Antidote 10-12-2021

NEW CBME PATTERN QUESTIONS INCLUDED
PREFACE
Antidote is one of the best question books for achieving the best results in University Exams. It
is a culmination of tremendous hardwork by the members of academic club of Govt. Medical
college Thrissur.
Preface Solving previous year question papers can go a long way in helping one to understand
the pattern, HOT questions and area of importance. This has always been useful since from
10th boards, +2 and NEET exams and become even more cardinal for the MBBS exams. The
questions have been arranged in such a way that it will give the students a quick revision of the
must know and good to know topics. It will equip the students to deal with the vast topics in
MBBS. Hope this venture turns out to be a useful tool in tackling and cracking the University
Exams. Let this aid students in developing the right art of confidence to face and triumph over
the exams.
Anjas M Ali
Chairperson
Dhwani College Union
Govt. Medical College Thrissur
GMC THRISSUR ACADEMIC CLUB ANTIDOTE

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Credits for creating this book
Lead by
Aswin H38 (Academic club secretary)
Abindas F39 (Academic club Joint Secretary)
Chief editors:
Hawa F39
Anjali L40
Abhinav L40
Design and Layout
Anand F39
Dharshan F39
Cover Page Design
Arun M R H38
Subject wise editorial
Anatomy Physiology: Biochemistry
Jubna F39 Adeela F39 Salva F39
Jinsha F39 Abindas F39 Rinsha F39
Keerthana F39 Jithesh F39 Nihma F39
Nihal F39 Rifna F39

Kiran F39
Adarsh Vishnu F39
Question bank creation, preparation of answer keys and typing coordinated by
Abhinav L40 Hasniya L40

Anjali L40 Gokul G Nair L40
Ashina L40 Chandhana L40
Shakkira L40 Mohammed Rayan L40
Worth mentioning
Ashiq L40
Rayan AN L40
Ayswarya L40
Supriya L40
Bhavanamol L40
Sanif L40
Adeela L40
Gokul SK L40
Rameez L40
Heartfelt thanks to everyone from 39th batch and 40th batch who helped to create this work from
scratch.
GOVT MEDICAL COLLEGE THRISSUR ACADEMIC CLUB

DHWANI COLLEGE UNION ANTIDOTE 2020-21
GENERAL ANATOMY
1 Types of epiphysis with example 2 times 2016(s) 2
2013(s) 3
2 Connective tissue fibres 2 times 2016(s) 3
2011 3
3 Fibrous Joint 2 times 2017 2
2015(s) 3
4 Blood supply of long bone 1 time 2015 3
5 Sarcomere 1 time 2017 3
6 Classify structural tissue. 1 time 2021 5
Structure of skeletal muscle
7 Cells of bone tissue 1 time 2017(s) 2(Diagram)
8 Osteon 1 time 2018(s) 2
9 Typical spinal nerve 1 time 2017 2(Diagram)
10 Pivot joint. Example 1 time 2021 1
11 Enumerate compound glands 1 time 2014(s) 2
12 Synovial joint classification 1 time 2012(s) 5
13 End arteries 1 time 2019 2
14 Epiphyseal plate 1 time 2020(s) 2
GENETICS
Topic No. Of times Year Marks
repeated
Turner’s syndrome 5 times 2011 2
2012(s) 2
2013(s) 2
2016(s) 2
2019(s) 2
Downs syndrome 3 times 2015(s) 2
2016 2
2017 5
Barr bodies 3 times 2014 3
2015 3
2017 (s) 2
Mendelian inheritance 2 times 2018(s) 5
2021 5
Karyotyping 2 times 2020 (Jan) 3
2020( Nov) 3
Numericalchromosomal 1 time 2018 3
abnormality
Chromosomal aberrations 1 time 2019 3
Reciprocal translocation 1 time 2014 (s) 2
Klinefelters syndrome 1 time 2013 2

SHORT ESSAYS
Topic Number of times of Year
appearence
Gametogenesis 3 2012 ,2014 ,2017
Oogenesis 1 2011
Fertilisation 2 2013, 2013 (s)
Implantation 1 2011
Intraembroynic mesoderm 3 2010, 2015, 2015(s)
Gastrulation 2 2012, 2017

Placenta 2 2014, 2015
BRIEF ANSWERS
Spermiogenesis 2 2017(s), 2011
Notochord 2 2016, 2013
Somites 4 2015, 2016, 2017(s), 2018
Neural crest 4 2010, 2012, 2015, 2019
Twinning 2 2014, 2016(s)

Primitive streak 2 2018, 2015(s)
Allantoic diverticulum 1 2017(s)
Extra embryonic mesoderm 3 2012, 2014, 2018
Decidua and formation of 1 2013(s)

chorionic villi
Amniotic fluid and 1 2013
Amniocentesis
Prechordal plate 1 2014(s)
Systemic Embryology
1 Pituitary gland development 4 times 2020(Nov) 2
2020(Jan) 2
2018(s) 2
2014 2
2 Right atrium development 3 times 2016 3
2013(s)
2020(s)

3 Descent of testis 3 times 2017 3
2013 3
2013(s) 2
4 Paramesonephric duct 2 times 2018(s) 2
2020(s) 2
5 Anal canal Development 2 times 2015 2
2011 2
6 Development of pancreas 2 times 2019 5
2013(s) 5
7 Face development (congenital anomalies- 2 times 2018 5
2016) 2016 5
8 Derivatives of components first pharyngeal 1 time 2016(s) 5
arch
9 Interventricular septum development 1 time 2016(s) 5
10 Lungs development 1 time 2014(s) 3
11 Postal vein development 1 time 2014(s) 3
12 1st branchial arch 1 time 2012 3
13 Lips development 1 time 2011 3
14 Interatrial septum development 1 time 2019 3
15 Derivatives of pharyngeal pouch 1 time 2019(s) 3
16 Derivatives of mesonephric duct (male) 1 time 2017(s) 2
17 Kidney development 1 time 2012(s) 2
18 Derivatives of midgut 1 time 2013 2
19 Derivatives of pre-atrial segment of midgut 1 time 2012 2
loop
20 Source of development of arch of aorta 1 time 2021 1
21 Hindgut derivatives 1 time 2021 1
22 Diencephalon derivatives 1 time 2021 1
23 2nd pharyngeal pouch derivatives 1 time 2021 1
24 Developmental source of diaphragm 1 time 2021 1
25 Spleen development 1 time 2012(s)
26 Thyroid development 1 time 2015
UPPERLIMB
LONG ESSAYS
Topics Number of Year Mark
times
appeared
Football player dislocated right 2 2016(s) 10
shoulder. Right shoulder less 2012 10
prominent than left.Difficult to
abduct arm to horizontal level.

1.anatomical features which render
shoulder joint more prone to
dislocation. (2)
2.cause of flattening of shoulder and
difficulty in abduction (1)
3.name muscle in initiating
abduction and overhead abduction
(2)
4.movements at the joint, and
muscle producing it (4)
5.why humerus head is displaced
downwards (1)
Assisted delivery. Wide stretching at 2 2017 10

neck shoulder angle. upper brachial 2021 15
plexus injury.
1.formation and branches of
brachial plexus(6)
2.anatomical basis of above lesion(3)
Relations(2)(2021)
Applied anatomy of brachial
plexus(3)(2021)
Fracture of shaft of humerus. 2 2019 10

impairment of extension .loss of 2016 10
cutaneous sensation on dorsal of
forearm and lateral aspect of
dorsum of hand.
1.structure involved (1)
2.origin,course,distribution(4)
3.branches at different levels(2 and
1/2)
4. accompanying blood vessel(1)
5.loss of sensation reason (1 and
1/2)
6.extension impairment
reason(2)(2016)
7.other nerves closely related to
humerus appropriate site and effect
of injury.(2)(2016)
48 year old women. hard painless 1 2013(s) 10
lump in upper outer quadrant in the
right breast axillary lymph nodes

enlarged. Breast not mobile.
Malignancy of right breast.
1.normal level of breast both
horizontally and vertically (1)
2.name 3 muscle related to base of
breast.(1 and 1/2)
3.reason for loss of mobility(1)
4.lymphatic drainage of breast.(3
and 1/2)
5.arterial supply of breast(3)
45 year old nulliparous women,2 1 2020 10
small palpebranodule in left axilla
,taken up for mastectomy
1.probable diagnosis(1)
2.what could be the nodule and
why(1)
3.blood supply and lymphatic
drainage of breast.(5)
4.development and developmental
anomalies of breast.(3)
Short essays, short notes, short

answers
Axillary artery 5 2017(s),2015(s) 5
2020,2015,2012 2
Superficial palmar arch 5 2016,2015, 5
2018(s),2012(s) 3
2019(s) 4
Blood supply and lymphatic drainage 4 2019,2012(s) 5
of breast 2020,2011 3
Coracoid process of scapula 3 2018(s) 3
2015(s),2014 2
Rotator cuff of shoulder joint 3 2017,2011 3
2020 2
Ulnar nerve 3 2016,2015(s),2019 5
Flexor retinaculum 2 2018 5
2012 3
Brachial plexus 2 2014(s),2019(s) 5
Median cubital vein 2 2018,2016 2
Palmar fascial spaces 2 2017(s) 5
2016(s) 3
Brachial artery 2 2016 3
2021 1
Interossei of hand 2 2012 2
2013 3
Carpal tunnel syndrome 2 2014(s) 3
2021 1
First carpometacarpal joint 2 2020,2020 Nov 3
Cubital fossa 1 2018 5
Median nerve 1 2016(s) 5
Deltoid muscle and deep relations 1 2014 5
Intermuscular scapular spaces 1 2013 5
Midpalmar space 1 2021 4
Deep palmar arch 1 2018 3
Erb's point 1 2018(s) 3
Supination and pronation of forearm 1 2016(s) 3
Erb's paralysis 1 2015(s) 3
Axillary lymph nodes 1 2013 3
Posterior interosseus nerve 1 2011 3
Anterior interosseus nerve 1 2019(s) 3
Anatomical snuff box 1 2015 2
Nerve supply of lumbricals 1 2015(s) 2
Adductor pollicis 1 2014 2
Palmar aponeurosis 1 2013(s) 2
Quadrangular space 1 2012(s) 2
Pectoralis minor insertion 1 2021 1
DIAGRAM
Brachial plexus 2 2015,2013 2
Superficial palmar arch 2 2015(s),2011 2
Superficial and deep palmar arch 2 2017(s),2011 2
Sagittal section through shoulder 1 2021 4
Section through middle of arm 1 2018(s) 2
Anastomosis around shoulder joint 1 2014(s) 2
Oblique section through hand to 1 2019 2
show fascial spaces
1.Page 71-78
• a) Rotator cuff
• coracoacromial arch
• Long head of biceps tendon
• Glenoid labrum
b)Because the pull of pectoralis major and subscapularis muscles had displaced the upper
end of humerous medially
c)Initiating abduction-Supraspinatus
overhead abduction-Serratus anterior
d)75-77
e)Because the joint is least support on this aspect

2.page 52-55
a)52-53
b)54
.Relations 52-53
.Applied anatomy 54-55
3.a)Radial nerve
b) c) 166-168
d)Profunda brachi artery
e)injury to posterior cutaneous nerve of forearm and superficial radial nerve
f )168
g)page-21
4.page 38-45
a)extension vertically – 2-6 rib
horizontally -lateral border of sternum to mid axillary line.
b)pectoralis major, serratus anterior,external oblique
c) Infiltration of suspensory ligament of Cooper
d)44
Short Essays ,short notes short answers
1.Axillary artey-48,49,50
2.superficial palmar arch-142-143
3.blood supply and lymph drainage of breast- 41, 42-43
4.coracoid process of scapula- 16
5.rotator cuff of shoulder joint -65,66
6.Ulnar nerve -170-174
7.flexor retinaculum-103-133
8.brachial plexus-52-55
9.medial cubital vein-85-86
10.palmar fascial spaces- 146-148
11.brachial artery-93-94

12.interossei of hand -141-142
13.carpel tunnel syndrome-171
14.first carpometacarpal joint-157-158
15.cubital fossa-97-98
16.median nerve-168-171
17.deltoid muscle and deep relations -62-63
18.intermuscular scapular spaces-67
19.mid palmar spaces-146
20.deep palmar arches-143
21.erbs point-54
22.supination and pronation of forearm-129-130
23.erbs paralysis-54
24.axillary lymph node-51-52
25.posterior interosseous nerve-116-118
26.anterior interosseous nerve-170
27.anatomical snuff box-150
28.nerve supply of lumbrical-140
29.adductor pollicis-139
30.palmar aponeurosis-134
31.quadrangular space-67
32.pectoralis minor insertion-35
Diagram
1.brachial plexus
2.superficial palmar arch-143
3.superficial palmar and deep palmar arch-143
4.sagital section through shoulder-74
5.section through middle of arm-90
6.anastompsis around shoulder joint-51
7.oblique section through hand to show fascial spaces-146

LOWER LIMB
ESSAYS
1 Femoral triangle 8 2012,2013,2014,2015,2016,2017,2018
times
2 Hip joint 3 2013,2014
times
3 Knee joint 4 2012,2016,2018,2019
times
4 Arches of foot 4 2012,2013,2017
times
5 Saphenous vein 2 2012,2018
times
6 Sciatic nerve 2 2012,2018
times
SHORT ESSAYS
1 Inversion and 2 2014,2015
eversion of foot times
2 Popliteal fossa 1 time 2013
3 Ankle joint 1 time 2013
BRIEF ANSWERS
1 Greater sciatic 2 2013, 2014
foramen times
2 Adductor canal 1 time 2017
3 Linea aspera 1 time 2012
4 Cutaneous nerve 1 time 2015
supply of dorsum of
foot
NERVES
1 Sciatic 2 2012,2018
2 tibial 1 2013
3 femoral 1 2014
4 Common, superficial 1 2018
and deep peroneal
ARTERY
1 Femoral 1 2016
2 Profunda femoris 1 2015
3 Dorsalis pedis 1 2013
MUSCLES
1 Hamstring muscles 1 2013

2 Muscles of 1 2014
dorsiflexion
3 Gluteus maximus 1 2011
4 popliteus 1 2012
5 pyriformis 1 2012
MISCELLANEOUS
1 Sartorius
2 Adductor magnus
3 Triceps surae
4 tendocalcaneous
5 Trochanteric and
cruciate anastomosis
6 Popliteal artery
7 Obturator nerve
8 Plantar aponeurosis
9 Spring ligament
10 Flexor extensor and
peroneal
retinaculum
11 Venous drainage of
lower limb
12 Tibial collateral
ligament
1.Femoral triangle
Pg.333-336
Fig.23.13,23.11,23.12
2.Hip joint
Pg.375-382
Fig.27.8,27.4,27.5
3.Knee joint
Pg.437-446
Fig.33.10**,33.4,33.5,33.6,33.9
4.Arches of foot
Pg.429-434
Fig.32.6,32.7
5.Saphenous Vein
Pg.456-457
Fig.34.2
6.Sciatic nerve
Pg.365-368;467;477
Fig.26.9,26.7,26.10
SHORT ESSAYS
1.Pg.452-453
2.Popliteal Fossa
Pg.369-374; Fig.26.14,26.17,26.16
3.Ankle Joint
Pg.447-451
Fig.33.13;33.14;33.15
BRIEF ANSWERS
1.Greator sciatic foramen
Pg.353,354
2.Adductor canal
Pg.336,337,337,338,339,340
Fig.23.18,23.19
3.Linea aspera
Pg.305,306
Fig.22.10

4.Cutaneous nerve supply of dorsum of foot
Pg.392
Fig.28.14
NERVES
1.Sciatic nerve:
Pg.365-368;467,359,477
Fig.26.9,26.7,26.10,11
2.Tibial nerve
Pg.373,468-469,477-478,416
Fig.35.5,36.7,30.14
3.Femoral nerve
Pg.337-338,465-466,477
Fig.23.20,35.2,36.1
4.Common, Superficial and Deep peroneal nerves
Pg.469-470;400-401;390-392,477,478
Fig.28.12,28.13,29.6,36.8,33.7
VASCULAR
1.Inguinal lymph nodes
Pg.327-328,460-461
Fig.23.4,34.6
2.Femoral artery
Pg.338-339,475
Fig.23.21-23.23,36.1
3.Profunda femoris

Pg.346-348
Fig.24.7
4.Dorsalis pedis
Pg.394-395,476
Fig.28.16,36.4
MUSCLES
1.Hamstring
Pg.363-365
Fig.26.2-26.4
Table 26.1
2.Muscles of dorsiflexion
Pg.389,400,412-413,452-453
Tables.28.1,29.1,30.2,30.3,33.7
3.Gluteus max.
Pg.355-356
Fig.25.8-25.10
4.Popliteus
Pg.412
Fig.30.10
5.Piriformis
Pg.207-354
Fig.14.5,25.7
PRIORITY
1.Sartorius: Pg.332; Fig.23.9
2.Add. magnus: Pg.343; Fig.24.5

3.Triceps Surae: Pg.409-410; Fig.30.8,30.9
4.Tendo calcaneous: Pg.409,410; Fig.30.7,30.8
5.Trochanteric and cruciate: Pg.369; Fig.26.13
6.Popliteal artery: Pg.370-372;476; Fig.26.17,26.19,36.3
7.Obturator nerve: Pg.344,466-467; Fig.24.6,35.3
8.Plantar aponeurosis: Pg.420-421; Fig.31.2
9.Spring ligament: Pg.452; Fig.33.19
10.Retinaculum: Pg.407-408,386-387,398,478-479; Fig.30.4,28.5,36.9,29.2
11.Venous: Pg.455-460; Fig.34.1-34.4
12.Tibial coll: Pg.441; Fig.33.6(A)
THORAX
ESSAY
Topic Number of times of Year

appearance
Thoracic wall 1 2013
Mediastinum 2 2014 (S), 2011
Esophagus 3 2011, 2014, 2014 (S)
Superior Venacava 1 2015
Right atrium anatomy & 1 2012 (S)

development
SHORT ESSAYS
Azygous, Hemiazygous, 3 2015, 2017, 2012 (S)

Accessory Hemiazygous Veins
Arch of Aorta 1 2015

Pericardium 1 2019 (S)
Brief Answers
Thoracic duct 1 2018 (S)
Manubrium Sterni 1 2016
Sternocostal surface of heart 1 2011
Left Lung - Medial surface 1 2012
Pericardial sinus 2 2015, 2013 (S)
Pleura 1 2016
Typical Spinal Nerve 1 2017
Nerve, Blood supply of heart 2 2011, 2014
Coronary Artery 2 2014 (S), 2016
Typical Intercostal Space 2 2013 (S), 2014
Pleural Recesses 1 2015
Typical Intercostal Nerve 1 2017
Visceral relations of medial 2 2012, 2012 (S)

surface of right lung
Bronchopulmanory Segments 1 2018
1. Thoracic wall - 211-221
2.Mediastinum - 249-254
3. Oesophagus -295-302

4. Superior vena cava - 283- 285
5. Right atrium anatomy and development - 265-266
Short essay
1. Azygous, hemiazygous and accessory hemiazygous vein - 306-307
2. Arch of aorta - 286-288
3. Pericardium - 257-260
Brief Answers
1. Thoracic duct - 303-306
2. Manubrium sterni -198
3. Sternocostal surface of heart - 262
4. Left lung -medial surface - 235-236
5. Pericardial sinus - 258-260
6. Pleura - 225- 230
7. Typical spinal nerve - 215-216
8. Nerve ,blood supply of heart - 274-280
9. Coronary artery - 274-276
10. Typical intercostal space - 214
11. Pleural recess 229, 230
12. Typical intercostal nerve - 215-217
13. Visceral relations and medial surface of right lung - 235-236
14. Bronchopulmonary segments - 245-247

HEAD AND NECK
ESSAYS
1 A 4-year-old child swallowed a 1 time 2014
shirt
button, Since the child began to
suffocate she was rushed to the
hospital,
where on x-ray examination,
impaction
of foreign body in the larynx was
confirmed. Answer the following:
al Which is the narrowest part of
the laryngeal cavity?
b) Briefly describe the interior of
larynx.
c) Safety muscle of larynx? Why is
it
called so?
d) Name the joints at which
muscles of larynx act and briefly
mention the movements taking
place at these joints
2 A 55 year old woman complained 1 time 2012

of
midline modular swelling in the
front of
her neck which moves on
swallowing. On
examination, she had slight
tremors on
outstretched hands; pulse was
111 per
minute, BP was 156/100 mm Hg
and
slight blurring of eyes. She also
told that,
she had lost weight and feels
feverish,
Answer the following:
al Which organ is likely to be
involved? (Ans-THYROID
GLAND)
b) Why does this swelling move
during swallowing?

c) Mention the relations of this
organ.
d) Explain the blood supply of this
organ and mention the
precautions to be taken while
ligating these vessels during
surgery.
Other questions:
Describe the coverings, external
features, relations and blood
supply.
Cause of hoarseness on surgical
Incision of the gland
Development of the gland
3 Parotid gland 2 times 2013(S),2015
4 Scalp 1 time 2016
5 A college student was brought to 2 times 2018(S)

the
casualty with history of road
traffic accident. Among other
clinical findings
there was evidence of injury of
the facial nerve on the right side.
Answer the
following:
a) Describe the extra cranial
course,
relations, branches and
distribution of facial nerve.
b) What clinical features are
expected to be seen if the nerve
is injured as it emerges from the
stylomastoid foramen
6 A patient had a swelling below 2 times 2017,2012(S)

the lower
jaw on the right side. The swelling
increased in site during eating.
The
surgeon did a bidigital
examination of
the swelling. Answer the
following:

a) Which salivary gland is
palpated
in this case and what is the cause
of the swelling in this patient.
b) Name the parts of this gland
and
the muscle that separates these
parts
C)
Mention the relations of this
gland.
d) What is the length of its duct
and
where does It open.
e) Draw a diagram to show
secretomotor innervations of this
gland.
Narrate the microscopic
structure of this gland
7 Middle ear 2 times 2017,2014(S)
8 Temporomandibular joint 1 time 2016
9 Mandibular nerve 2 time 2017(S)
10 Posterior triangle 2 times 2014
11 A patient was brought to casualty 3 times 2017,2016(S),2014

following rad traffic accident had
bulging left eyeball with every
radial
pulse beat. X-ray revealed
fracture of left
half of body of sphenoid. Answer
the
following:
a) Mention the location and
extent
to cavernous sinus.
b) Its relations and tributaries.
c)
Mention the reason for pulsation

SHORT ESSAY
1 Carotid triangle 2 times 2015,2017
2 Pituitary gland 1 time 2016
3 Palatine tonsil 2 times 2013(S),2010
4 Subclavian artery 3 times 2011,2015(S),2017
5 Extraocular muscle 2 times 2016,2009
6 Soft palate 2 times 2016,2014
7 Auditory tube 2 times 2011(S),2010
BRIEF ANSWERS
1 Lacrimal apparatus 2 times 2012,2012(S)
2 Face-venous drainage 1 time 2015
3 Face-arterial supply 2 times 2017(S),2018
4 External jugular vein 1 time 2018
5 Retropharyngeal space 1 time 2011
6 Vertebral artery 1 time 2010
7 External carotid artery 1 time 2015
8 Carotid sheath 1 time 2013
9 Digastric triangle 1 time 2017
10 Ansa cervicalis 2 times 2015(S),2012(S)
11 Ciliary ganglion 1 time 2014

12 Otic ganglion 1 time 2016
13 Nerve supply to tongue and 2 times 2015(S),2012
developmental correlation
14 Piriform fossa 1 time 2013(S)
15 Waldeyer’s ring 1 time 2014(S)
16 Nasopharynx 2 times 2015(S),2011
17 Tympanic membrane 2 times 2012(S),2015
18 Nasal septum 2 times 2010,2018
19 Lateral wall of nose 2 times 2013(S)
20 Styloid process 1 time 2016
21 Atlanto-occipital joint 2 times 2016(S),2019
22 Chorda-tympani nerve 2 times (2012,2014
MUSCLES
1 Sternocleidomastoid muscle 3 times 2013(S),2015,2017
2 Fascial muscle 2 times 2017(S),2019
3 Muscles of mastication 2 times 2018(S),2012
4 Constrictions of pharynx 2 times 2013(S),2015
5 Muscles of tongue 2 times 2012,2016
6 Hyoglossus 1 time 2015
1. a)Rima Glottidis
b)224
c)Posterior cricoarytenoid 224
d)220
e)87,88
2. a)Thyroid gland
b)156
c)156
d)Blood supply 158
Precaution taken while Ligating 151
Answers of other questions
a)156,158
b)Injury to recurrent laryngeal nerve
c)161
2. a)Parotid Gland
b)112-113
116
c)Facial nerve
d)Bell’s Palsy 57
Answers of other questions
a)116
b)114
c)57
d)115
4.Scalp 47-51
5.Facial Nerve
Intracranial 338-340
Extracranial 117
6.a)Submandibular gland
b)Superficial and deep part by mylohyoid muscle
c)126
d)Wharton’s duct 5cm long
e)129, figure 9.21
f)155,156 (IBS-histology)
7.Middle ear 270-275
8.Temperomandibular joint 143-148
9.Mandibular nerve 139-141
10.Posterior Triangle 81-86
11.Cavernous Sinus
a)324
b)324
c)Arteriovenous communication/fistula 325
d)323
BRIEF ANSWERS
1.64-66
2.60,61
3.59,60
4.71
5.75
6.233,234
7.237-240
8.75,76
9.89,90
10.93
11.289-290
12.142-143
13.194-195
14.200-201
15.202,248
16.198
17.268,269
18.253,254,256,258
19.254,255,257,258
20.245
21.107,108
22.141,142
MUSCLES
1.80,81
2.Facial Muscle 53-58
3.148-150
4.202-203,204
5.190-192
6.122,123
ABDOMEN
1) Rectus sheath 4 Times 2016(S), 5
2018, 2016, 3
2018 (S) 2
2) 2nd part of duodenum 4 Times 2020 (S) 5
[relations – 2015] 2018(S),2017(S),2 3
014
3) Lesser sac 4 Times 2019 (S), 2015, 5
2014(S), 2013
4) Vermiform appendix 3 Times 2011 5

2015 3
2018 2
5) Ischio-rectal fossa 3 Times 2018(S), 2017, 5
2014
6) Superior mesenteric artery 3 Times 2017, 2019(S) 3
2016 2
7) Male urethra 2 Times 2018, 2015 3
8) Porto caval anastomosis 2 Times 2017, 2015 3
9) Trigone of urinary bladder 2 Times 2020, 2016 3,2
10) Anal canal 2 Times 2012 5
2016(S) 3
11) Lymphatic drainage of 2 Times 2016(S), 2014 3
stomach and applied
importance
12) Spermatic cord 2 Times 2016(S), 2013 2
13) Deep perineal pouch 2 Times 2015, 2012 3
14) Superficial perineal pouch 2 Times 2012(S), 2020 3
15) Inguinal canal 2 Times 2020, 2012 5
16) Anterior relations of both 1 Time 2017 3
kidneys
17) Anterior relation of left 1 Time 2013(S) 3
kidney
18) Support of uterus 1 Time 2014(S) 3
19) True ligaments of uterus 1 Time 2015(S) 3
20) Duodenum 1 Time 2019(S) 5

21) Pancreas – parts, relations, 1 Time 2020 5
blood supply
22) Right kidney – features, 1 Time 2016 5
vertebral content,
coverings, relations,
development
23) Urinary bladder 1 Time 2015 5
24) Extrahepatic biliary 1 Time 2014(S) 5
apparatus
25) Inguinal hernia 1 Time 2013(S) 5
26) Spleen – anatomy, 1 Time 2012 5
relation, development,
applied anatomy
27) Vas deferens 1 Time 2021 4
28) Layers of scrotum 1 Time 2020 3
29) Major openings of 1 Time 2020 3
diaphragm
30) Perineal body 1 Time 2018(S) 3
31) Blood supply of supra 1 Time 2017(S) 3
renal gland
32) Thoracic duct – origin, 1 Time 2016(S) 3
termination and areas of
drainage
33) Recto uterine pouch with 1 Time 2016(S) 3
applied aspects
34) Coeliac trunk 1 Time 2015 3
35) Name the sub 1 Time 2019 2
diaphragmatic recess
36) Structures piercing 1 Time 2019 2
perineal membrane in
female
37) Urogenital diaphragm 1 Time 2019(S) 2
38) Tributaries of inferior vena 1 Time 2017 2
cava in abdomen
39) Transpyloric plane 1 Time 2017 2
40) Piriform recess 1 Time 2015 2
41) Boundaries of epiploic 1 Time 2014 2
foramen
42) Coverings of kidney 1 Time 2014 2
43) Pudendal canal 1 Time 2014(S) 2
44) Bile duct 1 Time 2013 2
45) Coverings of prostate 1 Time 2013(S) 2
gland
46) Point located at junction 1 Time 2021 1
between upper 2/3rd and

1) Pancreas 3 Times 2017 5
2014(S) 3
2013 3
2) Prostate gland 1 Time 2015 3
3) Ileum 1 Time 2013 2
4) Supra renal gland 1 Time 2020 2
5) Ovary 1 Time 2018 5
lower 1/3rd of
spinoumbilical line
47) Vertebral level of 1 Time 2021 1
venacaval opening of
diaphragm
48) Uterus : microscopic 1 Time 2021 8
anatomy and uterine cycle
49) Meckel’s diverticulum 1 Time 2015 2
50) Hepatic and portal lobule 1 Time 2018 3
Diagrams
1) Transverse section of 3 Times 2019,2015(S),2012 2
abdomen at L4 level
2) Visceral surface of liver 3 Times 2018(S),2017,2016(S) 2
3) Posterior surface of kidney 2 Times 2018, 2011 2
relations
[only left kidney – (2011)]
4) Transverse section of 2 Times 2020, 2017(S) 2
abdomen at L1 level
5) Median section through 2 Times 2016, 2013(S) 2
female pelvis
6) Stomach bed 2 Times 2014(S), 2012(S) 2
7) Median section of male 1 Time 2014 2
pelvis
8) Transverse section through 1 Time 2019(S) 2
trans-pyloric plane
9) Anterior relations of right 1 Time 2013 2
kidney
10) Anterior relations of 1 Time 2020 2
kidneys (both)
Microscopic anatomy
1.a) Angle of Anteversion:90%
Angle of Anteflexion:170%

b) Pg.261
c) Pg.266
d) Pg.263,264
e) Pg.265
2.a) Murphy’s sign: Pg.119
Clinical correlation
b) Pg.114-119; Fig.8.12
c) Pg.118; Fig.8.16
d) IB Singh
e) Pg.110-111
3.a) Pg.105,106-108
b) Pg.110,111
c) Pg.109,110 (False ligaments)
d) Pg.112
e) Pg.112,113 (Clinical correlations)
4.a) Mucosal anatomy: Pg.278
b) Sphincter muscles: Pg.279
c)Blood supply: Pg.280
d)Clinical: Pg.280-281
5.i) Horizontal group of superficial inguinal lymph nodes
ii)Inferior rectal nerve
Perineal branch of 4th sacral nerve
iii) Pg.278
iv) Pg.278. Table 19.3
v) Hemorrhoids (Pg.280.Clinical)
6.a) Pg.168
b) Pg.161,162,163
c) Pg.160-161
d) Pg.164-165

e) Pg.166
7.a) Median lobe
b) Pg.245,248
c) Pg.247. Fig. 17.6
d) Prostatic urethra -Pg.238. Fig.16.13
8.a) Portal vein
b) Pg.134
c) Pg.137.Table 9.1
d) Bile duct
e) Ventral and Dorsal Pancreatic buds
SHORT ESSAYS
1.Pg.36
2.Pg.122
3.Pg.85-Left posterior intraperitoneal compt.
4.Pg.148
5.Pg.226
6.Pg.155
7.Pg.238
8.Pg.135,136
9.Pg.235
10.Pg.277
11.Pg.95,96
12.Pg.48,49
13.Pg.220
14.Pg.220
15.Pg.46
16.Pg.160,161
17.Pg.161

18.Pg.266
19.Pg.266
20.Pg.121-126
21.Pg.127-130,
22.Pg.160-163,166
23.Pg.231-238
24.Pg.114-120
25.Pg.51-54
26.Pg.98-102
27.Pg.250
28.Pg.61
29.Major openings of diaphragm (Refer thorax text)
30.Pg.225,226
31.Pg.176. Fig.11.34
32.Thoracic duct (Thorax)
33.Pg.87
34.Pg.183
35.Pg.84
36.Pg.224,225
37.Pg.223,224
38.Pg.187
39.Pg.25
40.Piriform recess: Head and Neck
41.Pg.86
42.Pg.161-163
43.Pg.228-230
44.Pg.117
45.Pg.245
46.McBurney’s point

47.T8
48.IB Singh Embryology
49.Pg.143
50.Pg.113
DIAGRAM
1.Refer Cunningham
2.Pg.111
3.Pg.162
4.Refer Cunningham
5.Pg.253
6.Pg.93
7.Pg.243. Fig.17.1
8.Refer Cunningham
9.Pg.161. Fig .11.5
10.Pg.161
NEUROANATOMY
Sl Question No of Year Mark
no times
Long Essays
1 A 60-year-old person who was suffering from high 2 2013(s) 10
bp was admitted to the hospital with sudden onset
of contralateral hemiplegia and loss of speech. 2012
a) Which part of brain is probably

involved here?
b) Describe the sulci and gyri and functional

areas on the superolateral surface.
c) Describe the blood supply of this surface

2. Blood supply of brain 2 2015(s) 5
2013
3 Internal capsule 1 2016 5
4 Thalamus 1 2011 5
Short essays
1. Cerebellum 2 2016(s) 4
2010
2. Lateral ventricle 3 2015 4

2014
2012(s)
3 4th ventricle 4 2018(s) 4
2017(s)
2013(s)
2011
Short answers
1. Midbrain 3 2012(s) 2
2011(s)
2010
2. Spinal cord 1 2012 5
3. 3rd ventricle 1 2019(s) 2
4. White matter of cerebrum 3 2017 2
2015(s)
2012

5 Basal ganglia/Corpus striatum 2 2016 2
2014(s)
6 Fornix 1 2017 2
7. Cisterna Magna 1 2015(s) 2
8 Medial lemniscus 1 2016 2
9. Circle of Willis 1 2013 2
10 Visual cortex 1 2011 2
11. Lateral sulcus of cerebrum 1 2018 2
12. Crus cerebri 1 2011 2
13 Association fibers of brain 1 2017(s) 2
14 Deep cerebellar nuclei 1 2016(s) 2
15 Transverse section of medulla at the level 3 2018(s) 2

Pyramidal decussation 2017
2016(s)
ESSAYS
1 a) Primary motor area
b) Sulci and gyri and functional areas on superolateral surface-142, 146-149
c) 175
2 Blood supply of brain- 169 to 180
3 Internal capsule -162 to 165
4 Thalamus -123 to 128
Short essays
1 Cerebellum – 110 to118

2 Lateral ventricle- 165 to167
3 4th ventricle- 118 to 121
Brief answers
1 Midbrain- 83 to 88
2 Spinal cord- 50 to 61
3 3rd ventricle-134 to 136
4 White matter of cerbrum-159 to 165
5 Basal ganglia or corpus striatum – 153 to155
6 Fornix- 226
7 Cisterna magna- 190
8 Medial lemniscus- 202
9 Circle of Willis- 169 to 171
10 Visual cortex- 150
11 Lateral sulcus and cerebrum -140
12 Crus cerebri- 84
13 Association fibres – 159
14 Deep cerebellar nuclei-114
15 T.S of medulla at the level of pyramidal decussation-76

BLOOD AND IMMUNITY
No. Question Times Year Mark
repeated
1 1 10
A 12 years old girl child complains of lethargy and 2020 JAN
fatigability for the last three months. Physical
examination revealed pallor. Routine blood
investigation showed Hb -8 gm% and peripheral
smear revealed microcytic hypochromic RBCs.
• Identify the clinical condition and what is the

cause
• Define anemia.
• Classify anemia based on etiology.
• Enumerate stages of erythropoiesis and
discuss the factors regulating them
2 1 2019 JAN 10
A 16year old boy had continues oozing of blood
following a tooth extraction for caries answer the
following:
What is the probable cause of this bleeding

• Describe extrinsic pathway of clotting using a
schematic diagram
• Mechanism of action of heparin as an
anticoagulant
• Role of vitamin K in clotting
• Explain why blood does not clot normally
inside our body
3 1 10
A 12year old boy had a swelling in the knee joint Paper 1
after a small injury his clotting time was 12 min 2018 Jan
answer the following supp
• What may be Probable diagnosis and what is

its cause
• Explain the clotting mechanism in detail
• Mention and interpret the test for assessing
bleeding and clotting time
4 1 10
A 30 years old woman visits a clinic with complaints 2016
of difficulty in breathing and fatigue she has Aug 10
menorrhagia for the past 3 month her hb level is
6gm% pcv 20% and mcv62 cubic micron answer the
following

• Name the clinical condition
• Describe the blood picture in this condition
Classify the anemia based on etiology
• Describe iron deficiency anemia
5 2 5
Describe the morphology, properties and functions 2012
of platelets. march
supp
2021 8
Mar
6 1 2019 JAN 3
Entero hepatic circulation
7 2
Describe the intrinsic pathway of coagulation. 2013 5
Mention one test for assessing it Aug
3
2011 Sep
8 2
T lymphocyte 2018 Jan 3
supp
2016 3
Aug
9 2
Maturation factors in erythropoiesis Paper 1 3
2017 Feb
supp
question 3
2015 FEB
supp
10 2
Role of lymphocytes in immunity Paper 1 3
2017
Aug
3
2011 Sep
11 2
Rh blood group system and its clinical significance 2012 3
Aug
3
2012
Mar
supp
12 2
Describe structure and function of neutrophil 2020 JAN 3
2021 4
Mar
13 2
Functions of reticuloendothelial system 2019 5
AUG
SUPP
4
2021
Mar
14 2
Fibrinolytic system 2016 3
Aug supp
2019 3
AUG
SUPP
15 1
Describe the effect of hypoxia and vitamin B12 2016 Feb 5
deficiency on erythropoiesis supp
16 1
Erythroblastosis foetalis 2018
Aug
17 Cell mediated immunity 1 2017 feb 3
supp
18 1 3
Clot retraction Paper 1
2017 Feb
supp
19 1 3
Starling’s forces in capillary fluid exchange 2017
Aug
20 Bombay blood group 1 2015 3
Aug
21 Fatal heamoglobin 1 2014 3
Aug
22 1 2013 3
Sickle cell anaemia Aug
23 1 3
Haemophilia 2013 Feb
supp
24 1 3
Plasma cell. 2013 Feb
supp
25 Lsit the hazards of blood transfusion 1 2021 4
mar

26 1 2020 nov 5
Explain the factors regulating erythropoiesis supp
Physiological basis 2 mark
No. question Times year

repeated
1 3
Gastrectomy produces pernicious anaemia 2016 AUG
2015 AUG
2011 SEP
2 2 2017 Aug
Megaloblasts in vitamin B12 deficiency anaemia 2012 Feb supp
3 2 2017 Feb supp
In a Rh negative mother carrying an Rh positive foetus, 2016 Aug
the first child is usually normal
4 2 2017 AUG
Entero-hepatic circulation 2019 AUG
SUPP
5 1 2018 AUG
Heparin prevents coagulation of blood in vivo
6 HIV infection reduces immunity 1 2018 AUG
7 1 2018 JAN SUPP
Pernicious anaemia
8 1 2015 AUG
Prolonged stay at high altitude increases the
haematocrit
9 1 2014 AUG
Dicumarol as an anticoagulant
10 1 2014 AUG
Leucocytosis
11 1 2014 FEB SUPP
Protective effect of vaccination
12 1 2013 FEB SUPP
Physiological jaundice
13 1 2013 FEB SUPP
Reticulocytosis
14 1 2013 FEB SUPP
Bleeding tendency in Vitamin K deficiency
15 1 2012 AUG
Clotting occurs when blood is kept in a glass tube
16 1 2011 SEP
Purpura and Haemophilia
17 1 2015 FEB SUPP
Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura
18 Anaemia is seen in patients with renal disease 1 2012 AUG
19 Gastrectomy causes megaloblastic anaemia 1 2018 AUG

20 1 2019 AUG
Neutrophilia in acute bacterial infections SUPP
ANSWERS
1. a) Iron Deficiency Anemia
b) Pg.108
c) Pg.107
d)Pg.95-97
2. Pg.141-143
3. Pg.141-144
4. Pg.107,108
5. 5.Pg.136,137
6. Pg.457,458
7. Pg.142
8. Pg.118
9. Pg.98
10. Pg.129,131
11. Pg.152,155
12. Pg.114,115
13. Pg.120,121
14. Pg.141,143
15. Pg.98
16. Pg.156
17. Pg.129-131
18. Pg.142-143
19. Pg.217
20. Pg.151
21. Pg.101
22. Pg.101
23. Pg.148
24. Pg.88
25. Pg.155
26. Pg.98
PHYSIOLOGICAL BASIS-2 MARK

1.Pg.108
2.Pg.108
3.Pg.153
4.Pg.457
5.Pg.146

6.Pg.135
7.Pg.108,109
8.Pg.98
9.Pg.146
10.Pg.111
11.Pg.123
12.Pg.108
13.Pg.120
14.Pg.146
15.Pg.146
16.Pg.147
17.Pg.147
18.Pg.108
19.Pg.108
20.Pg.114
GIT
No Question Times Year Mark
repeated
1 1 2015 MAR 15
List cells and secretion of oxyntic glands of stomach
with help of diagram explain gastric acid secretion
explain phases of gastric acid secretion
2 1 2017 FEB SUPP 10
A middle aged man complains of epigastric pain. the
pain occurs when he is in empty stomach and it
subsides after taking food or antacids he is having
occasional vomiting answer the following
What is your provisional diagnosis list the cause and

treatment
Describe the regulation of gastric secretion in detail

3 3 2016 FEB SUPP 5
Describe the composition and regulation of 2014 AUG 5
pancreatic juice secretion 2011 SEP
5
4 3 2015 AUG 5
Describe the mechanism of gastric acid secretion 2013 FEB 3
2016 FEB SUPP
3
5 2 2015 FEB 5
Stages of deglutition 2012 MAR
3
6 2 2012 MAR 5
Describe the functions and regulation of 2017 AUG
hydrochloric acid secretion 3
7 2 2O13 AUG 3
Pathophysiology of peptic ulcer 2012 AUG P1
3
8 2 2020 NOV 3
Functions of bile SUPP
2020 JAN 3
9 2 2018 AUG P1 3
2nd stage of deglutition 2019 JAN
3
10 1 2021 MAR P1 8
Describe the functions of large intestine and add a
note on cause and pathophysiology of megacolon
(Hirschsprung’s disease)
11 1 2019 AUG 3
Defecation reflex SUPP
12 1 2013 AUG 5
Name the components of the enteric nervous
system and outline its functions
13 1 2018 JAN SUPP 3
Small intestinal hormones
14 1 2018 JAN SUPP 3
Pancreatic juice composition
15 1 2017 AUG 3
Peristaltic movements
16 1 2016 AUG 3
Functions of saliva
17 1 2015 AUG 3
Deglutition reflex
18 1 2015 FEB SUPP 3
Small intestinal movements
19 1 2014 AUG 3
Post prandial alkaline tide
20 1 2014 FEB SUPP 3
Proteolytic pancreatic enzymes
21 1 2014 FEB SUPP 3
Gastric emptying time
22 1 2013 AUG 3
Law of intestines
23 1 2020 NOW 5
Phases of gastric juice secretion SUPP

Draw and label
No. question Times Year Mark

repeated
1 1 2018 2.5
Mechanism of gastric acid secretion AUG P1
No. question Times year

repeated
1 5 2013 AUG,2012
Steatorrhoea in diseases that destroy exocrine AUG,2012
pancreas MAR,2020 NOV
SUPP,2020 JAN
2 2 201 AUG
Postprandial alkaline tide 2011 SEP
3 1 2018 JAN SUPP
Cephalic phase of gastric juice secretion
4 1 2016 FEB SUPP
Law of intestine
5 1 2015 FEB SUPP
Mass peristalsis
6 1 2014 FEB SUPP
Receptive relaxation
7 1 2013 FEB SUPP
Deglutition apnoea
8 1 2020 JAN
Polycythaemia in high altitude
9 1 2020 JAN
Splenectomy in idiopathic thrombocytopenic
purpura.
10 1 2019 JAN
Mucosal barrier and peptic ulcer
1.Pg.433-435,437,438
2. a) Peptic Ulcer,443,444
b)434,435
3.Pg.449,450,451
4.Pg.434,435

5.Pg.428,429,430
6.Pg.435,436-437
7.Pg.443,444
8.Pg.457
9.Pg.428,429
10.Pg.474,475
11.Pg.472
12.Pg.420-421
13.Pg.467,442,451,452
14.Pg.449,450
15.Pg.439,444,467,471,430
16.Pg.428
17.Pg.428-429
18.Pg.465-467
19.
20.Pg.449-450
21.Pg.442-443
22.Pg.467
23.Pg.437-439
DRAW AND LABEL
1.Pg.434
Physiological basis
1.Pg.453
2.Pg.434
3.Pg.437,438
4.Pg.467
5.Pg.430
6.Pg.441
7.Pg.322
8.Pg.92,331
9.Pg.138,147
10.Pg.443,444
CVS
. repeated
1 3 2021 MAR 15
A 55 year old business man was bought to medicine 2017 JUL P1 15
casuality with severe chest pain he has severe 2012 AUG P1
sweating and bp 140\94mmHg heart sound was 15
muffled and ECG showed ST elevation in lead II and
avf
• What is most probable diagnosis

• Discuss pathophysiology of this condition and
its management]
• What are special features of coronary
circulation
2 1 2020 NOV 10
A 50-year-old chronic smoker complains of severe SUPP
chest pain, crushing in nature, radiating to left
shoulder and inside of the left arm. The chest
discomfort brought on by the exertion was relieved
by rest. After 2 hours he visits a hospital. Emergency
room examination showed ST segment elevation,
tachycardia and hypertension
• What is he probably suffering from

• What is the cause for this pain
• What is the underlying mechanism for the
above complaints
• Explain the salient features of coronary
circulation
3 3 2017 JUL 10
A 60year old man complaints of chest pain on 2021 MAR P1 10
exertion, radiating to his left arm and severe 2012 AUG P1
shortness of breath answer the following 10
• What is the probable condition he is suffering

from
• Mention the most common investigation
done in such a patient and describe with help

of normal diagram the changes that are
expected in this
• What are the functional features of coronary
circulation
4 3 2012 AUG 10
A 60year old man presented with acute retro sternal 2017 JUL P1 10
chest pain radiating to the inner aspect of left arm. 2021 MAR P1
The ECG showed ST segment elevation in some of 10
the leads.
• What is the most probable diagnosis

• What are the other ECG changes that may
occur in this condition
• Explain the leads used in recording ECG
• With the help of a diagram describe the
waves, intervals and segments of normal ECG
recording in Lead I
5 2 2018 AUG 10
A 16year old NCC cadet… bp 60\50 pulse regular 2015 FEB P1 10
normal breathing
• What are most likely diagnosis

• What are factors determining bp
• What are the physiological principle
applicable for immediate management here
• Explain short term regulation of bp
6 2 2015 FEB 10
A 45 years old man is having high blood pressure. 2018 AUG P1 10
Answer the following
• What are the probable causes of high blood

pressure.
• Mention and explain the determinants of
blood pressure
• Describe the neural regulation of blood
pressure
7 1 2016 FEB 10
A motor cyclist met with a road traffic accident and SUPP
was admitted in the causality. Clinical examination
revealed, cold and clammy extremities, rapid
thready pulse, and a blood pressure of 70/50mm of
Hg. Answer the following:
• What is the probable clinical condition

• Define shock and name the different stages
of shock.
• Describe the compensatory mechanisms in
shock
• What is neurogenic shock
8 1 2011 SEP 10
A 55year old obese man, complained of headache,
giddiness, irritability for the last two months. On
examination by a doctor, his BP was found to be
130/100 mm Hg by auscultatory method. Three days
later he visited another doctor. According to him, his
BP was found to be 170/100 mm Hg after using both
palpatory and auscultatory methods.
• What is the correct BP in this patient and why

• What is the cause for this difference in the
recording
• Define mean arterial pressure & pulse
pressure giving their values
• Describe the possible renal mechanism
causing hypertension
• Mention physiological basis for management
of hypertension
9 3 2017 FEB 5
Special features of coronary circulation SUPP
2015 AUG 5
2012 SEP 3
10 2 2016 AUG 3
Ventilation perfusion ratio 2016 FEB 3
SUPP P1
11 2 2014 FEB 3
First and second heart sounds SUPP
2020JAN 3
12 1 2018 AUG 5
Describe the characteristics of the pulmonary
circulation
13 2 2018 JAN 5
Explain the factors regulating cardiac output SUPP
2020 JAN 5
14 2 2013 FEB 3
Factors influencing venous return SUPP
2019 AUG 3
SUPP
15 1 2016 AUG 5
Long term regulation of blood pressure
16 1 2014 AUG 5
Jugular venous pulse

17 1 2014 FEB 5
Discuss the factors affecting cardiac output and add SUPP
a note on Bainbridge reflex
18 1 2013 FEB 5
Explain the ionic basis of pacemaker potential with SUPP
the aid of a labelled diagram. Mention the changes
during sympathetic stimulation
19 1 2021 MAR 5
explain starling’s law as applied to cardiac muscle
20 1 2017 FEB 3
Role of baroreceptors in blood pressure regulation SUPP
21 1 2016 AUG 3
P-R interval
22 1 2015 FEB 3
End – diastolic ventricular volume SUPP
23 1 2014 AUG 3
Venous return
24 1 2012 AUG 3
Hypovolemic shock
25 1 2012 MAR 3
Right atrial pressure changes. SUPP P1
26 1 2019 AUG 5
Short term regulation of blood pressure SUPP
27 1 2019 AUG 3
Pacemaker potential SUPP
28 1 2019 JAN 5
mechanism of events of cardiac cycle

No. question Times Year
repeated
1 1 2018 JAN SUPP
Fourth heart sound
2 1 2017 AUG
Resting bradycardia in athletes
3 1 2017 FEB SUPP
Increase heart rate during exercise
4 1 2016 FEB SUPP
Cardiac muscle cannot be tetanized.
5 1 2015 AUG
Raised intracranial pressure causes bradycardia and
hypertension
6 1 2014 FEB SUPP
Prolonged standing results in fainting attacks
7 1 2015 FEB SUPP
Prolonged action potential in cardiac muscle

8 1 2013 AUG
Korotkoff’s sounds
9 1 2013 AUG
Skin is cold in hypovolemic shock
10 1 2020 NOV SUPP
Anticoagulants in Myocardial infarction
11 1 2020 JAN
PR interval is prolonged in first degree heart block
12 1 2019 AUG SUPP
Plateau phase of Action potential in Ventricular
Myocyte
13 1 2019 AUG SUPP
Severe tachycardia is harmful to the individual
14 1 2019 JAN
Change in heart rate during exercise
15 1 2019 JAN
Reactive hyperemia
One word answer 1 mark

No. question Times repeated year
1 1 2021 MAR
the wheal in triple response in
1.a) Pg.183
b) Pg.184
c) Pg.243
2.a) Pg.183
b) Pg.184
c) Pg.184
d) Pg.243
3.a) Pg.183
b) Pg.184
c) Pg.243
4.a) Pg.183
b) Pg.184
c) Pg.184
d) Pg.172,173
5.a) Pg.223
b) Pg.222

c) Pg.225
d)Pg.225
6.a) Pg.223
b) Pg.224
c) Pg.225
7.a) Pg.260
b) Pg.260
c) Pg.261
d) Pg.260
8.a) Pg.223
b) Pg.223
c) Pg.221,222
d) Pg.223
e) Pg.225-226
9.Pg.243
10.Pg.294,295
11.Pg.191,192
12.Pg.287
13.Pg.198,199
14.Pg.198
15.Pg.226
16.Pg.190
17.Pg.236
18.Pg.169-170
19.Pg.166
20.Pg.233-235
21.Pg.175
22.Pg.198
23.Pg.198
24.Pg.260
25.Pg.190
26.Pg.225
27.Pg.169-170
28.Pg.186,187,188,189
Physiological basis
1.Pg.192
2.Vagal Tone
3.Increased sympathetic
4.Pg.165
5.Pg237
6.Pg.223
7.Pg.165
8.Pg.225
9.Pg.260
10.Pg.146
11.Pg.180
12.Pg.162
13. Duration of diastole decrease
14.Sympathetic stimulation
15.Pg.240
DRAW AND LABEL
1.Pg.174
2.Pg.168
3.Pg.170
4.Pg.188
5.Pg.186
6.Pg.188
7.Pg.164

RESPIRATION
No Question Times year Mark
repeated
1 1 2019 AUG SEP 10
Eighteen hours after arrival at an altitude of
12000 feet, a man has headache, irritability,
insomnia, breathlessness, nausea and vomiting.
What is he suffering from

What are the changes taking place in the body
systems during acclimatization to high altitude
Explain the physiological basis of these changes
2 1 2015 AUG 10
A 30 years old lady presented with history of
cough and breathlessness that got worse during
the winter months every year. She also
complained of occasional whistling sounds
arising from the chest during breathing. Answer
the following:
• What is the most likely clinical diagnosis of her

condition
• What major findings would her pulmonary

function tests show
• What kind of medication would she likely

benefit from
• Depict the different lung volumes and

capacities with the help of a neatly labelled
diagram
• what is the significance of residual volume

3 1 2014 AUG 10
Oxygen delivery to tissues will be greatly
reduced in a patient with carbon monoxide
poisoning. Answer the following:
• What is the physiological basis for reduced

oxygen delivery to the tissues.
• Describe the functional significance of oxygen-

haemoglobin dissociation curve

• Mention the factors which will shift oxygen
dissociation curve to right and left
4 2 2014 FEB 10
A 40 years old man was admitted to hospital 2013 AUG P1 10
with complaints of difficulty in breathing and
shortness of breath following a head injury.
• With the help of diagrams describe two types

of periodic breathing
• Explain the physiological basis for the changes

in periodic breathing
• Describe the role of peripheral chemo

receptors in regulation of normal respiration
5 2 2013 AUG 10
A road traffic accident victim was found to be 2014 FEB P1 10
unconscious and breathing in an irregular
rhythm. From your knowledge of physiology
• Name two types of periodic breathing
• Explain the neural regulation of respiration
• What is the mechanism of function of

medullary chemo receptors.
6 1 2012 MAR 10
A 50year old male come with complaints of SUPP
difficulty in breathing. Auscultation revealed the
presence of rhonchi in all the lung fields.
Patient's pulmonary function tests revealed FVC
decreased FEV1=60%
• What is FVC and FEV1.
• Give the normal values of FEV1 and FVC.
• Describe the physiological basis for this change

of FEV1.
• What is the probable clinical condition.
• What is the significance of FEV1

7 3 2018 AUG 3
Pulmonary surfactant 2018 JAN SUPP 3
P1
2016 FEB SUPP 3
8 2 2018 JAN SUPP 3
Dead space 2021 MAR P1
4
9 2 2017 JUL 5
Describe the neural control of respiration and 2012 AUG P1 5
add a note on Cheyne stokes breathing
10 2 2017 FEB SUPP 5
Carbon dioxide transport in blood and Haldane 2021 MAR P1
effect 8
11 2 2016 AUG 5
Chemical regulation of respiration 2011 SEP P1 5
12 2 2014 FEB 3
Hypoxic hypoxia 2012 AUG P1 3
13 2 2013 FEB SUPP 3

Timed vital capacity 2011 SEP P1
3
14 2 2021 MAR 8
Discuss cause and clinical feature and treatment 2020 NOV 3
of dysbarism SUPP
15 1 2015 AUG 3
Peripheral chemo receptors
16 1 2015 FEB SUPP 3
Lung compliance
17 1 2014 AUG 3
Periodic breathing
18 1 2012 MAR 3
Synthesis and functions of surfactants. SUPP
19 1 2020 JAN 3
Explain pressure changes during normal
respiratory cycle
20 1 2019 JAN 3
Difference between Haldane and Bohr effect
21 1 2019 JAN 3
Factors effecting diffusion across respiratory
membrane
Draw and label
No question Times Year Mark

. repeated
1 3 2016 AUG 2.5
Oxygen dissociation curve P1,2012
AUG, 2020
NOV SUPP P1

2 3 2015 AUG 2.5
Respiratory membrane P1,2015 FEB
SUPP, 2020
JAN
3 2 2014 FEB 2.5
Effect of pH, temperature on the oxygen – SUPP, 2012
haemoglobin dissociation curve MAR SUPP
4 2 2017 FEB 2.5
Pressure changes during a normal respiratory SUPP
cycle P1,2019 JAN
5 1 2018 AUG P1 2.5
Pressure volume changes in the lungs and
pleural space during normal respiration
6 1 2017 AUG P1 2.5
Spirometric recording of lung volumes
7 1 2014 AUG P1 2.5
Draw and label diagram of lung volumes and
capacities
8 1 2019 AUG 2.5
Physiological organization of Respiratory Centers SUPP
No. question Times repeated Year

1 2 2017 AUG
Lung alveoli are dry normally 2013 AUG
2 2 2017 AUG
Decompression sickness 2011 SEP
3 2 2013 FEB SUPP

Alveoli do not collapse during expiration 2012 AUG
4 2 2014 AUG 2019
Dead space AUG SUPP
5 1 2018 AUG
Hyperventilation is seen when low landers
travel to high altitude
6 1 2018 JAN SUPP
Respiratory rhythm
7 1 2017 FEB SUPP
Sigmoid shape of oxygen haemoglobin
disassociation curve
8 1 2017 FEB SUPP
Pulmonary edema during rapid ascent
9 1 2016 AUG
Physiological shunt

10 1 2016 FEB SUPP
Role of oxygen in treatment of carbon
monoxide poisoning.
11 1 2015 AUG
Change of posture from supine to standing
causes tachycardia
12 1 2015 AUG
Haemoglobin saturation in arterial blood is
usually less than 100%
13 1 2015 FEB SUPP
Increased incidence of Tuberculosis in the apex
of the lung
14 1 2015 FEB SUPP
Chloride shift
15 1 2014 FEB SUPP
Oxygen debt
16 1 2012 MAR SUPP
Acclimatization in high altitude
17 1 2012 MAR
Mouth to mouth respiration is the best form of
artificial respiration
18 1 2020 NOV SUPP
Cheyne-stokes breathing
19 1 2020 JAN
Acute respiratory distress syndrome is seen in
premature infants
20 1 2019 JAN
Hypoxia in cyanide poisoning
One word answer 1 mark 2021 mar
No. question
1
volume of air that moves in or out during each tidal breath is called
2
intrapleural pressure normally negative because
3
in caissons disease pain in joint is due to
1.a) Altitude Sickness
b) Pg.331,332
c) Pg.330,331,332
2.a) Bronchial Asthma
b)
c) Pg.277-280

d) Pg.277
3.a) Pg.328
b) Pg.300
c) Pg.300-302
4.a) Pg.323-324
b) Pg.323-324
c) Pg.314-315
5.a) Pg.323-324
b) Pg.309-314
c) Pg.315
6.a) Pg.279
b) Pg.279
c) Pg.279,280
d)
7.Pg.281-282
8.Pg.292-293
9.Pg.309-314,323-324
10.Pg.304-306
11.Pg.314-316
12.Pg.325-330
13.Pg.278,279
14.Pg.333,334
15.Pg.314,315
16.Pg.282-284
17.Pg.323-324
18.Pg.281,282
19.Pg.275,276
20.Pg.305-306,301
21.Pg.296-297
DRAW AND LABEL

1.Pg.300
2.Pg.296
3.Pg.301,302
4.Pg.276
5.Pg.276
6.Pg.277
7.Pg.277
8.Pg.312
PHYSIOLOGICAL BASIS
1.Pg.281
2.Pg.333,334
3.Pg.281,282
4.Pg.292-293
5.Pg.331,332
6.Pg.310,311
7.Pg.300-301
8.Pg.330-331
9.Pg.295
10.Pg.328
11.
12.Pg.300
13.Pg.294
14.Pg.305,306
15.Pg.339
16.Pg.331,332
17.Pg.335
18.Pg.323,324
19.Pg.282
20.Pg.325

ONE WORD
1.Tidal Volume
2.Pg.275
3.Pg.333
RENAL PHYSIOLOGY
repeated
1 1 2013 FEB 10
A 48year old man suffering from diabetes mellitus SUPP
had increased frequency of micturition
• What is the physiological basis of the polyuria
• What are the mechanisms operating in the

nephron for the concentration of urine
• Add a note on free water clearance

2 3 2017 JUL 5
Explain the mechanisms of water re-absorption in 2012 AUG 3
renal tubule P1
2016 FEB 3
SUPP
3 2 2014 AUG 3
Micturition reflex 2012 AUG 3
P1
4 2 2020 JAN 3
Tubulo-glomerular feedback. 2019 JAN 3
5 1 2018 AUG 5
Describe the role of the kidneys in the regulation
of plasma pH
6 1 2018 JAN 5
Explain the mechanism maintaining osmotic SUPP
gradient in renal medullary interstitium.
7 1 2015 FEB 5
Counter current mechanism in concentration of SUP
urine
8 1 2014 FEB 5
Describe the counter current multiplier in the SUPP
kidney
9 1 2018 AUG 3
Glomerular filtration rate
10 1 2017 FEB 3
Mechanisms of glucose re-absorption in the SUPP
kidney

11 1 2016 AUG 3
Juxtaglomerular apparatus
12 1 2015 AUG 3
Renal clearance
13 1 2015 FEB 3
Filtration pressure in glomerulus SUPP
14 1 2014 FEB 3
Auto regulation of glomerular filtration rate SUPP
15 1 2013 AUG 3
Nonrenal functions of kidney
16 1 2013 AUG 3
Cystometrogram
17 1 2011 SEP 3
Renal plasma clearance values for inulin, PAH and
glucose giving their significance
18 1 2021 MAR 4
Describe the role bicarbonate buffer system in
acid base balance
19 1 2021 MAR 3
Role of juxta glomerular apparatus in the SUPP
regulation of ECF volume
20 1 2020 NOV 3
Counter current exchanger SUPP
21 1 2020 NOV 3
Renin-Angiotensin mechanism in blood pressure SUPP
regulation
22 1 2020 NOV 3
Factors regulating Glomerular filtration rate SUPP
23 1 2019 JAN 5
Factors influencing glomerular filtration
Draw and label

repeated
1 4 2017 AUG 2.5
Cystometrogram in a normal human P1,2016
FEB SUPP,
2015 AUG,
2019 AUG
SUPP
2 1 2018 JAN 2.5
JG apparatus SUPP P1
3 1 2013 AUG 2.5
Splay P1
4 1 2013 FEB 2.5
Nephron SUPP
5 1 2011 SEP 2.5
Figure showing counter current multiplier & P1
exchange system in renal tubules
No. Question Times Year

repeate
d
1 2 2015 FEB
Tubular maximum and renal threshold for glucose SUPP,2019
JAN
2 1 2018 AUG
Proteinuria occurs in renal diseases
3 1 2018 JAN
Renin secretion SUPP
4 1 2017 FEB
Albumin is absent in the urine of normal individualA SUPP
5 1 2016 AUG
Urine output is decreased in summer season
6 1 2016 FEB
Change in bladder function in spinal shock SUPP
7 1 2014 AUG
Splay in renal glucose re-absorption curve
8 1 2014 AUG
Tubulo glomerular feedback
9 1 2012 AUG
Oedema in hypo proteinemia
10 1 2012 MAR
Atonic bladder. SUPP
11 1 2011 SEP
Filling and emptying of urinary bladder
12 1 2020 NOV
Osmotic and pressure diuresis SUPP
One word answer 1 mark

No. Question
1 Normal value of renal threshold
2 the law explaining plasticity of urinary bladder
3 the name of cells secreting renin in kidney[Text Wrapping Break]
1. a) Pg.402
b) Pg.377
c) Pg.408

2.Pg.366,367
3.Pg.413,414
4.Pg.355
5.Pg.395,378-382
6.Pg.373
7.Pg.373,374,375,376
8.Pg.374,375
9.Pg.360
10.Pg.369,370
11.Pg.352,353
12.Pg.362,406,407,408
13.Pg.359,360
14.Pg.355,356
15.Pg.347
16.Pg.413
17.Pg.362,406,407,408
18.Pg.393
19.Pg.386,387
20.Pg.376
21.Pg.386,387
22.Pg.360
23.Pg.360
Draw and label
1.Pg.413
2.Pg.352
3.Pg.369
4.Pg.350
5.Pg.374,376
Physiological basis
1.Pg.369
2.Pg.370
3.Pg.386
4.Pg.359
5.Pg.384
6.Pg.415
7.Pg.370
8.Pg.355,356
9.Pg.370
10.Pg.415
11Pg.413,414,415
12.Pg.377,226
SKIN AND TEMPERATURE REGULATION

repeated
1 1 2013 FEB 5
Explain the mechanism of temperature regulation SUPP
in a cold environment
2 1 2015 3
Hyperthermia
3 1 2019 AUG 3
Roll of skin in heat loss mechanisms SUPP
Physiological basis

repeated
1 2020 nov supp 2
Hyperthermia
1.Pg.891,892
2.Pg.886
3.Pg.890,891

Physiological basis
1.Pg.886
General physiology
No. Question Time Year Mark

repeated
1 1 2017 AUG 3
Primary active transport
2 1 2020 JAN 3
Active transport
Physiological basis

. repeated
1 1 2016 FEB SUPP 2
Administration of sodium and glucose
together in oral rehydration.
One word answer 2021 mark 1 mark
No. Question
1
ECF volume is determined by
1.Pg.19
2.Pg.19
Physiological basis
1.Pg.20
One word
1.Pg.6

PAPER 2
NERVE MUSCLE PHYSIOLOGY
Year of No. of
Sl. asking times
Questions Question type Max.Marks
No
repeated
1 Execution- contraction coupling Short essays 2014, 2 5
2015
2 Define chronaxie, rheobase and Short essays 2019 1 5

utilization time. Draw a strength
duration curve.
3 Neuromuscular junction is skeletal Answer briefly 2016 1 5

muscle
4 Tetany Answer briefly 2015 1 5

suppl
5 Latch bridge mechanism Answer briefly 2018 1 5
6 Starlings law of muscle contraction Explain 2017 1 8

physiological
basis
7 End plate potential Explain 2014 1 8

physiological
basis
8 Excitation contraction coupling Explain 2014 1 4

physiological
basis
9 Cardiac muscle cannot be tetanized Explain 2013 1 4

physiological
basis
10 CA plays a major role in sketched Explain 2011 1 4

muscle relaxation physiological
basis
11 Length-tension relationship in Draw and label 2013 4

skeletal muscle
1.Pg.63,79
2.Pg.46

3.Pg.57
4.Pg.70
5.Pg.82
6.Pg.71
8.Pg.63,79
9.Pg.165
10.Pg.66
11.Pg.71
ENDOCRINOLOGY
SL. QUESTIONS MARK YEAR

No
LONG ESSAYS
01. A 50 year old diabetic was brought to the hospital complaining 10 2018
of severe breathlessness.His breath had a fruity odour and the
respiratory rate of 30 per minute.His blood sugar was 375mg%
and plasma pH was 7.2. Answer the following questions based
on your knowledge in physiology.
• What is the most likely diagnosis of this condition?
• What is the most important medication that should
be administrated immediately?
• Name two abnormal substances that might be
present in his urine?
• Explain the physiological actions of the hormone
involved and its regulation.
02. A 50 year old person complained of increased thirst and 10 2017
increased frequency of urination. The blood glucose was found
to be 180g/dL. Answer the following :
• What is your probable diagnosis?
• Which hormone is affected?
• What are the physiological effects of this hormone in
the body?
• Enumerate the other hormones involved in regulation
of blood glucose.
03. A 50 years old lady was suffering from excess of sleep and 10 2016
tiredness, loss of appetite, hoarseness of voice, for last six
months. On examination, she had non-pitting edema, dry scaly
skin and prolonged reflex time. Answer the following questions
based on your knowledge in physiology.
• What is your clinical diagnosis?

• What will be the TSH, T3 and T4 levels?
• What is the cause of low BMR?
• How can you treat the subject?
• What will be her resting pulse rate?
• Explain the action of thyroxine on the three
metabolisms and on CNS.
04. A young woman has puffy skin and hoarseness of voice. Her 10 2016
plasma TSH concentration is low. Answer the following questions (Supply)
based on your knowledge in physiology.
• Explain the physiological basis of her symptoms.
• Describe the mechanism of action of thyroid
hormones.
• Explain the regulation of its synthesis.
• What are its effects on nervous system?
05. A 33 years old woman complained of weight gain, round face, 10 2015
thinning of her limbs, and increased bruising of skin with
discoloration on her prominent abdomen. Answer the following
questions based on your knowledge in physiology.
• What is the probable endocrinological disorder?
• Explain the metabolic actions of the hormone
involved.
• Mention the major manifestations and their
physiological basis.
06. A 30 years old female with the features of increased weight, 10 2015
menstrual abnormalities, and cold intolerance. Answer the (Supply)
following questions based on your knowledge in physiology.
• Name the probable condition with its cause.
• What are the physiological actions of the hormone related to
this condition.
• Mention the tests for diagnosing this condition.
07. A 45 year old man has come to the hospital for remarkable 10 2013
changes in his appearance. (Supply)
Physical examination: tongue is enlarged, hands and feet are
enlarged with spade like fingers and presence of hepatomegaly.
Fasting blood glucose is 150 mg%. Fasting growth hormone level
is 60 ng/mL. Answer the following questions based on your
knowledge in physiology.
• Name the probable condition.
• Mention the normal fasting blood glucose value.
• Which is the hormone involved in this condition and
what is the defect?
• Explain the actions of the hormone involved.
08. A 30 year old female visit a clinic with complains of weight gain, 10 2012
hoarseness of voice and irregular periods for the past 3 months.
Her blood investigations showed decrease in T3 and T4 levels
and increase in TSH level.

• What is the clinical diagnosis?
• Describe the clinical features and their physiological
basis.
• Describe the steps involved in the synthesis of the
homone.
09. A patient developed carpopedal spasm after thyroid surgery. 10 2012
During examination, tapping over facial nerve resulted in (Supply)
contraction of facial muscles.
• What is the clinical diagnosis? Mention the cause.
• What is the clinical sign elicited by tapping the facial
nerve?
• Name another clinical sign elicited in this condition and
how it is elicited.
• Name the hormones pertaining to the clinical condition.
Describe the functions of any one of them.
• What treatment would you recommend for the patient?
SHORT ESSAYS
10. Role of mineralocorticoids in salt and water balance. 5 2018
(Supply),
2013
(Supply),
2012
11. Describe the regulation of body temperature during hot climate. 5 2017
12. Describe the regulation of secretion of cortisol and its 5 2017
physiological role.
13. Effects of hyposecretion of growth hormone. 5 2017
(Supply)
14. Metabolic effects of insulin. 5 2013
15. Describe the mechanism of action and regulation of aldosterone 5 2013
secretion. (Supply)
16. Role of aldosterone in maintaining ECF sodium concentration. 5 2012
17. Hormonal regulation of serum calcium. 5 _
ANSWER BRIEFLY.
18. Cretenism. 3 2018
19. Milk ejection reflex. 3 2018
(Supply),
2017
(Supply),
2017,
2016,
2011
20. Hypersecretion of growth hormone. 3 2018
(Supply),

2014
21. Action of ADH. 3 2017
22. Pituitary dwarfism. 3 2017,
2013
23. Role of hypothalamus in feeding behaviour. 3 2017
24. Cyclic AMP as second messenger. 3 2016
(Supply)
25. Mode of action of peptide hormone. 3 2016
26. Adrenogenital syndrome. 3 2016
27. Difference between actions of adrenaline and noradrenaline on 3 2015
cardiovascular system. (Supply)
28. Physiological actions of growth hormone. 3 2014,
2014
(Supply)
29. Mechanism of action of steroid hormone. 3 2011
30. Name the glucocorticoids and mention its functions. 3 2019
31. Describe features of Acromegaly. 3 2019
EXPLAIN PHYSIOLOGICAL BASIS
32. Corticosteroids are administrated to a lady in preterm labour. 2 2018
33. Patients of Acromegaly may have visual field defects. 2 2018
34. Permissive action of glucocorticoids. 2 2019,
2018
(Supply),
2012
(Supply)
35. Milk ejection reflex. 2 2017,
2011
36. Cyclic AMP acts as a second messenger. 2 2016
37. Aldosterone escape phenomenon. 2 2016
(Supply),
2014
(Supply)
38. Polyuria in diabetes mellitus. 2 2015
39. Hypoglycemic action of insulin. 2 2015
(Supply),
2013
40. Pigmentation of Addison's disease. 2 2014,
2014
(Supply)
41. Patients of Acromegaly may develop diabetes. 2 2013

42. Trousseau's sign. 2 2013
(Supply)
43. Glucocorticoids in stress. 2 2012
(Supply)
44. Exophthalmos is a clinical feature of thyroid dysfunction. 2 2011
45. Parathyroidectomy leads to signs of neuromuscular 2 2011
hyperexitability.
DRAW AND LABEL
46. Feedback regulation of thyroid hormone secretion. 2.5 2017
(Supply),
2014,
2012
(Supply)
47. Mechanism of action of thyroid hormone on intracellular 2.5 2012
receptor. (Supply)
1.Pg.571-573,566
2.Pg.571-573,566
3.Pg.522,519,520
4.Pg.522,519,518,520
5.Pg.555,547-550
6.Pg.522,519-520,523
7.Pg.510,505
8.Pg.522,516
9.Pg.540,541,535
10.Pg.552-553
11.Pg.695
12.Pg.550,547-549
13.Pg.510
14.Pg.566
15.Pg.552,553
16.Pg.553
17.Pg.527-528,535,537
18.Pg.522
19.Pg.633

20.Pg.509-510
21.Pg.511
22.Pg.510
23.Pg.694
24.Pg.497
25.Pg.496
26.Pg.556
27.Pg.559
28.Pg.506
29.Pg.496
30.Pg.547-549
31.Pg.510
32.Pg.628
33.Pg.850
34.Pg.551-504
35.Pg.633
36.Pg.497
37.Pg.553
38.Pg.572
39.Pg.566
40.Pg.556
41.Pg.506
42.Pg.541
43.Pg.560
44.Pg.522
45.Pg.540
46.Pg.518
47.Pg.519

REPRODUCTION
Question Mark No. of times Year

Spermatogenesis 5marks 5 times Aug 2018
•stages Aug 2014
•factors affecting Feb 2014
Mar 2012,2018
Oral contraceptive pills 2marks 4times Aug 2016
Jan 2020
Feb 2013
Mar 2012
Test for ovulation 5 marks 3 times Aug 2012
Mar 2012
Mar 2018
Testosterone 3 marks 2 times Aug 2016
Feb 2015
Ovarian chenges during menstrual cycle 5 marks 1 time Feb 2016
Hormonal changes with diagram 2.5marks 1 time Jan 2019
Safe period 3 marks 2 times Aug 2015
Feb 2017
Ovarian cycle 5 marks 2 times Feb 2015
Aug 2013
Endometrial changes during menstrual cycle 5 marks 2 times Aug 2014
Sept 2011
Intrauterine conraceptive devices 3 marks 2 times Feb 2014
Aug 2013
Sertoli cells 3 marks 2 times Feb 2013
Sept 2011
Oestrogen 5 marks 2 times Aug 2012
Nov 2020
Lactational amenorrhea 2 marks 2 times Aug 2012
Mar 2018
Secondary sexual characteristics of females 4 marks 1 time Mar 2021
Parturition 4 marks 1 time Mar 2021
Placental hormone 1 mark 1 time Mar 2021
Puberty 2 marks 1 time Feb 2016

Placenta 3 marks 1 time Feb 2014
Body temperature elevation after ovulation 2 marks 1 time Feb 2014
Progesterone 3 marks 1 time June 2019
Castration before puberty 3 marks 1 time Aug 2018
Corpus luteus 2 marks 1 time Aug 2018
Immunological test of pregnancy 2 marks 1 time July 2017
Sterility in undescended testes 2 marks 1 time Feb 2017
Capacitation of sperms 3 marks 1 time Nov 2020
Copper-T 2 marks 1 time Nov 2020
Female contraception 5 marks 1 time Aug 2019
Blood testes barrier 2 marks 1 time Aug 2019
Menopause 2 marks 1 time Aug 2019
1.Pg.596-597,600-601
2.Pg.636,637
3.Pg.613
4.Pg.599,600
5.Pg.609,610,613
6.Pg.635
7.Pg.613,614
8.Pg.614,615
9.Pg.637
10.Pg.595,596
11.Pg.608,609
12.
13.Pg.591
14.Pg.627
15.Pg.621,622
16.Pg.589
17.Pg.621

18.Pg.613
19.Pg.611
20.
21.Pg.614
22.Pg.625
CNS
Sl Question Year Marks No. Of times
No. repeated
1. Pyramidal tract diagram Nov 2020 2.5 6

Aug 2019 2.5
Jan 2019 2
Aug 2016 2.5
Aug 2014 2.5
Sept 2011 2.5
2. Functions of cerebellum Jan 2020 3 5
Nov 2020 3
Jan 2019 5
Aug 2018 3
Feb 2017 3
3. Brown Sequard syndrome Aug 2018 3 3
Aug 2015 3
Feb 2015 3
4. Parkinsonian L -DOPA Aug 2018 2 3
Jan 2018 2
Aug 2013 3
5. Functions of hypothalamus Feb 2014 5 3
Sept 2011 5
Mar 2018 3
6. Differentiate btw upper and lower Feb 2014 2 2
motorneuron lesion Mar 2018 2
7. Thalamic phantom limb Jan 2018 2 2
Aug 2015 2
8. Babinski syndrome Nov 2020 3 2
Aug 2015 2
9. Posterior column tract Mar 2012 2.5 2
Mar 2018 2.5
10. Aphasia Feb 2012 3 2
Mar 2014 2
11. Cerebral hemisphere, speech area Jan 2020 2.5 1
12. Nerve action potential in relation to ionic Nov 2020 2.5 1

reflexes
13. Presynaptic inhibition Aug 2019 3 1
14. Chvestok's sign Aug 2019 2 1
15. Na- K pump maintaining RMP of neuron Jan 2019 2 1
16. Mechanism of synaptic transmission Jan 2019 5 1
17. Role of hypothalamus in feeding behaviour July 2017 3 1
18. Repolarization phase of action potential July 2017 2 1
19. Connections and functions of thalamus Feb 2016 5 2

Feb 2013
20. Abnormal Plantar reflex in neurological Aug 2016 2 1
disease
21. Absolute refractive period Feb 2016 3 1
22. Functions of parietal lobe of brain Feb 2016 3 1
23. Multipolar neuron diagram Feb 2016 2 1

24. Chorea Aug 2015 2.5 1
25. Pain pathway diagram Feb 2015 2.5 1
26. Role of cerebellum in motor control Aug 2014 3 1
27. Functions of limbic system Feb 2014 3 1

28. Functional areas of Cerebral cortex Feb 2014 2.5 1
29. Lumbar puncture done at the level of L2-L3 Feb 2014 2 2

Mar 2018 2
30. Denervation hypersensitivity Aug 2013 5 1
31. Features of cerebellar lesions Aug 2013 3 1
32. Lateral spinothalamic tract Feb 2013 2.5 1
33. Broad based gait in cerebellar lesions Feb 2013 2 1
34. Role of hypothalamus in regulation of food Mar 2020 5 1
35. Disynaptic reflex Sept 2011 3 1

36. Decerebrate lesion Sept 2011 3 1
37. Internal circuitry of cerebellum Mar 2018 2.5 1
38. Functions of basal ganglia 2019 3 1

39. Cerebrospinal fluid 2019 1 1
40. Law of projection Jan 2019 3 1
41. Latch bridge mechanism Aug 2018 3 1
42. Upper motor neuron lesions produce Aug 2018 2 1
hypertonia
43. Supraspinal modulation of pain Jan 2018 3 1
44. Anterolateral system Jan 2018 2.5 1

45. Cogwheel rigidity Jan 2018 2 1

46. Reciprocal innervation Feb 2017 3 1
47. Paradoxical sleep Feb 2017 3 1
48. Renshaw cell inhibition Feb 2017 2 1
49. Pathway of crude touch Feb 2016 2.5 1
50. Gate control theory of pain Aug 2015 5 1
51. Clasp knife rigidity Aug 2014 2 1
1.Pg.658
2.Pg.675-678
3.Pg.663-665
4.Pg.683-684
5.Pg.692-696
6.Pg.666
7.Pg.690
8.Pg.666
9.Pg.758
10.Pg.813-814
11.Pg.700
12.
13.Pg.728
14.Pg.541
15.Pg.45,46
16.Pg.726-728
17.Pg.694
18.Pg.46
19.Pg.687-689
20.Pg.666
21.Pg.47
22.Pg.703-704
23.Pg.41
24.
25.Pg.753
26.Pg.676,677
27.Pg.792,793
28.Pg.700
29.Pg.722
30.Pg.74
31.Pg.678
32.Pg.655
33.Pg.628
34.Pg.694
35.
36.Pg.781,782
37.Pg.672
38.Pg.682,683
39.
40.Pg.745
41.Pg.82
42.Pg.666
43.Pg.754
44.Pg.788
45.Pg.684
46.Pg.769
47.Pg.807
48.Pg.729
49.
50.Pg.754
51.Pg.772
SENSE OF VISION
1. A 43 year old woman complaining of Double vision 1 2019 15 mark
especially for the last 3 month she has noticed difficulty
holding her head up especially in the evening. Her
family has noticed that her voice has become quieter
she has lost about 3 kg in weight in the past 6 month
the woman had no significant previous medical illness

What is the probable diagnosis
What is your plan for investigation and management of

this patient
Draw and label neuromuscular junction and describe

the neuromuscular transmission
2. Dark vision in human eye 5 2018,2017 5 mark

supp,2015,2014,
2014 supp
3. Describe the formation, composition and function of 1 2016 5 mark

aqueous humour
4. Dark adaptation 3 2017 supp , 3 mark

2014,2014 supp
Explain the physiological basis
5. A 50 year old lady find difficulty in reading and doing 2 2016 2011 2 mark
close works
6. Dark adaptation 1 2015 2 mark
7. Presbyopia 1 2015
8. Hypermetropia 1 2015 supp 2 mark
9. Patients with sensory ataxia lose balance on closing 1 2013 2 mark

their eyes
10. Maximal visual acquity occur at the fovea centralis 1 2012 2 mark
Draw and label
11. Visual pathway 6 2019,2018 2.5 mark

supp,2016
supp,2013,2013
supp,2012
12. Wald's visual cycle 1 2013 2.5 mark
1.
2.Pg.911
3.Pg.902
4.Pg.922
5.Pg.909
6.Pg.922
7.Pg.908
8.Pg.908
9.
10.Pg.910
11.Pg.915
12.Pg.912
SENSE OF HEARING
1.Describe the auditory pathway . List the types of 1 2014 5 marks
deafness with a note on audiometry.
2. Attenuation reflex in the middle ear 1 2018 3 marks
3.Functions of middle ear 3 2016,2016,2018 3 marks
4.Desribe the role of basilar membrane in frequency 1 2012 3 marks
discrimination
5.Functions of vestibular apparatus 1 2011 3 marks
6.Draw a diagram to show the origin ,course and 1 2019 3 marks
termination of cortico-spinal tract
7. Physiological basis of masking in audition 1 2017 2 marks
8.Physiological basis of cochlear microphonics 1 2015 2marks
9.Physiological basis of hearing is impaired during 1 2012 2 marks
severe cold or sore throat
10.Draw and label corticospinal tract from its origin to 3 2014,2016,2019 2.5 marks
termination
11.Draw and label organ of corti 2 2014,2015 2.5 marks
1.Pg.937,938,944,945
2.Pg.933
3.Pg.934
4.Pg.941
5.Pg.843
6.Pg.811
7.Pg.939
8.Pg.942
9.Pg.932
10.Pg.811
11.Pg.935

ENZYMES
MARKS YEAR REPEATED
TIMES
1 Enzymes as markers of myocardial infraction 3 Feb 2013 1
2 One therapeutic use of enzyme 1 Feb 2013 1
3 What is meant by suicide enzyme inhibition. 3 2014 1

Explain with one example
4 Proteolytic enzymes 2 2018 1

5 Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex 3 2016 1
6 Importance of glutathione peroxidase 3 2018 1
7 Enzyme deficiency in McArdle’s syndrome 1 2013 1
8 Covalent modification 3 Aug 2012 1
9 Define and classify enzymes. Give an example of 5 Sept 2011 1

each class and mention the reaction catalyzed
10 Define Km value with it’s significance 1 Sept 2011 3

2 Aug 2018
3 Feb 2014
11 Define feedback inhibition and give 2 examples 3 March 2012 1
12 Define optimum Ph and give one example 2 March 2012 1
13 What are isomerases and give an example 2 March 2012 1

indicating the reaction catalyzed
14 Define active site of an enzyme 1 March 2012 1
15 Diagnostic significance of serum enzymes 5 Aug 2015 1
16 Allosteric enzymes 2 Aug 2015 1

17 Mention one therapeutic use of enzymes 1 Aug 2015 1
18 Isoenzymes with it’s diagnostic importance 3 Aug 4

2 2013,Feb
5 2016
Nov 2020
Jan 2018
19 Coenzyme 3 Aug 2013 1
20 Enumerate 3 types of enzyme specificity 3 Aug 2
2014,Feb
2015
21 Clinical significance of ALP 2 AUG 2017 1
22 Mention the reaction catalyzed by ATP citrate 1 Aug 2015 1
lyase
23 Diagnostic significance of gamma glutamyl 1 Aug 2018 1
transpeptidase
24 Name the enzyme defect in Gaucher’s disease 1 Feb 2016 1
25 Mention the enzyme elevated in alcohol cirrhosis 1 Feb 2016 1
26 Name 2 therapeutic enzymes 1 Feb 2015 1
27 List 2 clinical examples of competitive inhibition 1 Feb 2014 1
28 Inhibitors of electron transport chain 3 Nov 2020 1
29 Clinical importance of serum amylase 1 Jan 2020 1
30 Significance of 2,3 BPG 3 NOV 2020 1
31 Non-competitive inhibition 3 Jan 2019 1
32 Compounds from glycine 1 Nov 2020 1
33 Competitive inhibition 3 Jan 2019, 2
Jan 2020
34 Mention exopeptidases and example 2 Jan 2020 1
35 Clinical significance of transketolase 1 Jan 2019 1
36 What are the isoenzymes of creatinine 2 Jan 2020 2
phosphokinase 3 Aug 2019
37 Types of specificity of enzymes 2 Aug 2019 1

38 Mention one marker for each of the following
a) Peroxisomes
b) Golgi bodies
39 Biochemical defect in Refsum’s disease 1 Aug 2019 1
40 Define enzymes 10 2017 1
Classify them according to IUB system with one
example each

Discuss about 3 enzymes commonly estimated
after myocardial infraction
41 Two coenzymes role of NADPH 2 2017,2019 4
1 2018
3 2019
42 What are enzymes. Explain briefly the factors 5 2017 1
affecting the velocity of enzyme catalyzed
reactions
43 Therapeutic enzymes 1 2017 1
44 Explain different types of enzymes inhibition 5 2016 1
giving suitable examples
45 Michael’s Menten constant 3 2016 1
46 Proenzymes 2 2016 1
ANSWERS
1. Pg:237-240
2. Pg:77, Table 4.12
3. Pg:67
4. Pg:265-267
5. Pg:138
6. Pg:290-291, Fig 16.22
7. Muscle Phosphorylase
8. Pg:70
9. Pg:54
10. Pg:63-64, Box 4.9
11. Pg:69
12. Pg:65
13. Pg:55
14. Pg:59
15. Pg:73-76, Box4.14, Table 4.13
16. Pg:68
17. Pg:77, Table 4.12
18. Pg:72-73
19. Pg:55
20. Pg:70
21. Pg:74
22. Pg:206, (Cleaves citrate to oxaloacetate and acetyl CoA)
23. Pg:75
24. Beta-glucosidase
25. Pg:74
26. Pg:77, Table 4.12
27. Pg:67, Table 4.6
28. Pg:352, Table 19.6, Figure 19.39
29. Pg:76
30. Pg:137
31. Pg:66
32. Pg:283
33. Pg:65-66, Table 4.6, Box 4.11
34. Pg:266
35. Pg:503,148(HMP Shunt Pathway)
36. Pg:239, Table 13.1
37. Pg:70
38. (a) Peroxisome: Catalase
(b)Golgi bodies: Galactosyl transferase
39.Pg:205
40.Pg:53(Definition and characteristics)
Pg:54(Classification) Pg:238 box 13.2
41. Pg:506
42.Pg:53,61,62
43.Pg:77, Table 4.12
44.Pg:65-69
45.Pg:63
46.65
CHEMISTRY AND METABOLISM OF LIPIDS

MARKS YEAR
1 What are lipotropic factors. enumerate 3 2017
3 lipotropic factors
2 Functions of phospholipids 2 2017,2020
3 2014
5 2016 (4 times)
3 Lipoproteins 3 2017
4 Define carnitine and explain it’s role in 5 2016
oxidation of fatty acids
5 Essential fatty acids 3 2016
1 2020
6 Name different lipases involved in lipid 3 2016
metabolism and mention it’s function
7 Rate limiting enzyme in fatty acid 1 2016
synthesis
8 Action of hormone sensitive lipase 1 Aug 2018
9 Name two lipid storage disorders 1 Jan 2018
10 Why alcohol ingestion causes fatty liver 1 Feb 2014
11 Function and significance of low density 3 Nov 2020
lipoprotein

12 What is good cholesterol and why is it 2 Jan 2019
called so?
13 What are lipotropic factors and name 2 Jan 2020
them
14 Essential fatty acids 3 Aug 2015,2013
15 Role of ornithine in fatty acid synthesis 2 Aug 2015
Jan 2020
16 Digestion and absorption of lipids 5 Aug 2013
17 Fatty acid synthase complex 5 Aug 2012
18 LDL complex 2 Aug 2013
19 Regulation of cholesterol synthesis 2 Aug 2013
20 What is lecithin and mention it’s use 1 Aug 2013
21 Name 4 lipotropic factors 1 Aug 2014
22 Define B-oxidation, where does the
reaction occur. Explain the reactions of
beta oxidation of palmitic acid. Add a
note on it’s energetics
23 Four functions of cholesterol 2 2013
24 Describe the role of lipoproteins in 5 2015
cholesterol transport
25 What is lecithin and mention it’s use 1 Aug 2013
26 Fatty acid synthase complex 5 Aug 2012
27 Functions of cholesterol 2 Aug 2012
28 Classification of glycolipid 2 Aug2012
29 Classify lipoprotein and mention the 3 Sep 2011
functions of each
30 What is Gaucher’s disease and mention 2 Sep 2011
2 clinical features
31 Mention the chemical name of lecithin 1 Sep2011
32 Describe phospholipids and how are 3 March 2012
they classified
33 Name 2 PUFA 1 March 2012
34 What are essential fatty acids. 5 Feb 2013
Enumerate them. List 2 functions and
one deficiency manifestations
35 Lipoprotein involved in reverse 1 Feb 2013
cholesterol synthesis
36 Reverse cholesterol transport 2 2018
37 Name the lung surfactant and mention 3 2014
it’s components
38 Functions of prostaglandins 2 2018,2019
39 What are lipotropic factors 2 2013,2020
Name two lipotropic agents 5 2019
3 2016
40 Fatty liver 3 2015,2019

41 Explain the steps of beta oxidation of 5 2018
fatty acids
ANSWERS
1 212 213
2 104-106
3 224-231
4 202
5 255
6 198,199
7 206
8 209
9 261
10 211 - 212
11 227-228
12 229-231
13 212 ,213
14 255
15 202
16 198-201
17 206,207
18 177
19 223
20 105,106
21 163
22 201-204
23 221
24 227-230
25 90

26 156
27 169, 181
28 108,109
29 224-231
30 192,430
31 105
32 101,104
33 254
34 255
35 229,230
36 229,230
37 106
38 257,258
39 163
40 211,212
41 201-204
Basic Biochemistry
Qn Repeated Mark Year
No.
1) One Sulphur containing amino acid 1 1 2017
2) Glutathione 3 2 2017, 2020
3) Name two acidic amino acid 1 2018 jan
4) Functions of lyzosome 1 2019 jan
5) What are the components of membrane 1 2020 jan
that alter the fluidity
6) Name 4 enzymes of diagnostic significance 2 2019 Aug
in liver diseases
7) Principle of chromatography 1 3 Aug 2015
(Short note)
8) Functions of mitochondria 3 March 2012
1. 28,290,288
2. 290

3. 28
4. 14
5. 16,17
6. 75,74 (box 4.13)
7. 738,739
8. 15
Chemistry And metabolism of protein
Qn Mark Year Repeat

No. no.
1 Denaturation of protein 3 (Short note) Aug 2015 2
Feb 2015
2 Sources of ammonia 2(Brief ans.) Aug 2015 1
3 Active methionine 2(Brief ans) Aug 2017 1
4 Name two transport protein 1(Precise ans) Aug 2013 1
5 Zymogen activation 1(Precise ans) Aug 2015 1
6 Mention normal level of serum 1(Precise ans) Aug 2014 2
creatinine Aug 2012
7 Isoelectric pH 1(Precise ans) Aug 2014 2
Aug 2013
8 Discuss the metabolism of phenylalanine 10(Essay) Aug 2013 1
9 Alkaptonuria 2(Brief ans) Aug 2017
10 Ketogenic amino acid 2(Brief ans) Aug 2013 1
11 Albinism 2(Brief ans) Aug 2013 1
12 GABA 2(Brief ans) Aug 2013 1
13 Biological activation of glutathione 2 ( Brief ans) Aug 2017 1
14 Define isoelectric pH 1(Precise ans) Aug 2014 4
State properties of protein at isoelectric Aug 2013
pH 2(Precise ans) Aug 2015
Jan 2020
15 Mention the reactions by which glycine is 10(Essay) Aug 2012 1
synthesized and catabolized.
Add a note on the specialized products
formed and mention disorders
associated with glycine
16 Hartnup's disease 2(Precise ans) Aug 2017 2
Aug 2012
17 Describe the reactions of urea cycle . 5(Short essay) Aug 2012
Discuss the interrelationship between
urea cycle and citric acid cycle

18 Name the biologically active peptides 1(Precise ans) Aug 2015 2
Aug 2013
19 Define transamination and explain by 5 2017, 2019 3
giving two examples 2020
3
20 Functional classification of protein 3 2017 1
21 Enumerate essential amino acid 2 2017, 2019 4
1 2015
3 2019
22 Bond not broken in denaturation of 1 2017 1
protein
23 Transmethylation reaction 3 2017 1
24 Name important compounds formed 1 2017 2
from glycine 5 2014
25 Explain digestion and absorption of 5 2017 2
proteins 3 2019
26 Transamination with two examples 2 2013 4
2011, 2014,
3 2016
27 Heat coagulation 3 2016 1
28 Name two transport proteins 1 Aug 2013 1
29 Secondary structure of proteins 3 Aug 2012 2
Nov 202
30 Importance of glutamine 3 Aug 2012 1
31 Enzyme detected in maple syrup urine 1 Aug 2012 2
disease 1 March 2012
32 Name the biochemical test for 1 Aug 2012 1
phenlyketonuria
33 Define urea cycle and describe the 5 Sep 2011 1
reactions of urea cycle
34 Name two Sulphur containing amino acid 2 Sep 2011 1
35 Describe secondary structure of protein 5 Mar 2012 1
and mention it's types. Describe alpha
helix.
36 Mention four functions of albumin 2 Mar 2012 1
37 Name two conditions causing increased 1 Mar 2012 1
urea level
38 Alpha helix 3 Feb 2013 1
39 Name the metabolic disorders associated 3 2018 1
with aromatic amino acid
40 What is active methionine. 3 2015 1
Mention two examples of
transmethylation reaction
41 Name the polyamine and mention it's 3 2014 1
functions
42 Biological defect in hartnups disease 1 2018 1

43 Bence jones protein 2 2015 1
44 Specialized products of tryptophan 2 2016 1
45 Primary hyperoxaluria 2 2018 1
46 Discuss primary structure of human 3 2014 1
insulin
47 Formation and function of nitric oxide 3 2018 1
48 Normal blood urea level 10 2016 3
Note on formation of urea .detoxification 5 2014,2020
of ammonia and related disorders
49 What are cathepsins 1 2014 feb 1
50 List of compounds formed from arginine 1 2014 feb 1
51 Formation and character of peptide 3 2019 jan 1
bond
52 Aminoacid involved in carnitine synthesis 1 2019 jan 1
53 Decarboxylation products of histidine 1 2019 jan 1
54 What are biologically important 10 Jan 2020 1
compounds derived from tyrosine?
Explain the catabolism of tyrosine and
name 3 inborn errors associated with
tyrosine metabolism.
55 Classify amino acids based on metabolic 2 2020,jan 1
fate
56 What is gamma amino butyric acid and 1 2020jan 1
mention one function
57 Non covalent bond responsible for 2 2019 ,aug 1
protein structure
58 Discuss in detail the metabolism of 10 aug2019 1
phenylalanine.
Name 4 biologically important
compounds synthesized from
phenylalanine . State 2 metabolic
disorders associated with phenylalanine
metabolism and indicate the defective
enzymes
59 Why orotic aciduria occur in type 2 1 2018,jan 1
hyperammonemia
ANSWERS
1. 42,43
2. 269
3. 288
4. 48

5. 70
6. 284
7. 42
8. 306,307
9. 311
10. 30
11. 312
12. 294
13. 290
14. 42
15. 282, 283, 284, 285
16. 315 316
17. 272, 273, 274
18. Insulin, glucagon
19. 270
20.
21. 30
22. Peptide bond, 43.
23. 289, 220
24. 283
25. 265, 266, 267
26. 270
27. 43.
28. 43
29. 37, 38
30. 295
31. 300
32. 310, 311

33. 272,273
34. 288, 290
35. 37
36. 44
37. 276.
38. 37
39. 310, 312, 315
40. 288, 289
41. 299
42. 315
43.419
44. 313,314
45. 285
46. 36
47. 297,298,299
48. 272,273,274,275,276,277
49. 14, 268
50. 297
51. 34,35
52. 202.
53. 317
54. 307, 308, 309, B10, 311, 312, 313
55. 30
56. 294, 295
57. 37
58. 306,307, 308, 309, 310, 311, 312, 313
59. 587

METABOLISM AND HOMEOSTASIS
1 Diagramatic representation of mitochondrial electron 2 2017 5

transport chain and location of ATP synthase 2019 2
2 Enzyme defect and abnormal metabolites in 5 2017,2014 3
phenylketonuria 2015,2016 2
3 Carnitine shuttle 2 2015,2016 3
4 What is hba1c and mention its clinical importance 1 2017 2
5 Enzyme deficiency in coris disease 1 2017 1
6 Plasma lipoprotein which is inversely correlated in 1 2017 1
coronary heart disease
7 Explain defect in alkaptonuria 2 2017,2019 1
8 Explain oxidation of palmitate in 1 2017 10
mitochondria.describe how is the process regulated .
Mention the number of high energy phosphate bonds
generated in palmitate oxidation
9 Uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation 5 2012,2016 2,3,1
2017,2019
10 albinism 1 2017 2
11 Coris cycle 1 2017 2
12 Normal blood glucose level 1 2017 1
13 Site of oxidation of long chain fatty acid 1 2016 1
14 Formation and disposal of ammonia ,urea cycle 1 2020 10
disorders
15 Coris cycle 1 2020 2
16 Anapleurotic reactions of blood sugar 2 2019,2020 3
17 Reducing substances excreted in urine 1 2020 1
18 Name 2 carbondioxide releasing steps in TCA cycle 1 2016 1
19 Enumerate the components of ETS. Describe synthesis 1 2015 10
of ATP . Indicate site specific inhibitors. Mention 2
examples for uncouplers.
20 Importance of HMP shunt pathway. 6 2011,12,1 3,3,5,2,2
4,15,18,20 ,2
21 TCA cycle 1 2014 5
22 Fate of pyruvate 1 2013 1
23 What is substrate level phosphorylation and mention 2 2 2011,2018 3,2
examples.
24 Ketosis 1 2012 3
25 Mention 3 examples of transmethylation reactions 1 2012 3

Q NO. QUESTION REPEATED MARK YEAR
26 Name the bile salts and mention its 4 2 2011

functional significance
3 2018
3 2016
2 2015
27 What are uncouplers.give two 1 3 2012

example
28 Name the ketone bodies.describe the 2 5 2014

process of ketogenesis.list the
condition that leads to ketoacidosis. 2020
29 Chemiosmotic mechanism of atp 1 5 2015

synthesis
30 Brown adipose tissue 1 3 2016
31 Discuss the reactions of citric acid 1 10 2018

cycle.explain its amphibolic role
32 Glucose alanine cycle 2 3 2013
3 2015
33 Compounds that facilitates the 1 1 2013

release of oxygen from oxyhb
34 Carnitine deficiency 1 2 2016
35 ATP synthesis 1 3 2018
ANSWERS
1. Pg. 346, 347
2. Pg. 310, 311
3. Pg. 202
4. Pg.177, 178
5. Pg. 148 (Table 8.11)
6. Pg. 230 (Box 12.5)
7. Pg. 311, 312
8. Pg. 201, 202, 203, 204

9. Pg. 352,353 (Table 19.6)
10. Pg. 312
11. Pg. 137, 138
12. Pg. 163
13. Pg. 253, 254
14. Pg. 273-275
15. Pg. 137,138
16. Pg. 339,340
17. Pg. 166 (Table 9.2)
18. Pg. 336 (Table 19.6)
19. Pg. 346-354
20. Pg. 150-152
21. Pg. 334-341
22. Pg. 138
23. Pg. 342
24. Pg. 175, 214
25. Pg. 289
26. Pg. 231-232
27. Pg. 353
28. Pg. 213-214
29. Pg. 350
30. Pg. 353
31. Pg. 336, 339
32. Pg. 142
33.374,375,377
34. Pg. 202
35. Pg. 351

EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX
1 Name 2 plasma proteins and mention 1 2 2011
their role
1. Pg. 427
NUTRITION
1 Name four lipotropic factors 1 1 2014
2 Dietary fiber with example 3 2 2015
2018
2019
1. Pg. 212
2. Pg. 552
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
1 Name the biochemical defect in 2 1 2015

Nieman pick disease
2014
2 Name the high energy compounds 2 1 2018
2015
3 Principle of electrophoresis 1 3 2018
1. Pg. 259, 260
2. Pg. 345
3. Pg. 425, 736, 737
HEME AND HEMOGLOBIN

Repeated Marks Years
times
1.Acute intermittent porphyria 7 3 2015,2016,
2020
2 2019,2015,
2020,2017-
suppli
2.Outline the degradation of heme. Add a note on 3 5 2011,2013
fate of conjugated bilirubin in intestine. 2013-suppli

3.What is post hepatic jaundice? How is it diagnosed 2 2 2011,2013
biochemically?
4.Porphyriasis 2 5 2017
2018-suppli
5.Congenital erythropoietic porphyria 2 3 2012
2 2014
6.Sickle cell anaemia 2 1 2012-suppli
- what type of mutation 3 2017
- what is the biochemical defect
7.Liver functional test[LFT] 2 2 2011,2013
8.Thalassemia- definition,different types 2 3 2017-suppli
2 2012
9. Biochemical basis of thalassemia 1 2 2020-suppli
10.Beta thalassemia 1 1 2020-suppli
11.Abnormal haemoglobins 1 3 2014-suppli
12.Blood and urinary findings in various types of 1 3 2014
jaundice
13.Clinical significance of bile salts 1 1 2019-suppli
14.Enzyme markers of hepatic jaundice 1 1 2020-suppli
15.Differential diagnosis of jaundice by laboratory 1 3 2020-suppli
method
16.Heme synthesis and regulation 1 10 2019-suppli
17.Catabolism of heme 1 5 2020-suppli
18.Enumerate primary and secondary bile acids 1 2 2016-suppli
19. Obstructive jaundice 1 3 2016
20.Unconjugated hyperbilirubinemeas 1 5 2017-suppli
21.Vanderberg reaction 1 2 2018-suppli
22.Normal value of serum alkaline phosphatase 1 1 2018
ANSWERS
1. 364,365
2. 367-369
3. 371
4. 363-367
5. 365
6. 379
7. 397,398
8. 381,382
9. 381
10. 381
11. 379,380,381
12. 371 (Table -20.11)
13. 367,399
14. 399

15. 398 (Table-21.1),399 (Table-21.2)
16. 361,362,363
17. 367-369
18. 231
19. 371
20. 398,370,371
21. 369
22. 74
VITAMINS
Fat soluble vitamins
1.Vitamin D 3 10 2012
-chemistry, biochemical functions, daily 2018
requirements, sources and deficiency manifestations 2018-suppli
-active forms of vitamin D
-calcitriol
2. Clinical features of rickets 1 1 2016-suppli
2 2014
1 2011
1 2013
3.Vitamin A 2 10 2012-suppli
- source, dietary requirements, biochemical functions, 1 10 2014-suppli
deficiency manifestations
-active forms and deficiency manifestations
4.Vitamin K 2 3 2017-suppli
-Vitamin K cycle
-functions of vitamin K
-anti haemorrhagic vitamin
5. Vitamin E 1 2 2017-suppli
-function and deficiency manifestations of vit E
6. Describe the Walde’s Visual cycle 1 3 2013-suppli
Water soluble vitamins

1.Pellagra 3 2 2012-suppli
2013-suppli
2019-suppli
2.Folate trap 3 2 2017-suppli
3.Provitamin and mention one example 2 1 2013-suppli
4.functions of thiamine phosphate 2 2 2013-suppli
2012-suppli
2019-suppli
5. Beriberi 2 2 2017
-vit deficiency in beriberi 2015-suppli
2019-suppli
6. Co-enzyme forms of niacin and write important 2 2 2011,2013
functions for each one of them
7.Functions of biotin 1 2 2019-suppli

8. List 2 reactions where folic acid is the co-enzyme 1 2 2018-suppli
2020-suppli
9.Biochemical functions of thiamine 1 2 2013,2011
10.Discuss co-enzyme role of thiamine and deficiency 1 5 2012
disorder
11.Folate antagonists 1 2 2015
12.Co-enzyme form of pyridoxine 1 1 2016
13.Biochemical functions and deficiency 1 5 2014
manifestations of vit B 12
14.Deficiency of Vitamin C 1 1 2014-suppli
15. Name the co-enzyme required for transamination 1 1 2012
reaction
16. Coenzyme role of biotin 1 2 2018
17.Anti vitamin E examples 1 1 2015
ANSWERS
1. 507
2. 513,517
3. 501
4. 502,503
5. 503
6. 506
7. 511
8. 512
9. 503
10. 502,503
11. 514
12. 507
13. 516,517
14. 520,521
15. 508
16. 511
17. 569

MINERALS
1.Wilson disease 5 3 2017-suppli
2019-suppli
2 2011,2013
1 2016
2.Flurosis 2 2 2018-suppli
2019-suppli
3.Homeostasis of blood calcium 2 5 2020-suppli
2019-suppli
4.Mention the functions of Zn 2 3 2012
1 2014
5.Name 3 hormones regulating blood calcium level 2 3 2014-suppli
1 2017-suppli
6.Ceruloplasmin 2 2 2018-suppli
1 2015-suppli
7.Absorption of iron 2 3 2018-suppli
2 2017-suppli
8.Transport of iron 1 2 2019-suppli
9.Absorption and transport of iron 1 3 2020-suppli
10.Explain source , RDA, absorption, transport and 1 8 2021
storage of iron
11. Major storage form of iron 1 1 2016
12. Copper- absorption , transport, functions 1 5 2018
13.Copper containing enzymes 1 1 2017- suppl
14. Menke’s disease 1 2 2017
15.Describe any - 4 - functions of Ca 1 3 2012
16.Normal level of serum calcium - Explain 1 5 Suppl 2015
17. Role of calcitonin in regulation of Ca 1 3 2016
18.Mention the 2n - containing enzymes 1 1
19.Functions of Fluoride 1 1 2017
20.Functions of mg 1 2 2021

21.List the functions of Selenium
1. 541,430
2. 543
3. 529,530,531
4. 542
5. 531
6. 430
7. 537
8. 538
9. 537,538
10. 536,537,538
11. 538
12. 541
13. 541
14. 541
15. 528,529
16. 529,530,531
17. 531
18. 542
19. 542
20. 543
21. 543
ACID BALANCE BALANCE

ANSWERS
1. 446,447,448
2. 439,440,441,442,443
3. 8,374,375-fig,376-Reversal of chloride shift
4. 449
5. 444-449
6. 448
7. 449
8. 438
9. 439,440
10. 443,444
11. 441-443
12. 439,440
13. 441-449
14. 439-449
15. 446

XENOBIOTICS
ANSWERS
1. 480,481
2. 479,480
3. 480, 481
4. 479,480,481,482
5. 480
6. 479,480
7. 481
8. 481
9. 481

PLASMA PROTEINS & IMMUNOGLOBULINS

ANSWERS
1. Pg:693-695
2. Pg:695
3. Pg:427
4. Pg:428
5. Pg:427-434
6. Multiple myeloma, chronic injections, hypoalbuminemia
7. Pg:428
8. Normal plasma level:3.5-5g/DL
Conditions causing hypoalbuminemia -cirrhosis of liver, malnutrition, nephrotic syndrome
9. Normal serum total protein:6-8g/Dl
10. Pg:693-694, Table 40.2
11. Adenosine deaminase
12. Pg:555-556
13. Pg:556
14. Pg:430
CANCER

ANSWERS
1. Tumor markers - ( 715 (Table 42.7))
Enzyme used as tumor marker
2. Oncogenes – ( 711 )
3. Proto- oncogenes - Pg no. –( 711 )
4. Name 2 tumor-suppressor genes - ( 712 (Table 42.5))
5. P 53 gene – ( 712 )
AIDS and HIV
1. Principle of ELISA and 2 clinical applications in Clinical Diagnosis – (705, 742,743)

2. Enzymes commonly used in ELISA – (742)
Clinical Laboratory Practise
1. Electrophoresis – Applications and Principles (736 , 737, 738)
Applications of isotopes

1. 2 radio-isotopes used in diagnosis and treatment (759)
2. Applications of Radioactivity (758 , 759)
3. Mention 2 diagnostic uses of radioactive isotopes (759)
Extracellular Matrix and Tissue Protein
1. Elastin ( 723 )
2. Creatine Kinase (239 )
LIVER FUNCTION AND RENAL FUNCTION TEST
ANSWERS
1. Creatinine Clearance Test (415,416)

2. Normal Value of Serum Creatinine (415)
3. Define clearance and how C+ estimated. Add a note on its diagnostic Importance
(414,415)
4. Urea clearance Test (417)
5. Name the tests to measure GFR and creatine clearance (414,415,416)
6. Enumerate 2- GFT(410)
7. eGFR (416)

NUCLEOTIDES

ANSWERS
1. Lesch – Nyhann Syndrome(Deficient Enzyme ) (584)
2. Gout (583, 584)
3. Describe Salvage Pathways for Purine (582)
4. Orotic Aciduria (587)
5. 2 Differences between DNA and RNA (577)
6. Nucleotide analogues and mention where it is present (581,587,588)
7. Synthetic Nucleotide analogues and its uses (581,582,587,588)
8. Mention few unusual Bases and mention where it is present (576)
9. End product of Purine metabolism in humans (582)
10. Describe the salvage pathways for purine and pyrimidine synthesis. Explain
Biochemical basis of Lesch-nyhan syndrome and Von- Gierke’s disease (582 ,
584,587)
11. Name 2 amino acids involved in pyrimidine synthesis (585)
12. Catabolism of Purines (582)
13. Purine nucleotides are degraded . Add a note on abnormalities due to excess purine
catabolism (582,583,584)
14. Define nucleoside . Name 2 adenosine nucleotide derivative (576,577)
15. Normal Serum Uric Acid Level (582)
16. Mention Uric Acid formation and mention its clinical significance and its estimation
(582,583)
17. Formation of uric Acid (582)
DNA

ANSWERS
1. Define Replication – Describe and detail the replicative process in prokaryotes and
with the help of a diagram. Name the inhibitors of Replication (596 - 600)
2. Draw a neat labelled diagram of DNA Structure (593, 594)
3. Explain DNA repair Mechanisms , Mention 2 DNA Repair Mechanisms (601,602)
4. Base pairing Rule (593)
5. Xeroderma Pigmentosum and due to deficiency of ? (603)
6. Disorder of Defect in Mismatch repair (602)
7. Disorder of Defect in excision of nucleotide pair (601)
8. DNA Polymerase (598.599)
TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION
I1.1 Transcription in prokaryotes 10 M 2021,2015,2016

NO Post transcriptional modifications and it’s 5 ar 2015 supply
significance and examples 3 k 2019 supply (aug)
2t 2018 supply
2016 supply
2017ar
2 Genetic code 6 5 2016-Sup
4 2021
3 2020-sup-nov
2017-sup
2015-sup
3 Process of translation and add a note on post 4 10 2019,2013,2011
translational 2 2017-sup
modifications.
4 Wobble Hypothesis 2 2 2014
1 2017
5 Function of spliceosomes 2 2 2014
1 2018-sup
6 Mitochondrial DNA 2 3 2016-sup
1 2013-sup
7 Okazaki Fragments 1 3 2018-sup
8 DNA Helicase 1 1 2017-sup
9 Reverse Transcriptase 1 1 2015
10 Reverse Transcriptase & Mention its Significance 1 3 2012-sup

ANSWERS
1. 608,609,610,611,612
2. 615,616
3. 616,617,618,619,620
4. 615
5. 612
6. 621
7. 599
8. 610
9. 612
10. 613 fig
MUTATION/CELL CVCLE/CONTROL OF GENE EXPRESSION

1 Point mutation Example 5 3 2018,2020-sup-nov
2 2012
1 2013,2014-sup
2 Discuss detailedaboutthe varioustypesof 1 10 2017-sup
mutations
(Essay 2 along genetic code )
3 Mutagens 1 1 2021
4 Frame shift Mutation 1 3 2014
5 Effects of mutation 1 2 2019-sup-jan
6 Mention examples of partiallyacceptable 1 1 2013- sup
missense mutation and
7 unacceptable missense mutation
8 Lac-operon 1 3 2019-sup-aug
9 Cell cycle 1 2 2018
10 Apoptosis 1 2 2017
Recombinant DNA Tech & Gene therapy

1 Restriction endonucleases & uses 3 3 2013,2011
1 2012-sup
2 Gene therapy 3 2 2020-sup-nov
1 2014-sup
1 2021
3 Name two vectors of Gene therapy 3 5 2020-sup-nov,jan
4 Use of Molecular Scissors 1 1 2017

5 Restriction Enzymes 1 2 2015-sup
6 First Pharmaceutical product of r-DNA 1 1 2016-sup
technology for Human use 1 1 2017
1. 644
2. 648,649,650
3. 644
4. 644
5. 647
6. 644
Water Balance And Electrolyte Balance

1 Water Balance And Electrolyte Balance Normal 4 1 2015,2015-sup,2021
Serum K &Na 2 2 2014-sup
3 2015
2 Norma Na level and Clinical manifestation of 1 1 2019-sup-aug
Hyponatremia 2 2018
3 Distribution of Total Body Water 1 1 2020-sup-nov
4 Hypokalemia 1 1 2019-sup-jan
5 Normal Valuesof serum electrolytes 1 1 2019
(Na,K,HCO3,CI)
1. 460, 462
2. 460,461
3. 455
4. 462,463
5. 456
Molecular Diagnostics
1 PCR 3 3 2014,2013,2011
2 Southern Blot Tech 1 2 2017
3 Western Blot Tech 1 2 2017-sup
4 DNA finger printing 1 2 2017-sup
5 Uses of Restriction Fragment Length 1 2 2020-sup-jan
polymorphism
1. 658
2. 654
3. 655
4. 657
5. 660

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NEW CBME PATTERN QUESTIONS INCLUDED

GMC THRISSUR ACADEMIC CLUB ANTIDOTE

Jubna F39 Adeela F39 Salva F39

Jinsha F39 Abindas F39 Rinsha F39

Keerthana F39 Jithesh F39 Nihma F39

Nihal F39 Rifna F39

Abhinav L40 Hasniya L40

GOVT MEDICAL COLLEGE THRISSUR ACADEMIC CLUB

DHWANI COLLEGE UNION ANTIDOTE 2020-21

Gametogenesis 3 2012 ,2014 ,2017

Gastrulation 2 2012, 2017

Neural crest 4 2010, 2012, 2015, 2019

Twinning 2 2014, 2016(s)

Decidua and formation of 1 2013(s)

DHWANI COLLEGE UNION ANTIDOTE 2020-21

DHWANI COLLEGE UNION ANTIDOTE 2020-21

Assisted delivery. Wide stretching at 2 2017 10

Fracture of shaft of humerus. 2 2019 10

DHWANI COLLEGE UNION ANTIDOTE 2020-21

Short essays, short notes, short

DHWANI COLLEGE UNION ANTIDOTE 2020-21

DHWANI COLLEGE UNION ANTIDOTE 2020-21

DHWANI COLLEGE UNION ANTIDOTE 2020-21

3 Dorsalis pedis 1 2013

DHWANI COLLEGE UNION ANTIDOTE 2020-21

DHWANI COLLEGE UNION ANTIDOTE 2020-21

DHWANI COLLEGE UNION ANTIDOTE 2020-21

DHWANI COLLEGE UNION ANTIDOTE 2020-21

Topic Number of times of Year

Thoracic wall 1 2013

Mediastinum 2 2014 (S), 2011

Esophagus 3 2011, 2014, 2014 (S)

Superior Venacava 1 2015

Right atrium anatomy & 1 2012 (S)

Azygous, Hemiazygous, 3 2015, 2017, 2012 (S)

Arch of Aorta 1 2015

DHWANI COLLEGE UNION ANTIDOTE 2020-21

Thoracic duct 1 2018 (S)

Manubrium Sterni 1 2016

Sternocostal surface of heart 1 2011

Left Lung - Medial surface 1 2012

Pericardial sinus 2 2015, 2013 (S)

Typical Spinal Nerve 1 2017

Nerve, Blood supply of heart 2 2011, 2014

Coronary Artery 2 2014 (S), 2016

Typical Intercostal Space 2 2013 (S), 2014

Pleural Recesses 1 2015

Typical Intercostal Nerve 1 2017

Visceral relations of medial 2 2012, 2012 (S)

Bronchopulmanory Segments 1 2018

1. Thoracic wall - 211-221

DHWANI COLLEGE UNION ANTIDOTE 2020-21

5. Right atrium anatomy and development - 265-266

1. Azygous, hemiazygous and accessory hemiazygous vein - 306-307

2. Arch of aorta - 286-288

1. Thoracic duct - 303-306

2. Manubrium sterni -198

3. Sternocostal surface of heart - 262