  12 x
5. y   x 3  2 x 2  11x  12

What I Have Learned

Complete the table below.

Degree of the End-Behavior of the Graph

Leading Coefficient
Polynomial Left-end Right-end
Positive Odd
Positive Even
Negative Even
Negative Odd

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 What I Can Do

“PERFORMANCE TASK: MATH ART”

Goal: Make an abstract or artwork using the graphs of polynomial functions.
Role: You will be graphic artist.
Audience: Classmates and teacher.
Situation: You will post your artwork in an exhibit for a cause.
Product:
1) Merge at least three polynomial functions with labels.
2) Make an artwork that can be visualized and created through those graphs.
3) You may use graphing apps if applicable.

Standard for Success: Be guided with the scoring rubrics.

CRITERIA 3 2 1 0
Details Completed all the tasks indicated in Lacks 1. Lacks 2-3. Lacks 4 or more.
×2 the ‘product’.
All polynomial functions were Committed 1 Committed 2-3 Committed 4 or
Construction
graphed correctly and accurately error. errors. more errors.
×5
with complete labels. Neatly done.
Artwork is exceptionally unique and Artwork is Artwork is Artwork is not
Creativity interesting. generally unique somewhat unique nor
×3 and interesting. unique and interesting.
interesting.

Assessment
Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer.
1. What does leading coefficient test implies in the graph?
A. end-behaviors C. movement
B. intercepts D. multiplicity
2. Which of the following is TRUE in 𝑝(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 3 + 6𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 12?
A. There is no y-intercept.
B. The highest degree is 12.
C. The leading coefficient is 1.
D. The polynomial function is quadratic.
3. Which of the following polynomial functions has a graph that falls to the
left-end and rises to the right-end?
A. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = −𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 5
B. 𝑔(𝑥 ) = −𝑥 4 + 3𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 2
C. ℎ(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 5𝑥 4 + 9
D. 𝑘 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 4 + 𝑥 5 − 3𝑥 + 2

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 4. Using the leading coefficient test, what could be the behavior of the
graph of 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = −𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 5?
A. Falling on both left and right-end of the graph.
B. Rising on both left and right-end of the graph.
C. Falling to the left and rising to the right.
D. Rising to the left and falling to the right.
5. Which of the following could be the graph of 𝑔(𝑥 ) = −𝑥 4 + 3𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 2?
A. B. C. D.

Additional Activities

HOW DO I LOOK?: Write the letter that corresponds to the correct graph of
the given polynomial functions.

____ 1) 𝑦 = 𝑥 5 − 𝑥 3 + 5
____ 2) 𝑦 = −𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 2 + 2
____ 3) 𝑦 = −4𝑥 4 + 2𝑥 2 + 3
____ 4) 𝑦 = 𝑥 4 − 𝑥 + 1
____ 5) 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 1)2 (𝑥 + 1)

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 SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT

Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer.

1. What should be the value of n in f(x) = xn if f(x) is a polynomial
function?
A. an integer C. any number except 0
B. a non-negative integer D. any rational number

2. Which of the following is not a polynomial function?

A. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = √7𝑥 C. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 4𝑥 3 + 𝑥
B. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = −𝑥 3 − 𝑥 + 1 D. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 4𝑥 − 2𝑥 −5

3. What is the leading coefficient of 𝑔(𝑥 ) = 8𝑥 − 5𝑥 7 + 𝑥 4 ?

A. -5 B. -3 C. 4 D. 8

4. How should the polynomial function 𝑓(𝑥 ) = −𝑥 + 2𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 5 − 6 be

written in standard form?
A. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 2𝑥 3 − 𝑥 + 3𝑥 5 − 6 C. 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 3𝑥 5 + 2𝑥 3 − 𝑥 − 6
B. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = −𝑥 + 2𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 5 − 6 D. 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 3𝑥 5 + 2𝑥 3 + 𝑥 − 6

5. What are the x-intercepts in the given graph Figure 1

(Figure 1)?
A. x = -1, 1
B. x = -1, -1
C. x = 1
D. x = -1

6. In Figure 1, which of the following is the y-

intercept?
A. -2 C. 1
B. 0 D. 2

7. Which of the following could be the graph of 𝑔(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 + 1?

A. B. C. D.

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8. Using leading coefficient test, what could be the behavior of the graph
of 𝑓(𝑥 ) = −𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 19?
A. Rising on both left and right end of the graph.
B. Falling on both left and right end of the graph.
C. Rising on the left and falling on the right end of the graph.
D. Falling on the left and rising on the right end of the graph.

9. A company’s profit in thousands of pesos is determined by the number

of branches x it operates: 𝑃(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 (𝑥 − 15)(𝑥 − 20). What is the profit
if x = 5?
A. 750 C. 1 875
B. 1 500 D. 750 000

10. A sales manager of a shoe factory determines that its profit, P, in

thousands of pesos, can be modeled by the function 𝑃 (𝑥 ) = 0.7𝑥 3 +
𝑥 2 − 10, where x represents the number of pair of shoes sold. What is
the profit when there are 100 pairs of shoes sold?
A. ₱ 400 C. ₱ 790 593
B. ₱ 709 990 D. ₱ 850 390

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 References
Banaag, GDG, et.al. (2013). Global Mathematics 10. Quezon City: The
Library Publishing House, Inc. pp.139-156
Coronel, Sr. IC, et.al. (2015). Growing Up with Math 10. Quezon City: FNB
Educational, Inc. pp. 146-164.
Nivera, GC., et.al. (2015) Grade 10 Mathematics Patterns and Practicalities.
Makati City: Salesiana BOOKS by Don Bosco Press, Inc. pp.116-163
Rosario, J. et.al. (2018). Our World of Math Grade 10. Quezon City: VIBAL
Group, Inc. pp. 77-86

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Answer Key

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 Development Team of the Module

Writer: Christlie Rose R. Nicolas (PHS)

Editors: Imelda B. Olvida, Principal (MHHS)
John Anthony P. Santos (SNNHS)
Melody F. Grimaldo (NHS)
Rosemarie P. Ortega (PHS)
Dona G. Aquino (KNHS)
Tiburcio A. Aplacador (FHS)
Wilfredo M. Junio (MNHS)
Internal Reviewer: Dominador J. Villafria (Education Program Supervisor-Mathematics)
External Reviewer: PNU Validators
Cover Illustrator & Layout Artist: Joel J. Estudillo (SNNHS)
Management Team:
Sheryll T. Gayola
Assistant Schools Division Superintendent
OIC, Office of the Schools Division Superintendent

Elisa O. Cerveza
Chief, CID
OIC, Office of the Assistant Schools Division Superintendent

Dominador J. Villafria
Education Program Supervisor-Mathematics

Ivy Coney A. Gamatero

Education Program Supervisor– LRMS

For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Schools Division Office- Marikina City

Email Address: sdo.marikina@deped.gov.ph

191 Shoe Ave., Sta. Elena, Marikina City, 1800, Philippines

Telefax: (02) 682-2472 / 682-3989

DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE