APA 7th Edition

Bibliography/Reference Writing
ADRIAN V. PROTACIO, PhD
Professor
What is APA?
• APA stands for American Psychological
Association.
• The American Psychological Association (APA) is
an organization devoted to promoting the creation,
communication, and application of psychological
knowledge.
What is APA?
What is APA?
• It began setting standards for
research paper format and citations
in order to help scholars all over the
world follow coordinated guidelines.

• The APA style is the main guide for

writing in the social and behavioral
sciences today.
What is APA?
• The Publication Manual of the American
Psychological Association (APA) is a
standard reference for formatting of
academic papers.
What is APA?

• Within the Publication

Manual are guidelines for the
following:
- manuscript structure
- clear and concise writing
- mechanics
- tables and figures
- source credits
- references
Why learn APA style?

• Researchers in education, social

work, nursing, and business also
adhere to APA style.

• The main purpose of a style guide is

to achieve consistency.
Why learn APA style?
• It is used in the field of publication.
• It provides reader with a consistent format.
• It allows reader to focus on content.
 • A reference list includes the
details of all the resources you
References vs.
haveBibliography
quoted or paraphrased in the
paper.

• A bibliography includes details of

all the resources you used to
produce your paper, including
those you did not quote or
paraphrase.
The Importance of
References/ Bibliography
• Citing and referencing
source material is a crucial
aspect of academic writing.
• References acknowledge
that part of your work is
based on the work and
material of others.
The Importance of
References/ Bibliography

• Failure to acknowledge that some of

the information have come from
others may be regarded as
plagiarism.
• Plagiarism is a serious misconduct
and it must be avoided at all costs.
•Plagiarism
The is using someone else’s work as
though it were
Importance your own.
•References
of show your reader the range and
nature of your source materials.
References/
Bibliograph
y
The Importance of
References/ Bibliography

• It is important that any

reference you give to publish
sources provides sufficient
detail to enable anyone to find
for themselves the book or
article you are citing.
The Importance of
References/ Bibliography

•Referencing is also a way

to give credit to the writers
from whom you have
borrowed words and ideas.
The Importance of
References/ Bibliography

• By citing the work of a

particular scholar you
acknowledge and respect the
intellectual property rights of
that researcher.
How to Write
Reference/
Bibliography in
APA Style
Reference List Basic Rules

1. References should begin on a new page separate

from the text of the research paper.
2. Label this page References centered at the top of
the page (do NOT bold, underline, or use
quotation marks for the title).
Reference List Basic
Rules
3. All text should be double-
spaced.
4. All lines after the first line
of each entry in your
reference list should be
indented one-half inch
from the left margin. This
is called hanging
indentation.
Books
Books (Printed)
Template
• Author, A. A. (Year). Title of book. Publisher.

Example
• George, M. W. (2008). The elements of library research: What every
student needs to know. Princeton University Press.
• (George, 2008)
Electronic Books (eBooks)
Template
• Author, A. A. (Year). Title of Book. Publisher.
https://doi.org/XXXXXXXXXXX

Example 1: Book from a Library Database, no DOI

• Smith, M. (2000). Ballet and opera in the age of Giselle. Princeton
University Press.
• (Smith, 2000)
Electronic Books (eBooks)
Example 2: eBook with a DOI
• Samanez-Larkin, G. R. (Ed.). (2019). The aging brain: Functional
adaptation across adulthood. American Psychological Association.
https://doi.org/10.1037/0000143-000
• (Samanez-Larkin, 2019)

Example 3: Kindle Book

• Gladwell, M. (2008). Outliers: The story of success. Hachette Book
Group. https://www.amazon.com/dp/B001ANYDAO/
• (Gladwell, 2008)
Book with an Editor
Template
• Editor, A. A. (Ed.). (Year). Title of book. Publisher.

Example
• Johnson, C. L., & Tuite, C. (Eds.). (2009). A companion to Jane
Austen. Wiley-Blackwell.
• (Johnson & Tuite, 2009)
Chapter in an Edited Book
Template
• Author of Chapter, A. A. & Author, B. B. (Year). Title of chapter or
entry. In A. Editor, B. Editor, & C. Editor (Eds.), Title of book (pp.
xxx–xxx). Publisher.

Example
• Shephered, S. (1988). Shakespeare's private drawer: Shakespeare and
homosexuality. In G. Holderness (Ed.), The Shakespeare myth (pp.
96–110). Manchester University Press.
• (Shephered, 1988).
Encyclopedia
Entries in Online Encyclopedias
Template
• Author, A. A. (Year). Title of entry. In A. Editor (Ed.), Title of
reference work (xx ed.). Website. http://xxxxx

Example 1: Individual Author

• Masolo, D. (2006). African sage philosophy. In E. N. Zalta (Ed.), The
Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy (Fall 2008 ed.). Stanford
University. http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/african-sage/
• (Masolo, 2006)
Journals
Journal Articles (with DOI)
Template
• Author, A. A., Author B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year). Title of article. Title of
Journal, Volume(Issue), pages–pages. https://doi.org/XXXXXXXXXXX

Example 1:
• Reed, M. J., Kennett, D. J., Lewis, T., Lund-Lucas, E., Stallberg, C., &
Newbold, I. L. (2009). The relative effects of university success courses and
individualized interventions for students with learning disabilities. Higher
Education Research & Development, 28(4), 385–400.
https://doi.org/10.1080/07294360903067013
• (Reed et al., 2009)
Digital Object
Identifier (DOI)
• A digital object identifier (DOI) is a unique alphanumeric
string assigned by a registration agency (International DOI
Foundation) to identify content and provide a persistent link
to its location on the Internet (Paskin, 2010).

• The publisher assigns a DOI when your article is published

and made available electronically (Paskin, 2010).
Journal Articles (Without DOI/Print Article)
Template
• Author, A. A., Author B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year). Title of article. Title of
Journal, Volume(Issue), pages–pages.

Example
• Husain, A. N., Colby, T. V., Ordóñez, N. G., Krausz, T., Borczuk, A., Cagle,
P. T, Chirieac, L. R., Churg, A., Galeateau-Salle, F., Gibbs, A. R., Gown, A.
M., Hammar, S. P., Lizky, A. A., Roggli, V. L., Travis, W. D., & Wick, M.
R. (2009). Guidelines for pathologic diagnosis of malignant
mesothelioma. Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, 133(8),
1317–1331.
• (Husain et al., 2009)
Newspaper
Newspaper Articles (Print)
Template
• Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of article. Newspaper Title,
pages–pages.

Example
• Clark, A. (2009, August 9). Apartment glut good for students, bad for
owners. The Gainesville Sun, pp. 1A, 9A.
• (Clark, 2009)
Newspaper Articles (Online)
Template
• Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of article. Title of Newspaper. http://xxxxx

Examples
• Associated Press. (2019, October 7). Unions sue USDA seeking to halt new pork
processing rule. The New York Times.
https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2019/10/07/us/ap-us-pork-slaughter-changes.html
• (Associated Press, 2019)

• Johnson, K. (2017, January 16). Rwanda takes vital baby steps for preschool
education. East African. https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/Rwanda/News/Rwanda-takes-
vital-baby-steps-for-pre-school-education/1433218-3519704-bi37kl/index.html
• (Johnson, 2017)
Magazine
Magazine Articles (Print)
Template
• Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year, Month Day). Title
of article. Title of Magazine, Volume(Issue, if available), pages–pages.

Example
• Erim, K. T. (1967, August). Ancient Aphrodisias and its marble
treasures. National Geographic, 132(2), 280–294.
• (Erim, 1967)
Magazine Articles (Online)
Template
• Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of article. Title of Magazine,
Volume(Issue). http://xxxxx

Examples
• Tizon, A. (2017, June). My family's slave. The Atlantic, 319(5).
https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2017/06/lolas-story/524490/
• (Tizon, 2017)

• The supermarket of the future. (2017, May 23). Consumer Reports.

https://www.consumerreports.org/grocery-stores-supermarkets/supermarket-of-the-future/
• ("The Supermarket," 2017)
Documents from ERIC
Template
• Author, A. A. (Year). Title of work (ERIC Document Number). ERIC.
http://xxxxx

Example
• Asio, J. M. R., & Gadia, E. D. (2019). Awareness and understanding
of college students towards teacher bullying: Basis for policy inclusion
in the student handbook (ED595107). ERIC.
https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED595107
• (Asio & Gadia, 2019)
Online Videos (e.g. Youtube, TED)
Template
• Author, A. A. [username]. (Year, Month Day). Title of video [Video].
Website. http://xxxxx

Example 1: Full Name

• Jones, P. [patrickJMT]. (2009, October 24). Easily memorize the unit
circle [Video]. YouTube.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=03McKEg9ASA
• (Jones, 2009, 1:15)
Online Videos (e.g. Youtube, TED)
Example 2: TED Talk
• Gavagan, E. (2012, April). A story about knots and surgeons [Video]. TED
Conferences.
https://www.ted.com/talks/ed_gavagan_a_story_about_knots_and_surgeons
• (Gavagan, 2012)

• TED. (2016, August 30). Suzanne Simard: How trees talk to each
other [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Un2yBgIAxYs
• (TED, 2016)
Television Episodes
Television Episodes
Template
• Writer, A. A. (Writer), & Director, B. B. (Director). (Year, Month Day).
Title of episode (Season X, Episode X) [TV series episode]. In C. C.
Executive Producer (Executive Producer), Title of TV Show. Production
Company.

Example
• Moffat, S. (Writer) & Macdonald, H. (Director). (2007, June 9). Blink
(Season 3, Episode 10) [TV series episode]. In R. T. Davies (Executive
Producer), Doctor Who. BBC Studios.
• (Moffat & Macdonald, 2007)
Speech
Speeches
Example 1: In a Book
• Safire, W. (Ed.). (1997). Lend me your ears: Great speeches in history.
W.W. Norton.
• (Safire, 1997)

Example 2: Transcript on the Internet

• The Avalon Project. (n.d.). I have a dream by Martin Luther King, Jr;
August 28, 1963. Yale Law School.
http://www.usconstitution.net/dream.html
• (The Avalon Project, n.d.)
Speeches
Example 3: YouTube Video
• EDM is LIFE. (2017, January 6). I have a dream speech full video -
Martin Luther King, Jr [Video]. YouTube.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=weEb9S6YyQs
• (EDM is LIFE, 2017)

Example 4: From Vital Speeches of the Day

• Manschreck, C. L. (1971). My conscience is bound by the word of
God. Vital Speeches of the Day, 37(17), 540–545.
• (Manschreck, 1971)
Interviews
Only cite an interview if it is retrievable. If it is a personal interview that is not able to be
accessed by the reader, follow the guidelines for personal communication.

Template
• Interviewee, A. A. (Year, month day interviewed). Title of interview [Interview].
Website. http://xxxxx

Example
• Miller, C. (2019, October 7). Chanel Miller - Turning her pain into a rallying cry
with Know My Name - Extended interview [Interview]. Comedy Central.
http://www.thedailyshow.com/watch/tue-september-18-2012/salman-rushdie
• (Miller, 2019)
Podcast
Template
• Host, A. A. (Host). (Year, Month Day). Episode title (No. XX) [Audio
podcast episode]. In Title of podcast. Production Company.
http://xxxxx

Example
• Mars, R. (Host). (2019, September 30). The help-yourself city (No.
375) [Audio podcast episode]. In 99% invisible. Radiotopia.
https://99percentinvisible.org/episode/the-help-yourself-city/
• (Schmidt, 2017)
Blog Posts
Template
• Author, A. or ScreenName. (Year, Month Day). Title of blog
post. Blog Title. http://xxxxx

Example 1: Screen Name

• Headsman. (2009, August 17). 1909: Madanlal Dhingra, Indian
revolutionary. ExecutedToday.com.
http://www.executedtoday.com/2009/08/17/1909-madanlal-dhingra-
indian-revolutionary/
• (Headsman, 2009)
Government
Reports
Government Reports
Template
• Author, A. A. (Year). Title of report (Report No. xxx). Website.
http://xxxxx

Example 1: Individual Author

• Haugen, S. E. (2009). Measures of labor underutilization from the
current population survey (Working Paper No. 424). Bureau of Labor
Statistics. http://www.bls.gov/osmr/pdf/ec090020.pdf
• (Haugen, 2009)
Government Reports

Example 2: Organizational Author

For agencies that are part of a hierarchy, you can use the specific agency instead of
including the full hierarchy. If you introduce an abbreviation in your first in-text
citation, you may use that abbreviation in subsequent citations.

• National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. (2011). Your guide to anemia (NIH
Publication No. 11-7629). http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/blood/anemia-
yg.pdf
• First Time: (National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute [NHLBI], 2011)
• All Subsequent Times: (NHLBI, 2011)
Online Maps
Template
• Author, A. A. (Role). (Year). Title of map [Map]. Website. http://xxxxx

Example
• Wise, G. D. (Cartographer). (1857). Preliminary survey of the mouth
of the Apalachicola River, Florida [Map]. University of Florida.
http://www.uflib.ufl.edu/maps/MAPFLL018.JPG
• (Wise, 1857)
Lecture/PPT
Online Lecture Notes/ PowerPoint Slides
• Only include a full reference to lecture notes or class materials that
are behind a login screen (such as Canvas) if you are writing for an
audience that will be able to retrieve them. Otherwise, cite it as
a personal communication.

Template
• Author, A. A. (Year). Title of presentation [Lecture
notes or PowerPoint slides]. Website. http://xxxxx
Online Lecture Notes/ Powerpoint Slides
Examples
• Preskill, J. (n.d.). Chapter 4: Quantum entanglement [Lecture notes].
Caltech Particle Theory Group.
http://www.theory.caltech.edu/people/preskill/ph229/notes/chap4.pdf
• (Preskill, n.d.)

• Matthews, D. (2019). [Lecture notes on evaluating Internet resources].

Canvas at Santa Fe College. https://courses.sfcollege.edu/login
• (Matthews, 2019)
Images
Images (Photograph)
Template
• Photographer, A. A. (copyright year). Title of
photograph [Photograph]. Website. http://xxxxx

Example
• Zemlianichenko, A. (1997). Russian President Boris Yeltsin dancing at
a rock concert [Photograph]. The Pulitzer Prizes.
https://www.pulitzer.org/winners/alexander-zemlianichenko
• (Zemlianichenko, 1997)
Press Release
Template
• Author, A. A. or Organization. (Year). Title of press release [Press
release]. http://xxxxx

Example
• Santa Fe College. (2010). Film production classes and casting agent
coming to SF [Press release].
http://news.sfcollege.edu/read.php/2010/09/03/film-production-
classes-and-casting-agent-coming-to-sf.html
• (Santa Fe College, 2010)
Interview
Interviews
Template
• Interviewee, A. A. (Year, month day interviewed). Title of
interview [Interview]. Website. http://xxxxx

Example
• Miller, C. (2019, October 7). Chanel Miller - Turning her pain into a
rallying cry with Know My Name - Extended interview [Interview].
Comedy Central. http://www.thedailyshow.com/watch/tue-september-
18-2012/salman-rushdie
• (Miller, 2019)
Facebook
Template
• Author. (n.d.). Home [Facebook page]. Facebook. Retrieved Month
Day, Year, from http://xxxxx

Example
• Florida Memes. (n.d.). Home [Facebook page]. Facebook. Retrieved
October 8, 2019, from https://www.facebook.com/morefloridamemes/
• (Florida Memes, n.d.)
Twitter
Template
• Author, A. A. [@twittername]. (n.d.). Tweets [Twitter profile].
Retrieved Month Day, Year, from http://xxxxx

Example
• Tyson, N. G. [@neiltyson]. (n.d.). Tweets [Twitter profile]. Twitter.
Retrieved October 8, 2019, from https://twitter.com/neiltyson
• (Tyson, 2019)
Personal Communication
• Personal communication can mean letters, memos, emails,
interviews, telephone conversations, etc. that your readers will not be
able to access. Since these items are not recoverable, it is not
necessary to include in a reference list. Use parenthetical citations in
the text only.

Example
• (D. J. Matthews, personal communication, July 10, 2009)
Theses and Dissertations
Template
• Author, A.A. (Year). Title of doctoral dissertation or master's
thesis [Type, Institution]. Database/Archive Name. http://xxxxx

Example 1: Doctoral Dissertation

• Chang, S. (2009). Relationship between active leisure and active
vacations [Doctoral dissertation, University of Florida]. University of
Florida Digital Collections. http://ufdc.ufl.edu/UFE0024249/00001
• (Chang, 2009)
Theses and Dissertations
Example 2: Master's Thesis
• Njuguna, S. W. (2002). Gender education and development: Women's
quest for higher education in Kenya [Master's thesis, Morgan State
University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.
• (Njuguna, 2002)

Example 3: Only Available in Print

• Saba, D. R. (1987). Segmenting the sports market: A benefit
analysis [Unpublished Master's thesis]. Florida State University.
• (Saba, 1987)
Executive Orders
Template
• Exec. Order No. xxxxx, 3 C.F.R. Page (Year). http://xxxxx

Example
• Exec. Order No. 13588, 3 C.F.R. 281–282
(2011). https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/CFR-2012-title3-
vol1/CFR-2012-title3-vol1-eo13588
• (Exec. Order No. 13588, 2011)
Statutes
Template
• Name of the Statute/Act, Title Number Source § Section number(s)
(Year of Code Used). http://xxxx

Example 1: Federal Statute

• Mental Health Systems Act, 42 U.S.C. § 9401 (1988).
https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USCODE-2017-
title42/USCODE-2017-title42-chap102-sec9401
• (Mental Health Systems Act, 1988)
Statutes
Example 2: State Statute
• Florida Patient's Bill of Rights and Responsibilities, Fla. Stat. § 381.026
(1991 & rev. 2017).
http://www.leg.state.fl.us/Statutes/index.cfm?App_mode=Display_Statute&
URL=0300-0399/0381/Sections/0381.026.html
• (Florida Patient's Bill of Rights and Responsibilities, 1991/2017)

This statute was originally codified in 1991 and was last updated in
2017, so both dates are included.
APA 7th Edition
Intext Citations
ADRIAN V. PROTACIO, PhD
Professor
Parenthetical Citations
• A parenthetical citation encompasses the components of the
in-text citation in parentheses at the end of the sentence, prior
to the closing period. This should mostly be used for
paraphrasing, and typically not for direct quotes alone.
Parenthetical Citations
Template
• Recall that a page number is not necessary for paraphrasing, but is
encouraged.
• (Author, Date, p. X)

Examples
• Most college students are limited in their research experience to using
Google and struggle to learn how to effectively navigate and use the
wide variety of resources available to them (Head, 2013).
Parenthetical Citations
Examples
• Researchers have cautioned that flipped instruction needs to be
carefully designed, both in overall pedagogical design (Banks &
Henderson, 2019) and in the design of instructional
videos (Obradovich et al., 2015).
• Moreover, Standard II.5.2 explains that school psychologists "do not
promote or condone the use of restricted psychological and
educational tests…by individuals who are not qualified to use
them" (NASP, 2010, p. 9).
Narrative Citations
• Narrative citations are the preferred method of citing quotes.
You may also use them for paraphrasing or summarizing. The
strength of narrative citations is that it flows better for a
reader.
• A narrative citation weaves in the author's name(s) into the
text, and then adds in the year in parentheses. The page
number will bookend the quote at the end.
Narrative Citations
Template
• Last name (Year) ... "quote" or paraphrase (p. X).

Examples
• According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2011),
rates for pregnancy, STDs and abortion are much higher in the US
than in other industrialized countries (para. 1).
Narrative Citations
Examples
• Pink (2009) explains that "rewards, by their very nature, narrow our
focus. That’s helpful when there’s a clear path to a solution" (p. 42).
• Valenas et al. (2017) explored the impact of attentional bias and
rumination on test anxiety in first-year university students.
Combining Citations
• To include two or more different resources in one citation, use a
semicolon to separate them:

• Poor empathy development has been associated with negative

outcomes including increased aggression, poorer quality relationships,
and psychopathology across development (Batanova & Loukas, 2014;
Gambin & Sharp, 2016).
 References
American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the
American Psychological Association (7th ed.).
https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000

Charleston Southern University. (2020, March 19). APA 7th edition –

Citation guide.
https://libraryguides.csuniv.edu/c.php?g=980440&p=7089911

Guiliano, T. (n.d.). APA style: 7th edition common reference examples guide.
https://apastyle.apa.org/instructional-aids/reference-examples.pdf
 Reference
Paskin, N. (2010). Digital object identifier (DOI®) system. Encyclopedia of
library and information sciences, 3, 1586-1592. http://0-
www.doi.org.library.touro.edu/overview/DOI-ELIS-Paskin.pdf