GENERAL BIOLOGY 1

Jan Fritz A. Abelgos

12- STEM

Kristine R. Querida
Subject Teacher:
 TRANSPORT MECHANISM

It refers to the different pathway and processes a cell must move substances
in, out and around itself. Allow the cell to regulate what solutes enter/exit
the cell and the quantity being transport.

STRUCTURAL COMPONENT’S OF CELL MEMBRANE

 Cell membrane is the complex layer that surround the cell.

 Cell membrane also known as “plasma membrane”.
 It is also a semi permeable membrane.
 The main body of plasma membrane is composed of an amphipathic
molecule known as phospholipid
 Amphipathic – both hydrophobic and hydrophilic.
 Hydrophobic is the one who afraid in water while Hydrophilic is the one who
want or attract the water.
 It helps Protection, Transportation, and Communication (figure 1)
 Cell membrane is made of phospholipid molecule that have a phosphate head
and hydrophobic tail (figure 2).
 Phosphate has a polar head that attract water while hydrophobic tail/
hydrophilic refill the water.
 This layer protect the cell to all things that want to affect the cell.
 Serves as the boundary between the cell’s internal and external
environment. Regulate all substances that enter and exits the cell.
 It is choosy because they only chooses those who enter here and it
depend of the characteristic of who enter in cell membrane.
 Plasma Membrane has other molecule; carbohydrate, protein, and
cholesterol and they help keeps the cell flexible along communication
among others.
Some of the protein have important job in cell membrane and has a
regulating with flow in and out of the cell.
 The plasma membrane is represented using a model known as fluid mosaic.
 It is called fluid mosaic because when we called fluid, it is the
cell membrane that looks like a liquid not a solid one and mosaic
because in cell membrane, there are more proteins, and more
molecule that attach or invent on it.

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 The component of plasma membrane can be divided into three; trans-membrane
protein, interior protein network, and cell-surface markers.

 Trans-membrane proteins – are protein that regulate the movement of

molecule across the membrane. It is composed of carrier, channel, and
receptor proteins. (figure 3)
 Interior protein network – determine and maintain the structure of the plasma
membrane.(figure 4)
 Cell-surface markers – it is responsible for the recognition of foreign and
local cell and tissues.(figure 5)

PROTEIN AND PROTEIN COMPLEXES

Responsible for the majority of internal and external interaction. There are 6
classes of membrane protein and there function.

1. Transporters – movement of molecule and solute across the membrane.

(figure 6)
2. Enzymes – protein needed by the cell for metabolic functions.(figure 7)
3. Cell Surface Reception – detect chemical messages from the
environment to elicit reaction.(figure 8)
4. Cell Surface Identification Marker – bind to each other for
recognition purposes(figure 9)
5. Cell to Cell Adhesion – bonds and junction between cells.(figure 10)
6. Attachment – it maintain the shape, stability, and coordinate chemical
changes.(figure 11)

TRANSPORT MECHANISM

Transport mechanism is categorize into three part; the passive

transport, the active transport, and the bulk transport.

In the Passive Transport there are simple diffusion, osmosis and

facilitated diffusion.

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 In the Active Transport there are Primary A.T., Secondary A.T.,
Symport, and Antiport.

Also in the Bulk Transport there are Pinocytosis, Phagocytosis,

Endocytosis, and Exocytosis.

PASSIVE TRANSPORT

 This type of transport relies on the concentration gradient of

solutes to move them across the plasma membrane. No energy is
will be spent to move the solutes across.
1. Simple diffusion – the movement of ion and molecules from high
concentration to low concentration is known as diffusion. (figure 12)
2. Facilitates diffusion – protein manage and assist the movement of
solutes across the membrane. (figure 13). There are two types of way
that the solutes can pass through;
 Channel Protein – proteins provide a small, hydrophilic
passageway for specific molecule and ions.
Some of the channel is remain open most of the time (leak
channels), while other is can be open and close (gated
channels) depending of the presence of stimulus. (figure 14)

 Carrier Protein – require the molecule being transported to

attach itself to the carrier protein. The protein will then change
its shape to shuttle the molecule across the membrane.(figure
15)
3. Osmosis – water moved in the direction of solutes until the number of
free water molecule is equal, known as osmosis balance. (figure 16)
 Tonicity – the difference in osmosis concentration which leads
to the movement of water.
The solution which has a higher concentration of solute is
describe as a hypertonic, and the opposite of it is hypotonic. If
there is no difference in osmosis concentration, then the both
solutes is described as isotonic. (figure 17)
 Aquaporins – these channel allow water to move across the
membrane in large quantities.(figure 18)

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 ACTIVE TRANSPORT

 This type of transport is relies on the expense of cell energy,

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

1. Primary Active Transport – is an intentional and uphill mode of

transport where a transport protein directly uses energy from ATP.
2. Secondary Active Transport – transport of ion from outside to inside
as the protein reverts its shape due to the loss of the phosphate group.
(figure 19)
3. Coupled/Cotransport – this method is when one protein shuttles and
two different molecule are across the membrane in the same direction
and that’s what we called “SYMPORTER”. (figure 20)
4. Counter Transport – this method occurs when one transporter moves
two different molecule across the membrane in different direction.
(UNIPORT and ANTIPORT). (figure 21)

BULK/ VASCULAR TRANSPORT

 When we say bulk, it means bigger transportation happen.

1. Endocytosis – process by which cells take in substances from outside of

the cell. (figure 22)
 Pinocytosis (cell drinking) – takes fluid and solutes.
 Phagocytosis (cell eating) – takes in larger substances
(bacteria). (figure 23)
 Receptor Mediated – receptor protein in the cell surface used
to capture a scientific target molecule.(figureb24)
2. Exocytosis – process by which cells release particle from within the cell
into extracellular space.(figure 25)

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 FIGURE PLACES

(figure 1) (figure 2) (figure 3) (figure 4)

(figure 5) (figure 6) (figure 7) (figure 8)

(figure 9) (figure 10) (figure 11) (figure 12)

(figure 13) (figure 14) (figure 15) (figure 16)

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 HYPERTONIC HYPOTONIC ISOTONIC
solution which has a solution with low no difference in
higher concentration of concentration of solute
solute. osmosis
concentration.

(figure 17)

(figure 18) (figure 19) (figure 20) (figure 21)

(figure 22) (figure 23) (figure 24) (figure 25)