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4753-Article Text-31653-2-10-20221130
4753-Article Text-31653-2-10-20221130
RESEARCH ARTICLE
WMJ (Warmadewa Medical Journal), Vol. 7 No. November 2, 2022, Pg. 60-69
Antibiotic resistance is closely related to the inappropriate use of antibiotics, namely the indication, dose,
frequency, and duration of use. Permenkes No. 5 of 2014 states that acute pharyngitis is given antibiotic therapy if it meets
the diagnostic criteria using the center criteria, but this criterion is difficult to apply because doctors take longer to
diagnose. Previous research at the Klungkung I Primary Health Center used diagnosis utilizing a swab test. It was found
that 100% of bacterial pharyngitis patients were negative. The strategy of delaying antibiotics for 3 days can prevent
antibiotic resistance, but in therapy, without antibiotics, it is im-portant to increase the effectiveness of therapy, it is deemed
necessary by the researchers to conduct a study to analyze the factors that affect the recovery of patients with acute
pharyngitis, which are mainly caused by vi-ruses. Analyzing the factors that affect the recovery of viral pharyngitis patients.
The design of the cross-sectional study was through observation of the medical record data of patients who came to the
Klungkung Primary Health Center I for 3 months and got diagnostic facilities using the swab test. Patients who got a nega-
tive swab test were analyzed
for the factors that influenced their recovery. Anti-inflammatory variables, rest, and paracetamol significantly affected the
recovery of acute pharyngitis patients (p <0.05), and the importance index in CART analysis found that paracetamol was
the most influential, followed by rest, administration of vitamins, and anti-inflammatory. Antibiotics, anti-allergies, and
cough medicines do not affect the recovery of patients with acute pharyngitis viral. Paracetamol has the most effect on
patient recovery, followed by rest and administration of vitamins, anti- inflammatory has very little effect on the recovery
in patients of acute pharyn-gitis viral.
INTRODUCTION
junctivitis. It is not recommended that anti-biotics be
Pharyngitis is inflammation of the pharyngeal
given as therapy for viral pharyn-gitis, but in fact,
wall which can be caused by viruses (40-60%), bacteria
pharyngitis accompanied by cough (a characteristic
(5-40%), aller-gies, trauma, toxins, and others. Viruses
feature of viral pharyngitis) is treated
and bacteria invade the pharynx and cause a local
with antibiotics, that empirical diagnosis is no longer
inflammatory reaction. Group A he-molytic
visible to use considering that history by looking at
streptococcal bacterial infection can cause severe tissue
signs and symptoms is very difficult to use for
damage because these
distinguishing viral pharyngitis and bac-teria (Sutema,
bacteria release extracellular toxins that can cause
2018). For medical manage-ment, in addition to self-
rheumatism, heart valve damage, acute
management by patients who can help reduce or treat
glomerulonephritis due to impaired glomerular
phar-yngitis symptoms, therapy is also needed to
function due to the formation of antigen-antibody
eradicate the main cause, one
complexes
of which is the administration of antibiotics. Antibiot-
(1) ics are only given in cases of proven phar-yngitis due to
bacterial infection, for exam-ple in Group A
.
WMJ (Warmadewa Medical Journal), Vol.7, No.2, November 2022, p-ISSN 2527-4627
DOI: https://doi.org/10.22225/wmj.7.2.4753.60-69
Machine Translated by Google
WMJ (Warmadewa Medical Journal), Vol.7, No.2, November 2022, p-ISSN 2527-4627
DOI: https://doi.org/10.22225/wmj.7.2.4753.60-69
Machine Translated by Google
40 66.66
Male the bivariate analysis. The method used for
bivariate analysis is the chi-square method.
Female 20 34.34
In line with the research Rasmala Dewi obtained, Table 2. Results of the effect of independent varia-bles on Pharyngitis.
WMJ (Warmadewa Medical Journal), Vol.7, No.2, November 2022, p-ISSN 2527-4627
DOI: https://doi.org/10.22225/wmj.7.2.4753.60-69
Machine Translated by Google
WMJ (Warmadewa Medical Journal), Vol.7, No.2, November 2022, p-ISSN 2527-4627
Machine Translated by Google
DOI: https://doi.org/10.22225/wmj.7.2.4753.60-69
Machine Translated by Google
microorganism. Acute pharyngitis is caused by had a significant effect on the recovery of viral
bacteria severe headache, fever or, ma-laise, painful pharyngitis patients were giving para-cetamol,
swallowing, vomiting, and possibly coughing but rest, and vitamins. Paracetamol, which is a
rarely occurs. Phar-yngitis due symptomatic drug, is very likely to give CART, it
to bacterial infection group A streptococci can be does not represent the op-portunity for rest
estimated by using the Centor criteria, namely fever, to improve recovery, but in theory and research, rest
anterior cer-vical lymphadenopathy, tonsillar can increase the immune system through stimulation
exudate, and no cough. Pharyngitis caused by virus- of pro-inflammatory hormones wherein this con-
es usually has symptoms of a sore throat severe and dition the adaptive immune
may be accompanied by cough-ing, hoarseness, and response is stimulated and increases so that the
substernal pain. Fever, chills, malaise, myalgia, and inflam-matory response as a marker
headache may also occur. Then, symptoms of increases. So the researchers can conclude that the
fungal phar-yngitis are sore pro-cess of viral eradication is increased, and more
throat and swallowing pain. foreign bodies are attacked and para-lyzed in the
On examination, white plaque appears hy- peremic first immunity
oropharynx and another pharynge-al (initial) which correlates with an increase in the
inflam-matory response in the beginning. The
mucosa (6)
.
pro-vision of vitamins provides a great oppor- tunity
Pharyngitis in this study has been for recovery where the specific vita-mins
confirmed through a swab test, namely RADT that are given here are vitamins C and B complex,
(Rapid Antigen Detection Test) that the cause is a which can act as a modulating agent for cellular
virus, almost all patients get negative results for immunity, especially those related to CD8 cells and
bacteria, so it can be said to be positive due to NK cells.
viruses. In diseas-es caused by viruses, it is not
rational to be treated with antibiotics, where the Anti-inflammatory administration provides
virus that causes acute pharyngitis can heal by a chance of cure but is very small, and is not
itself (self-limiting disease) for approximately illustrated in the CART tree, where in theory anti-
one week. inflammatory can function to treat pain and
swelling (swelling and redness) and relieve fever.
Classification and Regression Trees Anti-inflammatory is a series of immuno- regulatory
(CART) is a method or algorithm of the decision molecules that control the proin-
tree technique. CART is a nonpar-ametric flammatory response of the immune pro-cess. This
statistical method that can describe stimulation causes the release of
the relationship between the response varia- ble inflammatory mediators such as histamine,
(dependent variable) and one or more predictor serotonin, bradykinin, and prostaglandins which
variables (independent variables). According to cause an inflammatory reaction such as heat, pain,
Breiman et al (1993), when the response variable redness, and swelling, and are accompanied by
has continuously shaped the method used is a impaired function (8). The patient's recovery is
regression tree (regression strongly associated with the disappearance of signs
trees), whereas if the response variable has a and symp-toms, from the doctor's history, the ob-
categorical scale the method used is the classification served symptoms of inflammation can be reduced by
tree method (7) administering anti-inflammatory, but it is not certain
(classification trees) .
that the causative factor, namely the virus has been
The response variable in this study has cleared maximally, because
a categorical scale, so the method to be used is the anti-inflammatory has something to do with
tree classification method. Bina-ry Trees controlling the pro-inflammatory response.
provide an interesting and often enlightening way to
view data in a classifi-cation or This resulted in a relatively low correlation
regression problem. They should not be used to between anti-inflammatory administration and the
override other methods. recovery of viral pharyngitis pa-
Through the CART method applied in this
study, it obtained data that the things that
WMJ (Warmadewa Medical Journal), Vol.7, No.2, November 2022, p-ISSN 2527-4627
DOI: https://doi.org/10.22225/wmj.7.2.4753.60-69
Machine Translated by Google
WMJ (Warmadewa Medical Journal), Vol.7, No.2, November 2022, p-ISSN 2527-4627
DOI: https://doi.org/10.22225/wmj.7.2.4753.60-69
Machine Translated by Google
ilar, but the antibody levels in the HDBR plus amin C accumulates in phagocytic cells, such as
exercise group remained higher than in the HDBR neutrophils, and can increase chemotaxis,
group (P = .03). The HDBR (P = .001) phagocytosis, the formation of reactive oxygen
and HDBR plus diet (P = .02) groups had time- species, and ultimately kill microbes. It is also
related progressive in-creases in TNF- alpha, but necessary for apoptosis and clearance of
the HDBR plus exercise group remained at neutrophils that are ex- pelled from the site of
baseline. The HDBR plus exercise group had an infection by macro- phages, thereby reducing
acute increase in IL-1 receptor antagonist levels potential tissue damage. The role of vitamin C in
compared to the HDBR (P = .02) and HDBR lympho-
plus diet (P = cytes is less clear, but it has been shown to
.02) groups. increase B and T cell differentiation and
Sleep rest during the day and nor- mal proliferation, possibly due to its gene- regulatory
sleep at night can boost the immune system effects. Vitamin C deficiency leads to
through the initiation of an adaptive immune compromised immunity and a higher susceptibility
response, where sleep rest can in- to infections. In turn, infection
crease growth hormone and prolactin re- lease significantly impacts vitamin C levels due to
and decrease levels of the anti- increased inflammation and metabolic
inflammatory stress hormone cortisol sup- porting requirements. Furthermore, sup-plementation with
the initial steps in producing an adaptive immune vitamin C appears to be able to prevent and treat
response in the lymph gland. systemic infec-tions. Vitamin C prophylaxis is
required to prevent infection which provides
c) Effect of Vitamins C and B on the Cure of insuffi-cient, if unsaturated
Viral Acute Pharyngitis Pa-tients (ie 100-200 mg/day) plasma levels, which
optimizes cell and tissue levels. Conversely,
Vitamin C is known as an antioxi-
good infection treatment requires a higher
dant that helps neutralize free radicals. Vit- amin vitamin dose (gram) to compensate for the
C is an antioxidant because of its abil-
increased in-flammatory response and metabolic
ity to reduce several chemical reactions, one of de-mand (9)
which is vitamin C can reduce reac-tive .
oxygen species (Reactive Oxygen Spe- cies / Vitamin B6 is very important in the
SOR). The role of vitamin C in the immune biosynthesis of nucleic acids and proteins,
system is closely related to the role of vitamin C therefore the effect on immune function is
as an antioxidant. Therefore, vitamin C enhances logical because antibodies and cytokines are
immune function by stimulating the production formed from amino acids and require
of interferon (a protein that protects cells from vitamin B6 as a coenzyme in metabolism.
viral at- tacks). Vitamin C is an essential Human studies show that vitamin B6 defi-
micronu- trient for humans, with pleiotropic ciency impairs lymphocyte maturity and
function related to its ability to donate electrons. growth, antibody production, and T cell activity.
It is a powerful antioxidant and cofactor for the The mitogenic response of lym- phocytes is
family of synthesizing enzymes and genes. impaired by decreased dietary vitamin B6 in
Vitamin C contributes to the body's im-mune elderly subjects and is re- versed by the
defense by supporting various cellu-lar functions administration of vitamin B6. Deficiency effects
of the innate and adaptive im- mune systems. were seen in decreased DTH antibody
Vitamin C supports the function of the epithelial receptors, IL-1-b, IL-2, IL-2 receptors, NK cell
barrier against pathogens and promotes the activity, and 62-64 lym- phocyte proliferation.
oxidative ac- tivity of the skin, thus potentially Marginal vitamin B6 deficiency alters the
protecting against environmental oxidative percentage of T-helper cells and slightly
stress. Vit- decreases immunoglobu- lin D65. Marginal
vitamin B6 deficiency in the elderly is
associated with a decreased
WMJ (Warmadewa Medical Journal), Vol.7, No.2, November 2022, p-ISSN 2527-4627
DOI: https://doi.org/10.22225/wmj.7.2.4753.60-69
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and 400 mg of folic acid, showed increased NK cell cytotoxic This Result of two randomized con-
activi-ty in research subjects Vitamins support immune function trol trials has shown that corticosteroid use can reduce the
so that they can increase innate immunity in the elderly. A incidence of treatment fail-ure and shorten the time to
defenseless adult (aged 65 years) with low clinical stability in patients with community-acquired pneu-
(10)
serum vitamin B12 concen- .
monia. This does not apply to patients with severe influenza
trations has an antibody response to the virus infection. Our results revealed that steroid treatment
pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine. prolonged the duration of MV and ICU stay. The ef-fect of
steroid use on oxygenation could not be subjected to meta-
analysis, owing to the diversity of data. Several studies report-ed
that systemic corticosteroid treatment
WMJ (Warmadewa Medical Journal), Vol.7, No.2, November 2022, p-ISSN 2527-4627
DOI: https://doi.org/10.22225/wmj.7.2.4753.60-69
Machine Translated by Google
WMJ (Warmadewa Medical Journal), Vol.7, No.2, November 2022, p-ISSN 2527-4627
DOI: https://doi.org/10.22225/wmj.7.2.4753.60-69