WHITFIELD TABORNO Chapter 1 5

West Visayas State University
COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES

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Chapter 1
Introduction to the Study
Chapter One consists of six parts: (1) Background of
the Study; (2) Statement of the Problem and Hypothesis; (3)
Research Paradigm; (4) Significance of the Study; (5) Scope
and Delimitation of the Study; (6) Definition of Terms.
Part One, Background of the Study, gives the
background and the importance of the choice of the problem
including the variables.
Part Two, Statement of the Problem and Hypothesis,
describes the purpose for conducting the study and
enumerates the problems and the hypothesis tested.
Part Three, Research Paradigm, identifies the
independent and dependent variables.
Part Four, Significance of the Study, discusses the
benefits that may be derived from the study.
Part Five, Scope and Delimitation of the Study sets
the limit and scope of the study and the procedures used in
gathering of data.
Part Six, Definition of terms, defines the conceptual
and operational definitions of the important terms used.

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Background of the Study
Surgical thread or suture is the material used to hold
wound or cut together until it heals. The area that
requires a suture may be the result of injuries or surgery,
and the type of suture used depends on where in the body,
the surgical suture is needed. There are two types of
surgical thread; these are the absorbable and non-
absorbable surgical threads.
Musa textilis is a tree-like herb resembling the
banana in appearance, except for the distinguishing marks
in its leaves, trunk, color, formation, and the shape of
its fruit is heart. The leaves of banana are upright,
pointed, tapering and narrower. Its trunk is noted to be
smaller than that of banana's (Aznar, 2012).
Each sheath is composed of three layers: an outer
layer from which most of the fiber is obtained; the middle
layer which contains some fine white fiber, tensile
strength than that obtained from the outer layer; and the
inner layer which contains no fiber.
This study aimed to compare the selected fiber
characteristics: tensile strength and wound holding

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capacity of the banana thread and the two commercial
surgical threads.
Statement of the Problem
This study aimed to find out the potential of banana
(Musa textilis) fibers as a possible substitute for
surgical thread. Specifically, this study aimed to find
answers to the following questions:
1. What are the properties of surgical thread produced from
Banana (Musa textilis fibers in terms of the following:
a. Tensile strength
b. Wound holding capacity
2. Are there significant differences among the following
properties of banana fibers and the two commercial surgical
threads?
a. Tensile strength
b. Wound holding capacity

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Hypothesis
There are no significant differences in the tensile
strength and wound holding capacities produced by banana
thread and the two commercial surgical threads.
Research Paradigm
Independent Variables Dependent Variables
Banana thread Diameter
Absorbable
Commercial Tensile Strength
Surgical thread
Non-absorbable Wound Holding

Commercial
Surgical thread Capacity
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Significance of the Study
This study assessed the feasibility of banana fibers as
a possible source of cheap and locally manufactured surgical
fibers. Besides helping heal physical wounds, it may also
lighten the burden of people from having to pay expensive
commercial surgical thread.
Also, this study aimed to make alternative threads of
the plant sample commonly found in our locality.
Scope and Delimitation of the Study
This study was only limited to using banana fibers in
producing surgical thread. The researchers aimed to compare
the potential banana thread with commercially available
surgical thread in terms of tensile strength and elasticity
coefficient, adhesive property and capacity to hold the
wound close.
The banana plant was gathered from Brgy. Garangan,
Tapaz, Capiz around 7:00 in the morning. This was brought
to the strip maker to extract the fibers from the plant
sample. After extraction of banana fibers, evaluation was
done at Tuburan, Janiuay, Iloilo.

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Definition of Terms
The following were defined conceptually and
operationally for thorough understanding of the study terms
used:
Banana fibers – is made up of non-starch polysaccharides,
such as cellulose, dextrins, inulin, lignin, chitins, pectins,
beta-glucans, waxes and oligosaccharides (Ehrlich, 2013).
In this study, banana fibers are the materials used to
produce banana thread and the materials to be tested in the
study.
Surgical thread – it is a strand of material used for
closing wounds which is subsequently dissolved by the
tissue fluids (Farlex Incorporation, 2012).
In this study, banana fibers were made to match the
characteristics of surgical thread and were assessed for
comparability to commercial surgical thread.
Absorbable surgical thread – this surgical thread is
prepared either from the collagen of healthy mammals. Some
are absorbed rapidly, while others are treated or
chemically structured to lengthen absorption time (Shah,
2012).
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In this study, absorbable surgical thread was used as
one of the controls.
Non-absorbable surgical thread – it is a surgical
thread which are not digested by body enzymes or hydrolyzed
in body tissue (Shah, 2012).
In this study, non-absorbable surgical thread was used
as one of the controls.
Tensile strength test – it measures the force required
to pull something such as rope, wire, or a structural beam
to the point where it breaks (Hogan and Hogan, 2012).
In this study, tensile strength refers to one of the
tests used to evaluate the property of banana thread.
Wound holding capacity – it is an ability or power of
the “pig skin” to hold the wound closed using the spring
balance and surgical scissors (Hogan and Hogan, 2012).
In this study, wound holding capacity refers to one of
the tests used to evaluate the property of banana thread.

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Chapter 2
Review of Related Literature
This chapter presents review of related literature
involving the two commercial surgical threads and one of
the species banana plant.
Musa textilis
Musa textilis is a tree-like herb resembling the
banana in appearance, except for the distinguishing marks
in its leaves, trunk, color, formation, and the shape of
its fruit is heart. It is claimed to be stronger than the
real hemp and is three times stronger than cotton (Cebu
Furniture Industries Foundation, Inc.,2014).
Furthermore, it grows to a height of about 4.6-7.7 m.
The true stem of the plant is that part which has a
diameter of about 5 cm and bears the fruit. The trunk is
formed by this true stem and thickened leafstalks of the
leaves. It bears open leaves composed of fleshy, fiber less
core surrounded by overlapping leaf sheaths starting from
the base and extending nearly to the top.

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Each sheath is composed of three layers: an outer
layer from which most of the fiber is obtained; the middle
layer which contains some fine white fiber of flower
tensile strength than that obtained from the outer layer;
and the inner layer which contains no fiber. The fruit is a
small, inedible and full of seeds. The stalks turn reddish
brown at maturity (Cebu Furniture Industries Foundation,
Inc.,2014).
Florian, Kronkright and Norton (2012) noted that plant
fibers that have been fabricated by crude retting or simply
by striping the fibers from the plant usually include
remnants of other associated plant tissue with
characteristic cells or cell contents, such as crystals,
which aid in identification. Commercial fibers generally
are free of extraneous material; thus identification is
completely dependent on the fiber characteristics.
Direction of the twist in the thread and composition of the
thread are additional aids in determining whether the fiber
is of native or commercial origin.

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Surgical thread
Surgical threads or sutures are materials used to
close a wound. They are used in an attempt to improve and
speed healing. Pulling the edges of a wound together and
stitching help in healing process. Sutures are used to
close cuts from injuries or surgery. Moreover, they are
commonly used on the skin, internal tissues, organs, and
blood vessels (Agarwal, 2012).
Different types of materials can be used to close a
wound depending upon the style of wound, location and depth
in the body. The material can be special glue, staples,
animal protein or thread like materials. Furthermore, the
suture material comprises polyester, silk, nylon and
stainless steel wire (Agarwal, 2012).
According to the same author, these sutures can
further be absorbable or non-absorbable. The absorbable
ones get dissolved in the body on their own and do not
require removal while non-absorbable ones have to be
removed after specified time. The type of suture is decided
again by the location of the wound. The internal layers are
stitched by absorbable sutures and the upper or the skin
may be stitched by the non-absorbable sutures. Local or

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general anesthesia has to be given to the patient as per
the requirement before suturing.
Absorbable surgical thread
According to Zhan (2012), absorbable surgical thread
is made of materials which are broken down in tissue after
a given period of time, which depending on the material can
be from ten days to eight weeks. They are used therefore in
many of the internal tissues of the body. In most cases,
three weeks is sufficient for the wound to close firmly
(Zhan, 2012). The suture is not needed any more, and the
fact that it disappears is an advantage, as there is no
foreign material left inside the body and no need for the
patient to have the sutures removed.
According to the same author, absorbable surgical
threads were originally made of the intestines of sheep,
the so called catgut. The manufacturing process was similar
to that of natural musical strings for violins and guitars,
and also of natural strings for tennis racquets. Today, gut
sutures are made of specially prepared beef and sheep
intestine, and may be untreated (plain gut), tanned with
chromium salts to increase their persistence in the body

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(chromic gut), or heat-treated to give more rapid
absorption (fast gut).
Zhan (2012) further states that the major part of the
absorbable sutures used are now made of synthetic polymer
fibers, which may be braided or monofilament; these offer
numerous advantages over gut sutures, notably ease of
handling, low cost, low tissue reaction, consistent
performance and guaranteed non-toxicity. Furthermore, each
major suture manufacturer has its own proprietary
formulations for its brands of synthetic absorbable
sutures; various blends of polyglycolic acid (Vicryl for
example), lactic acid or caprolactone are common. In rare
cases, absorbable sutures can cause inflammation and be
rejected by the body rather than absorbed.
Non-absorbable surgical thread
Garcia describes a non-absorbable surgical thread as a
material used to hold a wound closed until it heals and the
suture can be removed. Surgeons typically use a non-
absorbable suture material outside the body, where it can
be easily accessed for removal. Moreover, a non-absorbable

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suture might be made of silk, cotton, steel, or a synthetic
material.
According to the same author, several synthetic non-
absorbable sutures provide different advantages based on
their use. A nylon material offers pliability and more
strength than silk. It typically remains stable for two
years and causes minimal reaction with tissue. Silk sutures
also last two years and are coated with silicone or
beeswax. Cotton loses half its strength within six months,
making it unsuitable as an internal suturing material. This
type of suture commonly contains a coating of fibers to
improve its strength. This non-absorbable suture material
might be useful for wounds on the face from plastic
surgery.
Moreover, the stainless steel represents one of the
most stable forms of a non-absorbable suture that lasts
indefinitely. Heart surgeons commonly use the material to
close the thoracic cavity after open-heart surgery. It is
also used by neurosurgeons and orthopedic surgeons to
permanently repair damage. Most people tolerate these
sutures without inflammation, but they tend to kink and are
considered hard to handle.

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Furthermore, a non-absorbable suture made from
polyester, for example, constitutes a long-lasting product
that produces few reactions with tissue. Other manmade
suture materials might offer superior elasticity or hold
knots wells. Doctors commonly choose the type they believe
will close an opening or wound without causing adverse
reactions.
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Chapter 3
Methodology
This chapter describes the methods that were used by
the researchers, (1) the Materials, (2) the Collection of
Plant Sample, (3) the Fiber Extraction (4) the Evaluation
processes, and (6) the Data analysis.
This research involved the treatment process of banana
(Musa textilis) fibers; spinning of degummed fibers, which
produces the thread and the quality evaluation of the
thread.
Preliminary Activities
Collection of Plant Sample. The banana pseudo stems
were collected from Brgy. Garangan, Tapaz, Capiz at seven
o’clock in the morning. A sample of the banana plant was
brought to Department of Agriculture for identification.
Two banana pseudo stems were used for the fiber extraction.
The banana fibers were extracted from banana pseudo
stems. The pseudo stems were peeled. The brown-green skin

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was thrown away retaining the cleaner or white portion
which was processed into knotted fibers.
Fiber Extraction. The fibers were extracted through
hand extraction machine containing either serrated or non-
serrated knives. The peel was clamped between the wood
plank and knife and hand-pulled through it, removing the
resinous material. The extracted fibers were sun-dried
which whitens the fiber.
After drying, the fibers were prepared for knotting. A
bunch of fibers was mounted or clamped on a stick to
facilitate segregation. Each fiber was separated according
to fiber sizes and grouped accordingly. In knotting the
fiber, each fiber was separated and knotted to the end of
another fiber manually. The separation and knotting was
repeated until bunches of unknotted fibers was finished to
form a long continuous strand.
The raw fibers underwent different processes. First,
the banana threads were soaked into distilled water for
cleansing. Then, the banana threads were washed thoroughly
and boiled again with tap water. Lastly, the threads went
through spinning.
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Spinning. The degummed fibers were manually spun using
10 strands per thread. The number of fibers depends on the
size of the fibers to approximate the size of the
commercially available surgical thread. The banana threads
were cut to a length of 10 inches.
Actual Conduct
Banana Fiber Evaluation
Tensile Strength Test. Forty threads were used for
this test, three for each trial for the banana thread and
three for commercially available surgical thread. The
thread was cut into a length of ten inches. Each thread was
suspended in a spring balance. Careful observations were
made as the threads were stretched until they break. The
mass measured with the aid of spring balance.
Adhesive Property. It is a test that measured the
capacity of the banana thread to absorb the bromoethylene
stain. This was tested on a “pig skin”. The “pig skin” was
cut by a gauge 16 blade with three parallel incisions 4 cm
long and 1 cm apart. The banana threads and the two
commercial surgical threads were used to close the wound

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using the square knot technique. A 0.2 ml of bromoethylene
blue was dropped over each stitched wound in a horizontal
plane (one drop over one centimeter of the incision line
released from a height of 0.5 cm). This was used to
evaluate the permeability of each banana thread on the
basis of the uptake of the stain by the wound bed. The
diffusion of the stain was followed up every 5 minutes,
with digital photos (3 per suture) taken from the banana
threads until the remaining stain, if any dried. The
permeability of the banana thread was determined by the
percentage of the thread that was colored by the stain.
Wound Holding Capacity. Nine “pig skins” measuring 3x2
inches were used for this test. To simulate a wound three
parallel, stitches were made on each skin using a gauge 16
surgical blade. Each cut is 4 cm long and are 1 cm apart.
The banana threads and commercial surgical threads were
used to close the wound using the square knot technique.
After closing the wound, the upper portion of the “pig
skin” was clipped by a surgical scissors that was attached
on the spring balance and the lower portion was clipped by
another surgical scissors. The “pig skin” was then

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stretched until one of the stitch give way the force is
then recorded. The measured force from the spring balance
was recorded, analyzed and composed.
Data Analysis
Descriptive Statistics. Mean was used to compare the
fiber characteristics of the banana thread and those two
commercial surgical threads.
Inferential Statistics. One-Way Analysis of Variance
was used to compare the fiber characteristics banana of the
banana thread and the two commercial surgical threads.

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Chapter 4
Results and Discussion
Chapter Four consists of Descriptive Data Analysis,
deals with the presentation, analysis and interpretation of
the diameter, tensile strength, and wound holding capacity
of banana surgical thread and the two commercial surgical
threads.
Descriptive Data Analysis
This experimental study was conducted in order to
determine the potential of banana (Musa textilis) fibers on
producing surgical thread.

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Diameter
Figure 1 shows the different diameter of produced
banana thread and the two commercial surgical threads. The
diameter of fine banana thread was 0.1 cm, medium banana
thread was 0.20 cm, absorbable commercial thread was 0.35
cm, and non-absorbable commercial thread was 0.30 cm.
0.4
0.35
0.3
0.25
centimeter
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
Banana thread Commercial thread Commercial thread
(medium) (absorbable) (non-absorbable)
Figure 1. Average diameter of banana surgical threads
and the two commercial surgical threads.

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Tensile Strength
Figure 2 shows the average tensile strengths of the
three threads that were tested. The average tensile
strength of banana thread was T=13.33N, absorbable thread
was T=23.33N; and non-absorbable was T=30.67N.
30
25
20
Newton
15
10
0
Figure 2. Average tensile strength of banana surgical
threads and commercial surgical threads.

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Wound Holding Capacity
Figure 3 shows the different average of wound holding
capacity of banana thread and the two commercial available
surgical threads. The banana thread results was T=13.33N;
absorbable commercial surgical thread was T=24N; and non-
absorbable commercial surgical thread was T=26.67N.
30
25
20
Newton
15
10
0
Figure 3. Average capacity of banana surgical threads
and commercial surgical threads to hold a wound.

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For the capacity of the surgical threads, the non-
absorbable commercial surgical thread has the highest
capacity to hold a wound compared to other surgical
threads. Thus, it is better than the absorbable commercial
surgical thread and banana thread. In this test, the banana
thread (fine) was disregarded since the thread can no
longer hold a wound.

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Inferential Data Analysis
Comparison of Wound Holding Capacity
Table 1 shows the One-Way Analysis of Variance table
for the comparison of the wound holding capacity of the
different threads that were tested. The result is
F(2.6)=6.962* and P=0.027 < α0.05. Since the P value is
less than the set alpha value of 0.05, the null hypothesis
is therefore rejected. Furthermore, the table of multiple
comparisons shows that the wound holding capacity of the
two commercial surgical threads are not significant from
each other, and are both significantly higher than that of
the banana threads.
Table 1. Comparison of the wound holding capacity of the
banana thread and the two commercial surgical threads.
Sum of Df Mean F Sig.

Squares Square
Wound holding Between 160.889 2 80.444 6.962* .027

capacity Groups
Within 69.333 6 11.556
Groups
Legend* significant at 0.05

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Table 1 shows that in terms of wound holding capacity,
there is a significant difference among the three surgical
threads used, F(2,6)=6.962<0.05. This may imply that the
non-absorbable commercial surgical thread has the most
effective in wound holding capacity as compared to the two
other surgical threads used.

In the post hoc table (Appendix D), the wound holding
capacity of banana thread shows lower significant
difference among the banana surgical thread and the two
Table 2. Comparison of the tensile strength of the banana
thread and the two commercial surgical threads.
Sum of Df Mean F Sig.

Squares Square
Total 230.222 8
Tensile Between 312.000 2 156.000 24.719* .001
strength Groups
Within 37.875 6 6.313
Groups
Total 349.875 8
Legend* significant at 0.05
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Table 2 shows in terms of tensile strength test, there is a
significant difference among the three surgical threads
used, F(2,6)=24.713<0.05. This may imply that the non-
absorbable commercial surgical thread has the highest
tensile strength as compared to the two other surgical
threads used.
In the post hoc table (Appendix E), the tensile
strength of banana thread shows lower significant
difference among the banana surgical thread and the two

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Discussion
According to Mukherjee (2014), there are many kinds of
sutures, with different properties suitable for various
uses. Sutures can be divided into two main groups:
absorbable and non-absorbable. An absorbable suture
decomposes in the body. It degrades as a wound or incision
heals. A non-absorbable suture resists the body's attempt
to dissolve it. Non-absorbable sutures may be removed by a
surgeon after a surface incision has healed.
Moreover, sutures are made from both man-made and
natural materials. Natural suture materials include silk,
linen, and catgut, which is actually the dried and treated
intestine of a cow or sheep. Synthetic sutures are made
from a variety of textiles such as nylon or polyester,
formulated specifically for surgical use.
Furthermore, synthetic absorbable sutures may be made
of polyglycolic acid, a glycolide-lactide copolymer or
polydioxanone, a copolymer of glycolide and trimethylene
carbonate while synthetic non-absorbable sutures may be
made of polypropylene, polyester, polyethylene
terephthalate, polybutylene terephthalate, polyamide,
different proprietary nylons, or Goretex.

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According to Mukhopadhyay, Fangueiro, Arpac and
Senturk (2008) bast fibers, like banana, are complex in
structure. They are generally lignocellulosic, consisting
of helically wound cellulose microfibrils in amorphous
matrix of lignin and hemicellulose. The cellulose content
serves as a deciding factor for mechanical properties along
with microfibril angle. A high cellulose content and low
microfibril angle impart desirable mechanical properties
for bast fibers.
The banana thread has low tensile strength and wound
holding capacity because it was made out of manual
processes without using any high machines nor aid of any
chemicals involved.
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Chapter 5
Summary, Conclusions, Implications and Recommendations
This Chapter contains three parts: (1) Summary of the
Findings, (2) Conclusions, (3) Implications and (4)
Recommendations.
Part One, Summary, reflects the vital points of the
study and presents the findings after analyzing the data
gathered.
Part Two, Conclusions, presents the decision drawn the
result of the study.
Part Three, Implications, clarifies the relationships
between the results in the study and the facts presented in
relation to the study.
Part Four, Recommendations, offers certain advice in
view of the conclusion given.

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Summary of the Findings
This study was conducted to determine the potential of
banana (Musa textilis) trunk fibers on producing surgical
thread.
This study sought answer to the following questions:
1. What are the properties of surgical thread produced
from banana (Musa textilis) fibers in terms of the
following:
a. Tensile strength
b. Wound Holding Capacity
2. Are there significant differences among the
properties of banana fibers and the two commercial surgical
threads?
a. Tensile strength
b. Wound Holding Capacity
Analysis of the gathered data revealed the following
findings.
1. a. Average tensile strength of the three threads
Banana-13.33N
Absorbable-23.33N
Non-absorbable-27.33N
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1. b. Average wound holding capacity of the three
threads
Banana-13.33N
Absorbable-24N
Non-absorbable-26.67N
2. a. Average tensile strength of the three threads
There is a significant difference on the tensile
strength produced by banana threads and the two
2. b. Average wound holding capacity of the three
threads
There is a significant difference on the wound
holding capacity produced by banana threads and the two

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Conclusions
Based on the results, the following conclusions were
formulated:
There are significant differences between the tensile
strength and wound holding capacities of by banana thread
and the two commercial surgical threads. However, in terms
of tensile strength and would holding capacity, the banana
surgical threads were not comparable to the two commercial
surgical threads.
Implications
The findings of this study showed that the banana
threads were not as good as to the absorbable and non-
absorbable surgical threads in terms of tensile strength
test and wound holding capacity.
This implies it is not practical to use banana threads
as surgical thread substitute.

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Recommendations
1. Perform the same test using other fibers of the plant
or family of banana.
2. Test the effects of the surgical threads to advance
procedures or processes.
3. Process the banana fiber and compare with other
commercially available fibers.

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References
Agarwal, D. (2012). Surgical Suture. Retrieved from
www.indiamart.com
Ayon, P.L., Cajigas, S.P., Dyococo, R., Echavez, M. and
M.J. Ventures. (2008). The Production of Surgical Thread
from Ananas comosus Leaf Fibers. Bato Balani. Volume 27.
No. 5. pp. 16-18.
Aznar, M. (2012). Abaca. Materials Library. Retrieved from
www. furniturecebu.com
Boucher, R. and Boucher, A. (2012). Rach-Al-Paca Fiber
Processing. Retrieved from www. rachalpacafarm.com
Cebu Furniture Industries Foundation, Inc. (2014). Abaca.
Retrieved from www.furniturecebu.com
Conjecture Corporation. (2012). What is Biodegradability.
Retrieved from www.wisegeek.com.
Ehrlich, S. (2013). Fiber. Retrieved from
www.medicalnewstoday.com
Farlex Incorporation. (2012). “Surgical Sutures”. Retrieved
from www.medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com.
Farlex Incorporation. (2012). “Cohesive”. Retrieved from
www.medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com.
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Florian M., Kronkright, D., and Norton, R. (2012). The
Conservation of Artifacts Made from Plant Materials.
Retrieved from http:books.google.com.ph
Garcia, M. (2013). What is a Non-Absorbable Sutures.
Retrieved from www.wisegeekhealth.com.
Hogan, D. and M. Hogan. (2012). Capacity and Tensile
Strength. Retrieved from www.sciencedaily.com.
Mukherjee, D. P. (2014). "Sutures" In Polymers:
Biomaterials and Medical Applications. Retrieved from
www.madehow.com
Mukhopadhyay S., Fangueiro, R., Arpaç Y., and Şentürk U.
(2008). Banana Fibers–Variability and Fracture
Behaviour. Retrieved from Journal of Engineered Fibers
and Fabrics. Volume 3.
Saleh F., Palmieri, B., Lodi D., and Al-Sebeih, K. (2012).
An innovative method to evaluate the suture compliance
in sealing the surgical wound lips. Int J Med Sci 2008.
Retrieved from www.medsci.org. Volume 5. No. 6. pp.354-
360
Shah, J. (2012). Suture Characteristics. SURU International
Pvt. Ltd. Retrieved from www.suru.com

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Textile Exchange. (2009). Banana Fiber. Retrieved from
www.teonline.com
Vibrant Nature. (2012). Banana Fibers. Retrieved from
www.vibrantnature.co.in
Zhan, H. (2012). Sutures Needles Information. Chenguang
Medical Supplies Co. Ltd. Retrieved from
ww.sutureneedles.net
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Appendices
Appendix A
Diameter of Surgical Thread
Medium Absorbable Non-absorbable

(banana thread) (commercial (commercial thread)
thread)
0.20 cm 0.35 cm 0.30 cm
0.20 cm 0.35 cm 0.30 cm
0.20 cm 0.35 cm 0.30 cm

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Appendix B
Tensile Strength of Surgical Thread
Medium Absorbable Non-absorbable

(banana thread) (commercial (commercial thread)
thread)
13.5 N 22 N 32 N
13.75 N 24 N 24 N
12.75 N 24 N 26 N
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Appendix C
Banana thread Absorbable Non-absorbable

(medium) (commercial thread) (commercial thread)
12 N 20 N 26 N
20 N 24 N 28 N
18 N 28 N 26 N
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Appendix D

Thread type N Subset for
alpha = 0.05
1 2
16.666
Banana thread 3
67
Absorbable 24.000
Duncan surgical thread 3
00
a
Non-absorbable 26.666
3
surgical thread 67
Sig. 1.000 .374
Means for groups in homogeneous subsets are
displayed.
a. Uses Harmonic Mean Sample Size = 3.000.

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Appendix E
Tensile Strength
Thread type N Subset for
alpha = 0.05
1 2
13.333
Banana thread 3
33
Absorbable 23.333
Duncan 3
a surgical thread 33
Non-absorbable 27.333
3
surgical thread 33
Sig. 1.000 .099
Means for groups in homogeneous subsets are
displayed.
a. Uses Harmonic Mean Sample Size = 3.000.

WHITFIELD TABORNO Chapter 1 5

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West Visayas State University

COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES

Introduction to the Study

Chapter One consists of six parts: (1) Background of

the Study; (2) Statement of the Problem and Hypothesis; (3)

Research Paradigm; (4) Significance of the Study; (5) Scope

and Delimitation of the Study; (6) Definition of Terms.

Part One, Background of the Study, gives the

background and the importance of the choice of the problem

including the variables.

Part Two, Statement of the Problem and Hypothesis,

describes the purpose for conducting the study and

enumerates the problems and the hypothesis tested.

Part Three, Research Paradigm, identifies the

independent and dependent variables.

Part Four, Significance of the Study, discusses the

benefits that may be derived from the study.

Part Five, Scope and Delimitation of the Study sets

Part Six, Definition of terms, defines the conceptual

and operational definitions of the important terms used.

Background of the Study

Surgical thread or suture is the material used to hold

wound or cut together until it heals. The area that

requires a suture may be the result of injuries or surgery,

and the type of suture used depends on where in the body,

the surgical suture is needed. There are two types of

surgical thread; these are the absorbable and non-

absorbable surgical threads.

Musa textilis is a tree-like herb resembling the

banana in appearance, except for the distinguishing marks

in its leaves, trunk, color, formation, and the shape of

its fruit is heart. The leaves of banana are upright,

pointed, tapering and narrower. Its trunk is noted to be

smaller than that of banana's (Aznar, 2012).

Each sheath is composed of three layers: an outer

layer from which most of the fiber is obtained; the middle

layer which contains some fine white fiber, tensile

inner layer which contains no fiber.

This study aimed to compare the selected fiber

characteristics: tensile strength and wound holding

capacity of the banana thread and the two commercial

Statement of the Problem

This study aimed to find out the potential of banana

(Musa textilis) fibers as a possible substitute for

surgical thread. Specifically, this study aimed to find

answers to the following questions:

1. What are the properties of surgical thread produced from

Banana (Musa textilis fibers in terms of the following:

b. Wound holding capacity

2. Are there significant differences among the following

properties of banana fibers and the two commercial surgical

b. Wound holding capacity

There are no significant differences in the tensile

strength and wound holding capacities produced by banana

thread and the two commercial surgical threads.

Independent Variables Dependent Variables

Banana thread Diameter