3 s2.0 B9780124159952000271 Main

Index
A in noise-exploitation in Air Force Research Laboratory, 109

AAO. See Anodic alumina neuromorphic sensors, 48–49 Airborne compass, sky polarization
Aberrations supervisory programs and, 431–432 and, 224–229
Fourier optics and, 14–15 Adaptive growth, 348–350 Airfoils, 116, 122, 127–128
in optics, 9–10 Adenosine diphosphate (ADP), drag polars of, 113–114, 116
PSF and, 12 143–144 Reynolds number and, 113–116
tolerance of, 14–15 Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), from rigid-link actuators, 87
ABS. See Acrylonitrile butadiene 140–144 shape and morphing control of,
styrene Adhesion 87–90
ACC. See Amorphous calcium bio-adhesives and, 148–149 Airframes, 118–128
carbonate molecules, 207 Airy disk, 5–7, 12–13
Accelerometers, 83–84, 113 self-cleaning and, 359–360 Alanine, 61, 260
Acetic acid, 149–150 tension, 212–213 ALD. See Atomic layer deposition
Acetylcholine (ACh), 143 well defined surface chemistry ALE. See Atomic layer epitaxy
N-acetylglucosamine, 147–148 and, 204 Alginate, 164–165
ACh. See Acetylcholine wettability and, 201–202 Aliasing, 4, 16
Acheta domestica. See Cricket ADP. See Adenosine diphosphate Alignment rule, for birds navigation
Achromatic lens, 9–10 Adsorption, 213 in large groups, 335
ACL. See Anterior cruciate ligament mapping, 212–214 Allogeneic, 162, 166, 178
Acoustic sensors, 49–50, 84 of protein, 196–198, 212–214 Allografts, 162
Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene recognition-of-the-fittest effect Alloys, 59–60, 82
(ABS), 66 and, 207 Alpha motoneurons, 97
Actin, 141–142 wettability and, 201–202 Alpine chamois, xxi
Action potential, 39–44, 96–97, Advanced Fiber-Based Materials Alumina, 66, 69–70, 351–352, 366, 416
142, 144 (AFBM), 257 Aluminum oxide, 68–70, 401–402, 408,
Activation state, 97 Advanced Research Projects Agency 412, 415
Active compliance, by actuators, 85 (ARPA), 108 Amenable to comprehension
Active movement, 95–96 Aerobic phase, of ATP to ADP biological response, 207
Activity detection, 85–86 process, 144 Ammonium tetrachloroaurate
Actuators Aerodynamics hydrate, 149–150
antagonistic, 87 of microflyers, 113–116 Amorphous calcium carbonate
biomimetic textiles and, 258 steady-state, 117 (ACC), 351
controlled compliance and, 85 unsteady, 110–111, 116–118, 122, Ampholytic polymers, 147
IBMCs and, 152 125–126, 129, 131 Ampulla, 84
IPMCs and, 146, 154–156 Aeroelastic deformation, xxii, 118 Anaerobic phase, of ATP to ADP
muscles and, 84–85 Aerovironment, 108–109 process, 143–144
piezoelectric, 83, 121 AFBM. See Advanced Fiber-Based Analog interfaces, in Fourier
rigid-link, 87 Materials electronic systems, 18
for robotics, 83–85 Afferent neurons, 40 Analog-to-digital converter (A/D),
A/D. See Analog-to-digital converter AFM. See Atomic force microscope 18, 40
Adaptation African antelope, xxi Angle
GP and, 440 Agonist muscles, 84–85 of attack, 126
light, motion detection and, 26 Agrilus planipennis, 397 of incidence, 10, 122
449
450 INDEX
of reflection, 10 Application specific integrated circuit Autopilot, 237, 241

of refraction, 10 (ASIC), 53 Autotransplantation, of great
Angular FOV, 8–9 Apposition eye, 19, 21–22 saphenous vein, 162–163
Angular spatial frequency, 15–16 Apteronotus albifrons. See Electric fish Axial distance, 3
Animal behavior. See specific animals Aragonite, 61, 276, 350–351 Axon, 39
Animals. See also specific animal types ARCs. See Antireflection coatings
or species Arctic tern, xx B
flight by, 116–118 Aristolochia macrophylla. See Liana Background color, 295–296
hair fibers of, 248 Armor composite material, 257–258 Bamboo, 256–257
Olympians of Army ants, 341–342 Band gap. See Photonic band gap
diving for, xxii ARPA. See Advanced Research Bandwidth, 18
high jump for, xxi–xxii Projects Agency Bang-bang control, 91
high-altitude training for, xxi Art, GP and, 441 Bankruptcy, 441
introduction to, xix Arthroplasty, 191 Bar-headed goose, xxi
long jump for, xxi–xxii Artificial intelligence, 431 Bar-tailed godwit, xx
long-distance events for, xix–xxi Artificial muscle. See Muscle Basic fibroblast growth factor
middle-distance events for, Artificial neural networks, 85 (bFGF), 181
xix–xxi Ashby’s equation, 60 Bats, 117
sprints for, xix–xxi ASIC. See Application specific Batteries, in microflyers, 112–113
swimming for, xxii integrated circuit Bearings, 53–56, 112
weightlifting for, xxii–xxiii Aspect ratio, 63, 65 Beetles, 270–271, 276, 278, 290–291. See
Anna’s hummingbird, 270 ALD and, 411 also specific species
Annatto seed, 295 staggered hard materials and, 65 Bending deformation, of chitosan, 151
Anodic alumina (AAO), 416 of yarn, 248–249 Bending moment stress, 89–90
Antagonist muscles, 84–85, 96 Aspheric lens, 9–10 Berry number, 172
Antagonistic actuators, 87 Astrolabe device, 224–225 bFGF. See Basic fibroblast growth
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), Atomic force microscope (AFM), factor
162, 258 321–322 BGEBA. See Diglycidyl ether of
Anthropomorphic manipulators, Atomic layer deposition (ALD), 288, bisphenol-A
86–87 365, 394–395, 398, 401–418, Bio-adhesive, 148–149
Antimicrobials, 71 421–422 Biochromes, 278
Antireflection coatings (ARCs), 11, for aluminum oxide, 401–402 Biocompatibility, 164, 191. See also
305. See also Moth-eye ARCs biocompatibility and, 414–416 Surface modification for
close-packed, 312–313 biomimicry with, 405–411 biocompatibility
film thickness and, 305–306 future perspectives for, 416–422 ALD and, 414–416
quarter-wavelength, 305–306 introduction to, 399–404 of biomaterials, 191
refractive index and, 305–306 biomineralization and, 418–422 definition of, 191–192
self-cleaning, 321, 324–325 limiting factors of, 403–404 Williams’ four components of,
Antireflection surfaces optics and, 411–414 197–198
housefly and, 412–414 precursor costs with, 404 Biodegradable polymers, 164
introduction to, 305–308 technology of, 400–401 Bioderivation, 253
self-assembly of colloidal particles temperature and, 403–404 Bioinspiration, 109–110, 253
and, 308–312 thermal processing window of, biomimetic textiles and, 256–257
superhydrophobic coatings and, 401–402 computing from, 429–431
324–325 in vacuum, 403 for GP, 440
Antroaediatus unicolor, 259–260 wettability and, 414 with Morpho, 286–288
Ants, 337, 339–341, 430. See also specific Atomic layer epitaxy (ALE), 399–400 for moth-eye ARCs, 307–308
species ATP. See Adenosine triphosphate for navigation in large groups, 336
Aperture, 5–9, 29–30 Autogenous, 178 Biological milieu, 195–196
circular, 5, 12–14 Autografts, 162–163, 178 Biological response, 199, 207,
iris and, 19–20 Auto-immune responses, 200 209–210
PSF and, 11–12 Autologous, 162 to biomimetic surfaces, 207
Apoferritin, 408 Automatic programming, 433 to hydrophilicity, 203
Apparel, 257–258 Autonomy, 345–346 surface chemistry and, 205–206
INDEX 451
to surface interphase, 197–199 from electrospinning, 166, 174 Brazilian weevil. See Lamprocyphus
to well-defined surface chemistry, from gas foaming, 168 augustus
204–205 from hydrogels, 166, 170 Breaking plane, 345
Biomaterials from inorganic ceramics/ Breeding, 436
ALD and, 404–416 composites, 166, 180 Brick and mortar structure, 350–351
biocompatibility of, 191 introduction to, 161–165 Bridges, self-sealing of, 344
biological response to, 199 from native tissue, 166, 178–179 Brittle fracture, 63
biomimetic surfaces and, 206–207 from salt leaching, 167–168 Bulk phase, surface energy and,
definition of, 191–192 from self-assembly, 166, 177–178 193–194
interface of, 195–196 from solid free form fabrication, Bullfrog, xxi
surface of, 195–197, 207–214 166, 169–170 Burst coding, 42–43
Biomedical materials, 258 surface modification of, 180–181 Business, GP and, 441
Biomedical relevance, 208–209 from textile fiber bonding, 166, Butterfly, 281, 288, 361–366, 375, 391.
Biomimetic surfaces, 206–207 168–169 See also specific species
Biomimetics, 60. See also specific related three-dimensional fabrication for, ALD and, 412–413
topics 163–164, 166 structural colors of, 268, 270–271,
solution-based techniques for, requirements for, 164–165 276, 281
359–362 from TIPS, 166 Byssus thread, 261, 346–347
Biomimicry. See also specific related tissue regeneration, limitations of
topics current practices in, 162–163
with ALD, 405–411 Biotemplating, 362–364, 367–368 C
future perspectives for, 416–422 CEFR and, 390 Ca2+, 141, 143
introduction to, 399–404 general infiltration and, 364–367 Caching algorithms, 440–441
with biomimetic textiles, 252–253 of opal, 369 CAD. See Computer-aided design;
engineering and, 253–262 sol-gel chemistry and, 371 Coronary artery disease
empathy and, 82 solution-based technologies for, Calcium carbonate, 68–69, 276, 351
key principles of, 252–253 363–364 Calcium-phosphorus bioscaffolds,
with Morpho blue, 286–288 Birds, xx, xxii, 109–110, 278. See also 179–180
robotics and, 81–82 specific species Caltech Microbat, 120
Biomineralization, 68, 351, 404–405, navigation in large groups by, Cambered airfoils, 116
418–422 334–337 Camera eye, 1–2, 19–21
Bionics, 253 Reynolds number and, 116–117 Cantilever configuration, for IBMCs,
Biopolymer nanocomposites (IBMCs), structural colors of, 270–271, 151–152, 154
149, 151–152, 154 278–279 Capillary-Channeled Polymer
charge dynamics of, 156 Bismuth oxychloride, 295 (C-CP), 258
energy harvesters from, 152 Black Widow, 108–109 Carbodiimide (CDI), 178–179
linear irreversible thermodynamics Blainville’s beaked whales, xxii Carbon fiber polymers, 59–60
modeling for forces and fluxes Block-oriented models, 98–99 Carbon nanotubes (CNTs), SWNTs,
and, 154–156 Blood factor XII, 212–214 70, 73–74, 405–406
three-dimensional fabrication Blood plasma coagulation, 205, 207, Carboxyl group, 204
of, 149 212, 214, 342–343 Carboxylate, 275–276
Bioreplication, 359–372, 394 Blur spot, 5–7, 12, 19 Cardiac muscle, 140
ALD and, 365, 395 BMP. See Bone morphogenic protein Carding, 248
colloidal particles and, 365, 367–368 Board games, 441 Cassie state, 414
double-templating and, 376–377 Bombotelia jocosatrix. See Mango moth Catabolism, 143
of photonic crystals, 372–379 Bone, 60, 73–74, 162, 353 Catalase, 417–418
sol-gel chemistry and, 365, Bone morphogenic protein (BMP), Catalysis, 410–411
369–372 176, 206 Catheters, 191, 197–198, 201
of structural colors, 288–289, 366 Bovine tissue, 178 Cathode disintegration, 387
of weevils, 375–376 Bragg filters, 274–275, 290, 293 Cayley, George, 116
Bioresorbable materials, 163 Bragg phenomenon, 274–276, CCD. See Charge-coupled device
Bioscaffolds, 162–180, 362 279–280, 284, 290 C-CP. See Capillary-Channeled
bioactive molecule delivery Bragg reflector, 388–389 Polymer
with, 181 Braided yarns, 249 CDI. See Carbodiimide
452 INDEX
CEFR. See Coagulation. See Blood plasma Corrected optics, 10, 14–15
Conformal-evaporated-film-by- coagulation Correlation
rotation Coaxial electrospinning, 175–176 distance, 335–336
Cellulose fiber, 61–62, 254, 407–408 Code bloat, 438–439 in Σ∆ learning, 51–52
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 108 Cohesion rule, for birds navigation in in neural coding, 43–44
Centrifugation, 69, 73, 175 large groups, 335 Cosmetic-grade color additives, 295
Charge dynamics, 156 Collaborative effects, structural colors Cosmetics, 295–297
Charge-coupled device (CCD), 3–4, from, 281–282 Cotton fiber, 248, 254, 416
7, 15 Collagen, 61–62, 96, 164–165, 407 Coulomb dry friction, 66–67
Chatoyancy, 272–273 Collective decision making, 337–339 Coulombic forces, 171–172
Cheetah, xix by ants, 337 Coupled aeroelastic response, 128
Chemical colors, 268 by honeybees, 337–338 Course, 240
Chemical vapor deposition (CVD), Colloidal particles, 286, 367–368 Covalent cross-linking, 71
392–394 bioreplication of, 365, 367–368 CP. See Conductive polymers
ALD and, 394, 400–401 biotemplating and, 367 Cracks, 352–353, 365
FIB-CVD, 287–288, 394 self-assembly for, 308–312 aspect ratio and, 65
hazards of, 393–394 Langmuir–Blodgett method for, bridging, 63
laser-assisted, 393 312, 318–319 deflection, 63
low-temperature, 394 spin-coating technological in staggered hard materials,
PECVD, 306, 317–318, 393 platform for, 308 63–64
plasma-assisted, 392 sol-gel chemistry and, 371 Crayfish, 45–46
thermally activated, 393 Colony optimization, 85 Cricket, 37–38, 45–46
types of, 392–393 Colors in nature, 267–270 Crista, 84
Chemistry, GP and, 441 Columnar thin film (CTF), 388–389 Crossover, 434, 438–439
Chiral liquid crystals, 282–283 Compasses, 224–229 Cruise speed, 110, 118
Chitin, 61, 147–148, 207–214, 248, 351, Compliance, 84–85 Crystalline cone, 21–22
375–376 Composite materials, 66 Crystalline silicon, 313–319
Chitosan, 146–149, 151–153, Compound eye, 1–18, 21–22, 222, CTF. See Columnar thin film; Contrast
164–165 229–230 transfer function
three-dimensional fabrication of, Compound lens, 9–10 Curie temperature, 83
149–153 Compression algorithms, 440–441 Curved beams, 89–90
wound healing by, 147–148 Computed-torque control, 91 Cutoff frequency, 12, 14–16, 20–21
Chromatic aberrations, 9–10 Computer vision, 440–441 Cuvier’s beaked whales, xxii
Chromatic aliasing, 16 Computer-aided design (CAD), 169 CVD. See Chemical vapor
Chrysiridia rhipheus. See Sunset moth Concentration dynamics, 97 deposition
Chrysoberyl, 272 Conductive polymers (CP), 146 Cyanea lamarcki. See Jellyfish
Chrysochroa fulgidissima. See Japanese Conformal-evaporated-film-by- Cycloidal rotor, 125–128
jewel beetle rotation (CEFR), 288, 389–392 Cyprinus carpio. See Koi fish
CIA. See Central Intelligence Agency Connective tissue, 140, 144, 200 Cytoplasm, 279
Cicada, 109 Contact activation, of blood plasma
Cilia, 258–259 coagulation, 212
Circular aperture, 5, 12–14 Continuous feedback quadratic D
Circular arc profile, 116 cost-optimal control, 91 Damage sensing, of bone, 60
Circular Bragg phenomenon, 283, 290 Contractibility, of muscle, 140 Darcy permeability, 155
Circular polarization, 289 Contractile element, 144 DARPA. See Defense Advanced
Clap-fling mechanism, 117 Contrast transfer function (CTF), Research Projects Agency
Classical cosmetics, 295 12–14 Data-mining, 441
Classifier system, GP and, 433 Controlled compliance, 85 DC. See Direct current
Climate science, 441 Conventional bioscaffolds, 166–170 Decentralized control, 336, 353
Close-packed ARCs, 312–313 Converging lens, 3 Decoy, 397
Clothing, 247–248, 253 Convolution, 12 Deep fascia, 140
Clupea harengus. See Herring Cornea, 19–21, 307 Defense Advanced Research Projects
CMOS, 15 Coronary artery disease (CAD), Agency (DARPA), 108–109, 118,
CNTs. See Carbon nanotubes 162–163 120–121
INDEX 453
Deformation Dynamic interphase. See Interphase Emerald swallowtail butterfly, 283
aeroelastic, xxii, 118 Dynamic stall phenomenon, 117 Emergent structures, 333–334, 339
bending, 151 Dynamic twist angle amplitude, EMG. See Electromyography
elastic wing, 128 129–131 Empathy, 82
freeze casting and, 69–70 End plate potential (EPP), 143
sensors, 258–259 E Endomysium, 140
torsional, 127–128 EA. See Ethyl acetate Endothelium, 342
DelFly, 120–121 EAPs. See Electro-active polymers Endurance, of MAVs, 118–119
Dendrite, 39 Ears, 85–86 Energy harvester, 146, 152
Depolarization, 97, 143 Eciton burchelli. See Army ants Energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX), 413
Depth of field (DOF), 7–8 ECM. See Extracellular matrix Engineering, GP and, 441
Detector array, 15–17 EDC. See 1-ethyl-3-(3- Entertainment, GP and, 441
DEZ. See Diethylzinc dimethylaminopropyl) Enzyme mimetics, 416
Diabetes, 198 carbodiimide Epimysium, 140
Diagnostic device, 190 Edge detection, 441 EPP. See End plate potential
Dichlorophenanthrolinegold chloride, EDX. See Energy-dispersive X-ray EPSP. See Excitatory post-synaptic
149–150 Elastic transverse displacement, 93 potential
Dielectric elastomer, 145 Elastic wing deformations, 128 Eptatretus polytrema. See Hagfish
Diethylzinc (DEZ), 421–422 Elasticity Equine tissue, 178
Differential natural selection, 432, 436 of muscles, 140 Ethicon, 201
Differential-based model, for motion of spider silk, 260 Ethoxylated trimethylolpropane
detection, 23 Electrets, 145 triacrylate (ETPTA), 308,
Diffraction, 5–6, 274–275, 281 Electric fish, 37–38, 48–49 311, 320
Diffraction grating, 275, 279–281 Electrically small particles, 272–274 Ethyl acetate (EA), 258
Diffraction limit, 5–7 Electro-active polymers (EAPs), 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)
Diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A 82, 85 carbodiimide (EDC),
(BGEBA), 66 history of, 145–146 178–179
Dimensionality reduction, 85–86 Electrochemical deposition, 368–369 ETPTA. See Ethoxylated
Dimeric species, 370 Electromyography (EMG), 96–97, trimethylolpropane triacrylate
Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), 149–150 100–101, 142–145 Euler-Lagrange equations, 92–93
Dirac delta function, 11 Electron beam evaporation, 384–385 European black garden ant, 341
Direct current (DC), 91–92, 386 Electron microscopy, 269, 271–272. Evolution
for flapping-wing microflyers, 120 See also Scanning electron GP and, 440
Direct deposition, 69, 72–73 microscope; Transmission robotic motion control and, 91
Disk loading, 125 electron microscopy sensors and, 85
Displacement versus voltage, 152 Electron microscopy-energy dispersive Evolutionary algorithm,
Diving, for animal Olympians, xxii X-ray spectroscopy (TEM-EDX), 430–432, 436
DMSO. See Dimethyl sulfoxide 418–420 Evolutionary computing. See also
DNA, 73, 405 Electronic systems, 17–18, 113 Genetic algorithms; Genetic
DOF. See Depth of field Electron-trapping effect, 386–387 programming
Double-templating, 376–377 Electrorestrictive materials, 83 history and variants of, 431
Dow Corning, 200 Electrorheological fluids, 82 Evolutionary programming, 432
Downwash, 126–127 Electrospinning, 173, 175–176, 258 Evolutionary strategies, 432
Drag polar, 113–114, 116 bioscaffolds from, 166, 171–176 Evolvability, robustness and, 439
Dragline silk, 260 for blend and composite nanofibers, Excitability, of muscle, 140
Dragonfly, 108, 230–231 174–175 Excitatory post-synaptic potential
compound eyes of, 229–230 with centrifugation, 175 (EPSP), 41–42
head of, 222–223 Elementary motion detectors Expression tree, 434–436
ocelli of, 222, 229–237 (EMDs), 30 Extensibility, of muscle, 140
structural colors of, 272 Elephant seal, xxii Extensors, 85
Dry etching, 316–319 Elytron. See Lamprocyphus augustus Extracellular matrix (ECM), 163,
Dry-lay process, 251 EMDs. See Elementary motion 165–167, 170, 177–180, 258
Dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC), detectors Eyes, 2–18, 85–86. See also specific types
406–407, 410–411 Emerald ash borer, 397 Eye-shine, 230–231
454 INDEX
F Flat tablets, 64–65 Full-state feedback control laws, 92

Fabric, 255–256, 293, 407–408 Flax, 254 Functional materials, 359
Far-field acoustic model, 49–51 Flea, xxi–xxii Fused deposition method (FDM), 169
Fascia, contractile elements in, 144 Flexibility Fuzzy logic, 85
Fast twitch fiber, 97–98 CVD and, 393 Fuzzy set, 91
FDM. See Fused deposition method in robotics, 91–92 Fuzzy system, 441
Feathers. See Birds with self-healing, 347
Feature extraction, 85–86
surface modification for G
biocompatibility and, 201 GA. See Genetic algorithms
Felts, 248
Flexors, 85 GaAs, 319–320
Ferroelectric relaxer polymers, 145
Flexure hinges, in microflyers, 112 GAGs. See Glycosaminoglycans
Ferro-gels, 145
Flight control. See Optical sensors for Gas discharge surface treatment,
FGF. See Fibroblast growth factor
flight control 202–203
FIB-CVD. See Focused
Flip mechanism, 117 Gas foaming, 166, 168
ion-beam-chemical-vapor-
Flock coordination, 335–336 GaSb, 319–320
deposition
Flotor, 125 Gaussian lens equation, 3
Fibers, 166, 168–169, 248–249, 253–255.
Fly eye. See Housefly Gaussian spatial sampling, 16–17
See also specific types
Fly on the wall, 108 Gecko, 257, 360–361
ALD and, 407
F-number, 7 Gel casting, 69, 73
nonwoven fabrics and, 251
Focal length, 3, 13 Gelatin, 164–165
with structural colors, 292–294
Focal plane, 12 Gel-based ionic polymer conductor
Fibrils, 144 Focal plane array (FPA), 3–4, 15–16, composites, 147
Fibrin, 342 18–19, 21 General infiltration, 364–367, 377–378,
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF), 176 Focused ion-beam-chemical-vapor- 418–421
Fibronectin, 163 deposition (FIB-CVD), Generalized model, of motion
Field of view (FOV), 8–9, 230–231 287–288, 394 detection, 24
angular, 8–9 Force density, of IBMCs, 153 Generation procedures, 431–432
Field-programmable gate array Forearm, 86–87 Genetic algorithms (GA), 91,
(FPGA), 55–56 Fourier optics, 11–18 431–432
Filiform hairs, 258–259 aberrations and, 14–15 GP and, 436–438
Filters contrast transfer function and, optimizing function and, 436–437
Bragg, 274–275, 290, 293 12–14 search spaces and, 437–438
evolution of, 441 detector arrays and, 15–17 sensors and, 85
KF, 92, 98–99, 113 (See also electronic systems in, 17–18 Genetic programming (GP), 437–441
Unscented Kalman filter) photodetectors in, 15–17 advances and state-of-art for,
UKF, 92–94, 99–101 PSF and, 11–12 438–440
Finance, GP and, 441 spatial frequencies and, 4–5 applications for, 440–442
Fire ants, 341 Fourier transform, of self-assembly for bioinspiration for, 440
Fish, 270–271, 279, 334, 336. See also colloidal particles, 308–309 classifier system and, 433
specific species FOV. See Field of view code bloat in, 438–439
Fitness measure, GP and, 433–437 Fovea, 20–21 crossover in, 438–439
Fitness proportional selection, 436 Foveated vision, 2 development and, 440
Fixed-wing MAVs, 108–109, 118 FPA. See Focal plane array differential natural selection
Flagelliform silks, 260 FPGA. See Field-programmable gate and, 436
Flapping cycle, 130–131 array fitness measure and, 433–434,
Flapping rotors, 122–125 Fracture toughness, 64–65 436–437
Flapping wings, 119 Frame grabber, 18 GA and, 436–438
coupled aeroelastic response of, 128 Fraunhofer approximation, 11–12 history, principles, and methods of,
of insects, xxii Freestream velocity, 124 433–438
MAVs with, 121, 124 Freeze casting, 69–70 human-competitiveness and,
microflyers with, 120–121, 129 Froghopper, xxii 442–443
of natural flyers, 116–117 Frontal zone, in crack faces, 63 mutation in, 434
Reynolds number and, 119–120 Fruit fly, 117, 390 pattern recognition in, 441
rotary-wings and, 119–120 F-stop, 7 reproduction in, 434
INDEX 455
Genotype, 439 size effects for, 65–66 Hydrochloric acid, 149–150
Glass, 68–69, 208, 273–274, 306 staggered arrangement for, 61–66 Hydrogel, 166, 170
Global Positioning System (GPS), stiffness of, 62–63 Hydrogen bond, 72, 195–196, 204–205
224–225, 241–243 strength of, 63 Hydrophilicity, 196–197, 202–204, 208,
Glucosamine, 148 template-assisted fabrication for, 360, 367
Glucose sensor, 198 73–74 biological response to, 203
Glycine, 61, 260 toughness of, 63–64 Hydrophobicity, 196–197, 202–203,
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), Hawkmoth, 117, 119–120 360, 414
178–179 Healthcare pyramid, 189–191, 198 Hydroxyapatite (HA), 68–69, 73–74,
Godwit, xx Heart valves, 178, 191 164, 180, 415–416
Goodness, of MTF, 12–13 Hebbian rule, 48–49 Hydroxyl group, 204
Goose, xxi Heddle, 256 Hyperacuity. See Motion hyperacuity
GP. See Genetic programming Height, optical sensors for flight Hyperfocal distance, 8
GPS. See Global Positioning System control and, 239–240 Hypolimnas anomala, 281
Grackles, 278–279 Hemianax papuensis. See Dragonfly Hysteresis, 83, 101, 117
Gradient index (GRIN), 29–30 Hemostasis, 342 H-zone, 141–142
Graffiti, 341 Hemp, 254
Graphite, 66, 68–69 Heparin, 181, 207 I
Great Flight Diagram, 110–111 Herring, 279 IAAF. See International Association of
Great saphenous vein, 162–163 Hexamethylene diisocyanate (HMDI), Athletics Federation
Great white shark, xxii 178–179 IBAD. See Ion-beam-assisted
Green weevil. See Lamprocyphus High jump, for animal Olympians, deposition
augustus xxi–xxii IBMCs. See Biopolymer
Green-sensitive sensors, 234–235 High-altitude training, for animal nanocomposites
Griffith criterion, 65 Olympians, xxi Ice-templating, 351–352
GRIN. See Gradient index Hill-type function, 97–98 If-then-rule, 433
Guanine, 279, 284, 295 Hinges, in microflyers, 112 Image distance, 3–5
Gyrocompasses, 224–225 HMDI. See Hexamethylene Image sampling, 16
Gyros, in microflyers, 113 diisocyanate Imaging
Gyroscopes, 83–84, 133 Hollow replicas, 364 nacreous pigments in, 297
Honeybees, 26–27, 337–338 vision sensors and, 2–18
H Horseshoe crab, 26 Impedance, 96
H∞ control, 92–95 Host, biocompatibility and, 191 Implants, 191
H2 control, 92–93 Housefly, 2, 21, 26–29, 412–414 Inclinometers, 83–84
HA. See Hyaluronic acid; Hovering, by MAVs, 118–120 Inclusions, in hard materials, 65
Hydroxyapatite Human adipose-derived adult stem Indian peafowl, 270–271
hADSC. See Human adipose-derived cells (hADSC), 416 Indium tin oxide (ITO), 307
adult stem cells Human limbs Infiltration. See General infiltration
Hageman factor. See Blood factor XII movement of, 86 Infinite Color, 296–297
Hagfish, 260–261 prosthesis and orthotics for, 95–101 Inhibitory coupling, 47
Hair fibers, 248 tendon length dynamics Inhibitory post-synaptic potential
Hairtail, 279 modeling for, 98 (IPSP), 41–42
Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equation, rotation of, UKF and, 100–101 Injectable bioscaffolds, 163–164, 166
91–92 three-link serial manipulator for, Ink-jet deposition, 73
Hard materials, 65, 69, 70, 73 92–93 Inkjet printing, of Bragg Filters, 293
from centrifugation, 69, 73 Human-competitiveness, 442–443 Inner ear, 83–84
design guidelines for, 61–66 Hummingbird, xx, 109, 120–121, Inorganic ceramics/composites,
from direct deposition, 72–73 270–271 166, 180
fabrication of, 66–67 Hyaluronan, 164–165 Insects. See also specific species
from LBL, 70–72 Hyaluronic acid (HA), 179 brains of, 2
in macro-scale, 66–67 Hybrid 3D bioscaffolds, 163–164 clap-fling mechanism in, 117
at micro-scale, 67–74 Hybrid materials, 59–60, 69–70, 165, compound eyes of, 2, 222
at nano-scale, 67–74 362, 402–403 eyes of, 2, 21–22
from shearing, 69, 73 Hydrocephalus, 151 lift coefficient for, 117
456 INDEX
microflyers and, 109–110 Joints, 86–87 Liana, 344

Reynolds number and, 116–117 Joule effect, 384 Libellula pulchella. See Dragonfly
robotics and, 336 Lift
sky polarization and, 224
structural colors of, 270–271
K dynamic twist angle amplitude
and, 129–131
Kalman filter (KF), 92, 98–99, 113. See
vision of, 221–222 flapping cycle and, 130–131
also Unscented Kalman filter
structure of world with, 223–224 rotational, 118
Keratin, 278–279
wing flapping of, xxii Lift coefficient, 116–117
KF. See Kalman filter
Instantaneous spiking-rate, 42 Lift to drag ratio (L/D), 118
Kingfisher, xxii
Integrate-and-fire model, for noise- Light adaptation, motion detection
Knitted yarns, 249
shaping, 46–47 and, 26
Knoller–Betz effect, 124
Interaction distance, 335–336 Light emitting diode (LED), 179
KOH. See Potassium hydroxide
Inter-aural time difference (ITD), 49 Limulus polyphemus. See Horseshoe
Koi fish, 279, 284
Interest point detection, 441 crab
Kutta condition, 115–116
Interfaces Line pairs per millimeter (lp/mm), 14
of biomaterials, 195–196 Linear discriminate analysis (LDA),
freeze casting and, 69–70 L 85–86
LBL and, 71 Labradorite, 277 Linear irreversible thermodynamics
in natural composites, 60–61, 66 Lagrangian formulation, 92–93 modeling for forces and fluxes,
strain hardening at, 64–65 Lamina, 27–28 154–156
Interference Laminated composite material, 66 Linear stress-strain relations, 93
multilayers and, 270–271 Laminin, 163 Linen, 254
structural colors and, 276, 278 Lamprocyphus augustus, 270, 283, Linkages, in microflyers, 112
International Association of Athletics 372–373, 375 LiPoly batteries, 112–113
Federation (IAAF), xx Lamprolenis nitida, 281 Liquid crystal elastomer (LCE), 145
Interommatidial angle, 21–22 Langmuir–Blodgett method, 289, 312, LISP, 433–434
Interphase, of surface, 196–199 318–319 Littering, 341
Interpretability, of biomaterial Large construction coordination, Lizards, 334, 345–346
surfaces, 208–209 339–341 Load cells, 153
Intestine, 178 Laser ablation. See Pulsed laser Load transfer, 64–65, 70–71
Inverse Fourier transform, 13–14 deposition Localization. See Neuromorphic
Ion transport, 147 Laser-assisted CVD, 393 acoustic source localizer
Ion-beam-assisted deposition Lasers, 306 Lockheed Martin, 108–109,
(IBAD), 388 Lasius niger. See European black 121–122
Ion-containing macromolecular garden ant Locusts, 222
networks, 150 Lateral inhibition, 26, 40–41, 51–52 Log transform-subtraction-
Ionic polyelectrolytes, 147 Latex spheres, 284–286 multiplication cellular-based
Ionic polymer gels (IPG), 145 Layer by layer assembly (LBL), 69–73, algorithm, 26
Ionic polymer-metal composites 289, 293 Long jump, for animal Olympians,
(IPMCs), 146–149, 154–156 LCE. See Liquid crystal elastomer xxi–xxii
IPG. See Ionic polymer gels L/D. See Lift to drag ratio Long-distance events, for animal
IPMCs. See Ionic polymer-metal LDA. See Linear discriminate analysis Olympians, xix–xxi
composites Lead zirconate titanate (PZT), 83, 89 Longhorn beetle, 276, 278
IPSP. See Inhibitory post-synaptic Lead-magnesiumniobate (PbMgN), 83 Long-term depression (LTD), 48
potential Learning, 85 Long-term potentiation (LTP), 48
Iris, 19–20 GP and, 440 Looms, 250, 255–256
Isometric contraction, 142 machine, 430, 433 L’ORÉAL Art & Science of Color
ITD. See Inter-aural time difference in noise-exploitation in Prizes, 272
ITO. See Indium tin oxide neuromorphic sensors, 48–49 Los Alamos National Laboratory, 108
robotic motion control and, 91 Lotus leaf, 359–360
J LED. See Light emitting diode
Lepidopus caudatus. See Ribbonfish
Low-temperature co-fired ceramics
Japanese jewel beetle, 275–276 (LTCC), 30
Leptothorax tuberointerruptus. See Ants Low-temperature CVD, 394
Jellyfish, 272
Lewis acid/base functionalities, 204 lp/mm. See Line pairs per millimeter
Jet elongation, 171–172
INDEX 457
LTCC. See Low-temperature co-fired Metal alkoxides, 369 Modulation transfer function (MTF),
ceramics Metal infiltration, 368–369 12–17
LTD. See Long-term depression Mettler load cells, 153 Molecular beam epitaxy (MBE),
LTP. See Long-term potentiation MFI. See Micromechanical Flying 395–396
LuMAV, 108–109 Insect Molecular layer deposition (MLD),
Lyapunov functions, 92 Mica, 68–69, 296 402–403
Micro air vehicle (MAV), 107–108, Mollusk shells, 60–61, 350
M 118–120 Monarch butterfly, xx
Machine learning, 430, 433 design requirements for, 108–109 Monochromatic aberrations, 9–10
Macro Defect-Free cement (MDF- endurance of, 118–119 Monochrome aliasing, 16
cement), 352–353 fixed-wing, 108–109, 118 Monolayers, 71–72
Macromolecular networks, 150 L/D for, 118 Montmorillonite (MTM), 68–69
Macromolecules, 70 Micro electro-mechanical systems PVA and, nacre from, 71
Magnetically activated polymers, 145 (MEMS), 113, 258–259 Morphing. See Shape and morphing
Magnetometers, 133, 224 Microairship, 108 control, of airfoil
Magnetorestrictive materials, 83 Micro-candles, 316–317 Morpho, 268, 272, 281–287,
Magnetorheological fluids, 82 Microflyers, 112–113, 125–128 291–292, 385
Mammals aerodynamics of, 113–116 alumina and, 366
eyes of, 1–2 airframes for, 118–128 bioinspiration with, 286–288
foveated vision and, 2 design space for, 110–111 biomimicry with, 286–288
spatial acuity and, 2 electronic systems in, sensors and, 297
muscles of, 139–141 miniaturization of, 113 Morphotex, 257
Maneuverability, with cycloidal energy storage for, 112–113 Mother of pearl. See Nacre
rotors, 128 flapping rotors for, 122–125 Moth-eye ARCs, 320–323
Mango moth, 269 with flapping wings, 120–121, 129 bioinspiration for, 307–308
Mass future challenges for, xxiii from crystalline silicon, 313–319
cycloidal rotors and, 127–128 introduction to, 107–110 from sc-SI
of MAVs, 118–119 magnetometers in, 133 dry etching for, 316–319
of samara type microflyers, 122 mechanical assemblies for, 111–112 wet etching for, 314–315
MATLAB, 18, 99–100 modeling for, 128–131 from sc-Si
MAVS. See Multi-Aperture Vision navigation in large groups and, dry etching for, 316–319
System 336–337 wet etching for, 314–315
MAV. See Micro air vehicle physical challenges at small scale on semiconductor wafers,
Maxwell equations, 270 for, 111–116 312–320
MBE. See Molecular beam epitaxy samaras, 121–122 sol-gel chemistry for, 323–324
MC 3T3-E1, 415–416 seeds and, 121–122 transparent, 320–324
MDD. See Melt dissolution deposition sensors for, xxii–xxiii, 113 Moths, 276–278
MDF-cement. See Macro Defect-Free stiffness with, 111–112 Motion control, 90–92, 341
cement surveillance by, 109–110 Motion detection, 23–27
Mechanical samara. See Samaras Micromechanical Flying Insect Motion hyperacuity, 22, 28–29, 31–32
Mechanoelectric effect, 154–155 (MFI), 121 Motor neurons, 140–142
Medical mediocrity, 200–201 MicroStar, by Lockheed Martin, Motor unit action potential (m.u.a.p.),
Melanin, 278–279 108–109 142–143
Melt blowing, 251 Middle-distance events, for animal Motor units, 144–145
Melt dissolution deposition Olympians, xix–xxi MSCs. See Mesenchymal stem cells
(MDD), 169 Mie scattering, 273 MTF. See Modulation transfer function
Melt electrospinning, 176 Milieu, 195–196 MTM. See Montmorillonite
Membrane potential, 44–45 Mineralization. See Biomineralization MU. See Motor units
Memory, in acoustic sensors, 84 Mitochondria, 141 m.u.a.p. See Motor unit action
MEMS. See Micro electro-mechanical Mixture theory, 153–154 potential
systems MLD. See Molecular layer deposition Multi-Aperture Vision System
Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC), Mode-I fracture toughness, 64–65 (MAVS), 29–30
165, 180 Model predictive control, 91–92 Multicrystalline silicone moth-eye
Mesothemis simplicicollis. See Dragonfly Modeling, in GP, 441 ARCs, 318–319
458 INDEX
Multilayers Nacreous pigments, 268–270, 294–297 Neuromuscular action potentials,

Formation of, 350–353, 394 Nafion, 149–153, 156 96–97
interference and, 270–271 Nano Air Vehicle (NAV), 109 Neurons, 39
thin film and, 269 Nano4Bio, 390–391 action potential models of, 41–44
Multilink serial manipulator Nanoactuators, 146–147 alpha motoneurons, 97
modeling, 92 Nanoclusters, 147 motor, 140–142
Multiple-lens optical systems, 10 Nanofibers, 258–259 noise with, 44
Murmuration, 334–335 Nanofibrous bioscaffolds, 166, 170–178 noise-shaping and, 46
Musca domestica. See Housefly Nanolithography, 307–308 Neutral evolution, 439
Muscle, 84–85, 144, 258 Nanoparticles, 362, 365, 367–368, 371 Nissan, 292
activation dynamics modeling ALD and, 417–418 Nitric acid, 149–150
of, 97 LBL and, 70 NMR. See Nuclear magnetic resonance
activation modeling, 95–96 template-assisted fabrication for, 73 Noise
contractibility of, 140 Nanopillars, 317–319, 324–325 with neurons, 44
contraction of, 141–142 Nanoribbons, 406–407 in retina, 44
dynamic system parameter Nanosensors, 146–147 sensors and, 84
identification, 98–101 Native tissue derived, 166, 178–179 Noise-exploitation, 44–48
Natural composites, interfaces in, in neuromorphic sensors, 48–56
elasticity of, 140
60–61, 64–66 sarcoplasmic reticulum and, 44–46
excitability of, 140
Natural fibers, 254–255 Noise-shaping, 39, 46–48
extensibility of, 140
Natural polymers, 164–165, 169–170 Nonionic polymer gels, 145
fiber, 141, 144
Nonlinear elastic effects, 91–92
of mammals, 139–141 Natural selection. See Differential
Nonlinear optimal control, 92, 95
moment generation modeling, natural selection
Nonlinear strain-displacement
97–98 Nautilus shell, 276–277
equations, 93
stiffness of, 96 NAV. See Nano Air Vehicle
Nonwoven fabrics, 251
tendons and, 96 Navier–Stokes equations, 113, 128–129
Notonecta glauca. See Water beetle
tone, 142 Navigation, 30. See also Optical
NP. See Nernst–Planck equations
Muscular biopolymers, 139–149, sensors for flight control
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR),
153–157 in large groups, self-organization
147–148, 260, 418–420
Music, GP and, 441 and, 334–337
Numerical aperture (NA), 7
Mussels, 261–262, 346 motion detection and, 26–27
Nylon, 251
Mutation, 431–432, 434 optical flow and, 23, 30, 237–242
Myofibrils, 141–142 GPS and, 243
Myology, 139–140 polarization sensors for, 224–229,
231–232
O
Myosin, 141–142 OAD. See Oblique-angle deposition
Mytilus spp. See Mussels for UAVs, 230 Object detection, 441
Nearest-neighbor interactions, Object distance, 3–5, 8–9
193–194
N Needle electrode, 143
Oblique-angle deposition (OAD),
388–389
NA. See Numerical aperture Negative replicas, 364, 376–377 Ocelli, 222, 229–237
Nacre, 61, 350, 352–353 Nephila calvipes, 259–260 Octadecyltrichlorosilane (ODTS), 408
art applications for, 291 Nernst equation, 97 Oligopeptides, 164
biomineralization of, 351 Nernst–Planck equations, 153–154, Oligosaccharide, 164
crack propagation in, 63 156–157 Olympians. See Animals
from freeze casting, 70 Nerve fibers, 97 Omega load cells, 153
hard material fabrication and, 66 Neural coding, 41–44 Ommatidia, 21–22, 28, 222–224
from LBL, 70–71 Neural networks, 85, 91, 430 On-off controls, 91
multilayer formation of, 350 Neural superposition eye, 19, 21–22, Onsager formulation, 154–155
from PVA/MTM, 71 27, 30–32 Opal, 279–280, 284, 369
self-sealing with, 334 Neurobiological sensory system, Optic disk, 20
stress-strain behavior of, 61 39–44 Optical flow, 23, 30
structural colors of, 276 Neuromorphic acoustic source GPS and, 243
tablets in, 65 localizer, 49–51, 54 optical sensors for flight control
toughness of, 61, 63–64, 350, 352–353 Neuromorphic sensors, 48–56 and, 237–242
INDEX 459
Optical infinity, 3, 8–9 Passive compliance, 85 Physical colors. See Structural colors
Optical sensing, 297 Passive movement, 95–96 Physical vapor deposition (PVD), 289,
Optical sensors for flight control Path tracking motion control, 90–91 384–392
course and, 240 Pattern recognition, in GP, 441 Physics, GP and, 441
flight test for, 237, 240–242 Paua shell, 291 Pierella luna, 281
height and, 239–240 Pavo cristatus. See Indian peafowl Piezoelectric actuators, 83, 121, 124
introduction to, 221–223 PbMgN. See Lead-magnesiumniobate Pigmental colors, 268, 372
ocelli attitude reference for, 229–237 PC. See Polycarbonate PIV. See Particle Image Velocimetry
optical flow and, 237–242 PCA. See Principal component Pixels, 7, 29
signal processing for, 232–235 analysis PLA. See Poly-lactic acid
static test for, 235–237 PCF. See Pair correlation function Plain weave, 250, 260
Optical spectroscopy, 209 PDMS. See Poly(dimethylsiloxane) Plasma technology. See Gas discharge
Optical transfer function (OTF), 12–15 Peacock. See Indian peafowl surface treatment
Optics, 8–9, 376–378. See also Pearl, 276–277 Plasma-assisted CVD, 392
Antireflection coatings; Fourier PECVD. See Plasma-enhanced Plasma-enhanced chemical vapor
optics chemical vapor deposition deposition (PECVD), 306,
aberrations in, 9–10 PEG. See Poly-ethylene glycol 317–318, 393
ALD and, 411–414 Pellethane, 201 Plasticity, in electric fish, 48
aperture and, 5–7 Peptides, 170, 177, 405–406 Platelet, 342
corrected, 10, 14–15 Peregrine falcon, xix Platinum, 150, 416
DOF and, 7–8 Perfluorinated sulfonic Play of colors, 269, 279–280
Fourier optics, 11–18 membranes, 147 PLD. See Pulsed laser deposition
photonic crystals and, 376–379 Perfluoroionomers, 147 PLGA. See Poly-lactide-co-glycolide
recommended approach with, 18 Plunging velocity, 124
Perfluoropolyether (PFPE), 369
reflection and, 10–11
Pericardium, 178 PMMA. See Poly(methyl methacrylate)
refraction and, 10–11
Perimysium, 140 Pneumatic muscle, 258
TOMBO, 29–30
Periodic multilayered reflectors, Point spread function (PSF), 11–16
for vision sensors, 3–11
276–279 Point tracking system, 29–30
Optimizing function, GA and, 436–437
Periodicity, with structural Point-to-point motion control, 90–91
Organic fiber, 253–254
colors, 275 Poisson equation, 157
Ormia orchaecea. See Parasitoid fly
Perturbation equations, 93 Poisson–Nernst–Planck equations,
Ornicopter, 124
PE. See Polyelectrolyte 155–157
Orthopedic implants, 191
PFPE. See Perfluoropolyether Poisson’s effect, 146
Orthotics. See Human limbs
PGA. See Polyglycolide Poisson’s ratio, 60
Oscillatory pitching, 122
Phase pulse code, 43–44 Polarization
OTF. See Optical transfer function
Phase separation, LBL and, 71 circular, 289
P Phased-based models, for motion
detection, 24
sensitivity, 222–224
sky, 224–229
Paddlefish, 37–38, 46
Phenotype, 439 STF and, 388
Pair correlation function (PCF),
Phosphate group, 143–144 Polarization sensor, 224, 230
311–312
Photocatalytic efficiency, 407 flight test with, 229
PAMPS. See Poly(2-acrylamido-2-
Photodetector, 7, 10–11, 15–17 processing by, 225–229
methyl-1-propane sulfonic) acid
Photodiode amplifier, 225–226 stabilization with, 231–232
PAN. See Polyacrylonitrile
Photonic band gap, 372–376, 378 Poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS), 320,
Panoramic scanning device, 223
Photonic crystals, 275–276, 372–376, 323, 369
Papilio blumei, 412
378, 412 Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA),
Papilio palinurus. See Emerald
swallowtail butterfly bioreplication of, 372–379 66–70, 306–308, 351–352, 369
Parasitoid fly, 37–38, 49–50, 53–54 optics and, 376–379 Poly(2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-
Parrots, 273 structural colors from, propane sulfonic) acid
Particle arrays, 284–287 282–283, 372 (PAMPS), 146
Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV), weevils and, 375–376 Polyacrylonitrile (PAN), 145–146
127–128 Photoreceptors, 20–21, 24–25, 27–28 Polyamide, 292
Particle swarm optimization, 85 Physarum polycephalum. See Slime Polyampholytes, 147
Passive, autorotative MAVs, 108, 125 molds Polyanhydrides, 164
460 INDEX
Polycarbonate (PC), 68–69, 306 Potassium, 39–40 Rate-based encoding, 42–43

Polychaeta, 411 Potassium hydroxide (KOH), 306 Rayleigh Atmosphere model, 224
Polyelectrolytes (PEs), 68–70 Power stroke, 141–142 Rayleigh criterion, 5–7
Polyesters, 251, 292 pPy. See Polypyrrole Rayleigh scattering, 224, 272–274
Poly-ethylene glycol (PEG), 170, 179 Pre-synaptic neurons, 41–42 RCWA. See Rigorous coupled wave
Polyethyleneimine, 293 Principal component analysis (PCA), approach
Polyglycolide (PGA), 164 85–86 Reactive ion etching (RIE), 306,
Polyimide, 112 Procambarus clarkii. See Crayfish 316–317
Poly-lactic acid (PLA), 176 Process zone, in crack faces, 63 Reactive sputtering, 387
Poly-lactide-co-glycolide (PLGA), 174, Progressive sliding, 64–65 Receptive field, 39
180–181 Pronghorn antelope, xix–xx Recognition-of-the-fittest effect, 207
Polymer by reduction/oxidation Propulsive efficiency curve, 129–130 Recruitment, of motor units, 144–145
(REDOX), 147–150 Prostatectomy, 84 Red kangaroo, xxi
Polymers, 59–60, 68–69. See also specific Prosthesis. See Human limbs REDOX. See Polymer by reduction/
polymers or types Protective equipment, 257–258 oxidation
ALD and, 404–405 Protein, 195–196 Reduced eye model, 20
biodegradable, 164 adsorption of, 196 Reflection, 10–11
fibers and, 254–255 adsorption mapping for, 212–214 photodetectors and, 10–11
moth-eye broadband ARCs and, Williams’ four components of Reflection high-energy electron
320–323 biocompatibility and, 197–198 diffraction (RHEED), 395–396
in nature, 60–61 biological milieu and, 196 Refraction, 10–11, 19
oxidation of, 208 concentration, within surface Refractive cornea eye. See Camera eye
piping, 176 interphase, 196 Refractive index, 9–10, 279, 305–306,
platelets, from gel casting, 73 vicinal water chemistry and, 372, 375–376
in samaras, 122 195–196 Refractory period, with action
self-healing by, 343–344, 346–348 Proteome, 195 potential, 39–40
template-assisted fabrication for, 73 Protista, 348 Region-based matching models, for
template-filtration of, 369 PSF. See Point spread function motion detection, 23
yarn and, 248–249 Pterosaur model, 129 Regularization operator, 51–52
Polyodon spathula. See Paddlefish PTFE. See Polytetrafluoroethylene Removal bias, 438–439
Polyorthoesters, 164 Pudas, 30 Representative volume element (RVE),
Polypyrrole (pPy), 146, 258–259 Pull-out fracture, 63 62–63
Polystyrene, 202–203, 258, 275–276 Pulsed laser deposition (PLD), Reproduction, in GP, 434
Polystyrene-β-(ethylene-co-butylene)- 387–388 Resampling, in Fourier electronic
β-styrene (SEBS), 258 Pupil, 19–20 systems, 18
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE, PVA. See Polyvinylalcohol Resilin, xxii
Teflon), 147 PVD. See Physical vapor deposition Resolution, 20–21, 29
Polyurethane, 201, 344 PVDF. See Polyvinylidene fluoride Responsive material, 258–259
Polyvinylalcohol (PVA), 68–69, 73, 170 PVDF-TrFE. See Polyvinylidene Retina, 19–20, 44
MTM and, nacre from, 71 fluoride-Tri Fluorethylene Reynolds number, 113–116
Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), 83 PVP. See Polyvinylpyrrolidone bird wings and, 116
Polyvinylidene fluoride-Tri Pyruvic acid, 143–144 birds and, 116–117
Fluorethylene (PVDF-TrFE), 145 PZT. See Lead zirconate titanate cycloidal rotors and, 125
Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), 150 drag polars and, 116
Population, 431–434, 440
Population rate, 42–43
Q flapping-wings and, 119–120
hovering MAVs and, 120
Quantum dot, 273–274
Porcine tissue, 178 insects and, 116–117
Quarter-wavelength ARC, 305–306
Porogen, 166–168 lift coefficient and, 116
Porosity Navier–Stokes equations and, 128–129
in bioscaffolds, 165 R RF. See Radio frequency
STF and, 388 Radio frequency (RF), 386 Rhabdom, 21–22, 26
Position control, of three-link serial RAND Corporation, 108 RHEED. See Reflection high-energy
manipulator, 93–95 Random number generators, 440–441 electron diffraction
Positive replica, 364 Ranking selection, 436 Rhinoceros beetle, xxiii
INDEX 461
Ribbonfish, 279 of photonic crystals, 376, 378 SEM. See Scanning electron
Riccati equations, 93–94 of self-assembly for colloidal microscope
RIE. See Reactive ion etching particles, 308–312 Semicircular canal, 84
Rigid-link actuators, 87 Scarab beetle, 283 Semiconductor, 367
Rigorous coupled wave approach Scotch yoke mechanism, 123 Semi-passive compliance, 85
(RCWA), 314–317 sc-Si. See Single-crystalline silicon Sensitivity
Robotics, 91–92, 336, 341 Sculptured thin film (STF), of biomaterial surfaces, 208–209
actuators for, 83–85 287, 289–290, 388 polarization, 223–224
anthropomorphic manipulators, Seals, xxii IBMCs and, 152
modeling and control of, 86–87 Search space, 437–439 from IPMCs, modeling of, 154–156
biomimicry and, 81–82 SEBS. See IPMCs from, 146
engineering applications for, 90–95 Polystyrene-β-(ethylene-co- for microflyers, xxii–xxiii, 113
human limb prosthesis and butylene)-β-styrene Morpho and, 297
orthotics, muscle activation Secondary Harmonic Generation noise and, 84
modeling for, 95–96 (SHG), 209 for robotics, 83–85
motion control for, 90–92 Sedimentation, hard materials from, Separation rule, for birds navigation
sensors for, 83–85 69, 73 in large groups, 335
signal processing and, 85–86 Seed shrimps, 281 SFG. See Sum Frequency Generation
smart materials for, 82–83 Seeds, microflyers and, 121–122 Shape and morphing control, of
smart structures for, 82–83 Selection principle, 431–432 airfoil, 87–90
technologies for, 82–90 Self-amputation, 345–346 Shape-memory polymer (SMP), 146
Robustness, evolvability and, 439 Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs), Shape-memory alloy (SMA), 82, 85,
Rotary-wing, 108, 119–120 203–205 89, 146
Rotational lift, 118 Self-assembly, 362 Shear rate, 257–258
Roulette-wheel selection, 436 bioscaffolds from, 166, 177–178 Shear strength, 63–64
Ruby-throated hummingbird, xx for colloidal particles, 308–312 Shear stress, 63, 89
Ruppell’s griffon, xxi Langmuir–Blodgett method Shearing, 69, 73
RVE. See Representative volume for, 312, 318–319 SHG. See Secondary Harmonic
element spin-coating technological Generation
platform for, 308 Shiseido, 296–297
S of latex spheres, 286 Short-term depression (STD), 48
S layer, 408 Morpho blue and, 286–287 Short-term potentiation (STP), 48
Saccule, in inner ear, 83–84 for moth-eye ARCs, 307–308 Shutter speed, 7
Sacrificial layer, in LBL, 70 of photonic crystals, 373–375 Shuttle loom, 250, 255–256
Salt leaching, bioscaffolds from, Self-cleaning, 258, 321, 324–325, Side force, 127–128
166–168 359–360 Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), 39, 42–46
Samara, 121–122 Self-healing, 346–348 Signum, 51–52
Sampling theorem, 3–4 of bone, 60 Silanes, 208
SAMs. See Self-assembled monolayers introduction to, 333–334 Silicon carbide, 66, 68–69
Sapphire, 276 by mussels, 346 Silicon nitride, 306
Sarcolemma, 141 by polymers, 343–344, 346–348 Silicone breast implants, 200
Sarcomere, 144 Self-organization, 333–334 Silk, 164–165, 254. See also Spider silk
Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), 141, 143 adaptive growth and, 348–350 Simulated body fluid (SBF), 175
SBF. See Simulated body fluid collective decision making and, Sinc function, 15–16
Scaffold. See Bioscaffold 337–339 Single-crystalline silicon (sc-Si), 312
Scale-free correlation, 335–336 introduction to, 333–334 moth-eye ARCs of
Scanning electron microscope (SEM) large construction coordination dry etching for, 316–319
ALD and, 401 and, 339–341 wet etching for, 314–315
of biotemplating, 367–368 multilayer formation and, 350–353 Single-walled carbon nanotubes
of butterflies, 413 navigation in large groups and, (SWNTs), 73–74, 406
CEFR and, 391 334–337 Sinusoidal pattern, 12, 45, 227
of fruit fly, 390 swarm intelligence and, 341–342 SIS. See Small intestine submucosa
of Morpho, 366 Self-repair, 60, 82–83 Size principle, for motor units,
of moth-eye ARCs, 315, 319, 323 Self-sealing, 334, 342–346 144–145
462 INDEX
Skeletal muscle, 140–141 Spherical aberrations, 9–10 with self-healing, 347

Sky polarization, 224–229 Spider silk, 61–62, 259–260, surface modification for
Slime mold, 334, 348–349 419–421 biocompatibility and, 201
Slime thread, from hagfish, 260–261 Spiders, self-sealing by, 334 Stress intensity factor, 65–66
Slow tonic fibers, 97–98 Spike. See Action potential Stress-strain behavior, 61, 66–67, 69–70
Small intestine submucosa (SIS), 178 Spike time dependency plasticity Strouhal number, 118
Smart material, 82–83 (STDP), 48 Structural colors, 361–362
Smart structures, for robotics, 82–83 Spike-train, 42 art and industry applications for,
SMA. See Shape-memory alloy Spin-coating technological platform, 291–297
Smooth muscle, 140 308–311 attempts to mimic, 283–291
SMP. See Shape-memory polymer Spinning wheel, 248 bioreplication of, 288–289, 366
Snell’s law, 10 Sprints, for animal Olympians, xix–xxi Bragg phenomenon and, 274–276
SNR. See Signal-to-noise ratio Spun bonding, 251 of butterflies, 268
Social insects. See specific insect types Sputtering, 385–387 characteristics of, 269
and species; specific species SR. See Sarcoplasmic reticulum; from collaborative effects, 281–282
SOD. See Superoxide dismutase Stochastic resonance colors in nature and, 267–270
Sodium, 39–40 Stabilization, with polarization cosmetic-grade color additives
Sodium chloride, 368 sensors, 231–232 with, 295
Sodium hydroxide, 149–150 Staggered arrangement, for hard in cosmetics, 295–297
Sodium sulfite, 149–150 materials, 61–62 from diffraction, 274–275
Sodium tripolyphosphate, 149–150 aspect ratio and, 65 from diffraction gratings, 279–281
Soft chemistry, 362 cracks in, 63–64 environmentally responsive,
Soft wrap, 65–66 size effects for, 65–66 290–291
Software engineering, 440–441 toughness of, 64 examples of, 363
Soil science, 441 Starlings, 334–336 fabric with, 293
Solar cells, 306, 406–407, 410–411 STD. See Short-term depression fibers with, 292–294
Solenopsis invicta. See Fire ants STDP. See Spike time dependency industrial applications for, 291–294
Sol-gel chemistry, 307, 362, 370–371 plasticity interference and, 276, 278
bioreplication and, 365, 369–372 Steady-state aerodynamics, 117 nacreous pigments and,
biotemplating and, 367, 371 Stem cells, 165, 180, 416 268–270, 294
for moth-eye ARCs, 323–324 STF. See Sculptured thin film from natural photonic structures,
optics and, 376 Stiffness, 59 276–283
Solid free form fabrication, charts for, 60 from particle arrays, 284–286
bioscaffolds from, 166, of graphite, 66 from periodic multilayered
169–170 of hard materials, 62–63 reflectors, 276–279
Solid replicas, 364 with microflyers, 111–112 periodicity with, 275
Solution-based techniques of mollusk shell and bone, 60 from photonic crystals, 282–283, 372
for biomimetics, introduction of muscles, 96 physical mechanisms for, 272–276
to, 359–362 of semi-passive actuators, 85 production of, 269
for bioreplication, 366–369 Stigmergy, 339–341 refractive index of, 372
introduction to, 359–362 Stimulator rate, of motor units, 144 research history for, 270–272
Solution-based technologies, for Stimulus-response, smart structures from scattering from electrically
biotemplating, 363–364 and, 82–83 small particles, 272–274
Solvent transport, with IBMCs, Stochastic resonance (SR), 39, 44–46 surfaces with, 292–294
154–155 STP. See Short-term potentiation textiles with, 293
Sorting algorithms, 440–441 Strain hardening, 64–65 from thin film, 289–290
Spanning tree, 348–349 Strap down system, 239 from thin-film technologies, 289–290
Sparrow criterion, 5–7 Strehl ratio, 14–15 wavelength of, 372
Spatial acuity, 2, 22 Strength Structures, in GP, 438
Spatial frequency, 4–5, 11–13, 16 aspect ratio and, 63 Sturnus vulgaris. See Starlings
Spatial sampling, 3–4, 7, 16–17 of biomimetic textiles, 259–262 Subwavelength, 325
frequency, 16 of graphite, 66 Sucrose, 368
Special bioscaffolds, 166, 178–180 of hard materials, 63 Sum Frequency Generation (SFG), 209
Sperm whales, xxii of nacre, 352–353 Σ∆ learning, 51–56
INDEX 463
Sun, sky polarization and, 224–225 Swarming, by honeybees, 337–338 strength of, 259–262
Sunset moth, 276–278 Swimming, for animal Olympians, with structural colors, 293
Superhydrophobicity, 324–325, 360 xxii technical materials and, 258–259
Superoxide dismutase (SOD), 417–418 SWNTs. See Single-walled carbon toughness of, 259–262
Superposition eye, 19, 21–22 nanotubes Texture segmentation, 441
Supervisory programs, adaptation Synapses, 39, 41–42 TFELs. See Thin-film
and, 431–432 in electric fish, 48–49 electroluminescent displays
Support vector machine (SVM), 85–86 Synaptic weights, noise-shaping and, Theodorsen function, 118
Surface. See also Antireflection 46, 48 Thermal imaging, 297
surfaces; Biomimetic surfaces Synchronization with environment, Thermal processing window, of ALD,
of biomaterials, 195–197 by smart structures, 82–83 401–402
quantitative characterization Synchrony, in neural coding, 43–44 Thermal/electron beam evaporation,
of, 208–209 Synthetic fibers, 250–251 384–385
science lab for, 207–214 Synthetic polymers, 251 Thermally activated CVD, 393
characteristic variability of, 208 Thermally induced phase separation
dictionary definition of, 192 T (TIPS), bioscaffolds from, 166,
interphase of, 196–199 Tablet, 65–66 176–177
scientific definition of, 192 flat, 64–65 Thermetics, 201
with structural colors, 292–294 wavy, 64–68 Thin films
Surface chemistry. See also Well- Talc, 68–69 ALD and, 394–395, 414–415
defined surface chemistry Taylor cone, 171–172 ARCs and, 305–306
patterns and textures of, 205–206 TCP. See Tricalcium phosphate columnar thin film, 388–389
Surface electrode, 143 Technical materials, 258–259 multilayers and, 269
Surface energy, 193–195 Tecoflex, 201 PVD for, 384
bulk phase and, 193–194 Teeth, staggered arrangement in, STF, 287, 289–290, 388
nearest-neighbor interactions 61–62 structural colors from, 289–290
with, 193–194 Teflon. See Polytetrafluoroethylene Thin Observation Module for Bound
Surface modification for TEM. See Transmission electron Optics (TOMBO), 29–30
biocompatibility microscopy Thin-film electroluminescent display
biomimetic surface engineering TEM-EDX. See Electron microscopy- (TFEL), 399–400
and, 206–207 energy dispersive X-ray Three-dimensional fabrication
of bioscaffolds, 180–181 spectroscopy for bioscaffolds, 163–164, 166
example of, 212–214 Template chemistry, 206–207 requirements for, 164–165
flexibility and, 201 Template-assisted fabrication, 73–74 of chitosan, 149–153
healthcare pyramid and, 189–191 Template-infiltration, 369 of IBMCs, 149
interpreting data with, 210–212 Tendons, 96, 98 of Nafion, 149–153
introduction to, 189–192 Tensairity structure, 344 Three-link serial manipulator, 92–95
limitations of trial-and-error with, Tensile strength, of spider silk, 260 Threshold modulation, MTF and, 12
199–201 Tensile stress-strain curve, 66–67 Thrombophlebitis, 197–198
medical mediocrity and, 200–201 TEOS. See Tetraethoxide Thrust
scope of, 192 Termite mound, 339 dynamic twist angle amplitude and,
strength and, 201 Tetracalcium phosphate, 180 129–131
surface region and, 192–207 Tetraethoxide (TEOS), 369 flapping cycle and, 130–131
target of, 198–199 Textile fiber bonding, 166 flapping rotors and, 124
well defined surface chemistry Textiles, 247–252 Thrust vector, cycloidal rotors
and, 203–205 actuators and, 258 and, 126–127
wettability and, 201–203 bioinspiration and, 256–257 Till date, 390
Surveillance, 108–110 biology and, 252 Time-optimal control, 91
Sustainability, 253 biomedical materials and, 258 Time-to-spike pulse code, 43–44
SVM. See Support vector machine biomimicry with, 252–253 Tin oxide, 293
Swarm algorithm, 336 engineering and, 253–262 TIPS. See Thermally induced phase
Swarm intelligence, 85, 341, 430 fiber bonding, 168–169 separation
self-organization and, 341–342 responsive materials and, 258–259 Tissue derived scaffold, 166,
Swarm-bot, 341 self-cleaning materials and, 258 178–179
464 INDEX
Tissue regeneration limitations, 126, 221–222, 230, 336–337 VLSI sensor, 30

162–163 Unscented Kalman filter (UKF), Vortex lattice formation, xxii
Tissue-culture, 201–203 92–94, 99–101 Vortex stretching and aging, xxii
Titania, 377–378 Unscented transformation, 92
Titanium dioxide, 294–296, 405–406,
408–409, 412
Unsteady aerodynamics, 110–111, 122,
125–126, 129, 131
W
Wagner function, 118, 126–127
TMA. See Trimethylaluminum of animal flight, 116–118
Wake capture, 118
Tmesisternus isabellae. See Longhorn Urania fulgens. See Urania swallowtail
Wake skewness, 127–128
beetle moth
Wake structure, in birds, 131
Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), Urania swallowtail moth,
Wall building, by ants, 339–340
408–411 276–278
Wandering albatross, xx
TOMBO. See Thin Observation Utricle, 83–84
Warp, 255–256
Module for Bound Optics UV. See Ultraviolet light
Water, 195
Top-hat function, 15–17
hydrogen bonds and, 195–196
Torque, 89–91, 126–127
Torsional deformation, 127–128
V in surface interphase, 196–197
van der Waals forces, 180, vicinal chemistry of, 195–196
Touch sensor, 84
360–361 wettability of, 201–203
Toughness, 59–60, 64–66
Vapor-deposition techniques Water beetle, 223–224
ALD and, 420–421
ALD, 288, 394–395, 399–404 Water flux, with IBMCs, 154–155
of biomimetic textiles, 259–262
bioreplication and, 365 Wavelength, 19–20
of hard materials, 63–64
CEFR, 389–392 chromatic aberrations and, 9–10
ice-templating and, 351–352
butterflies and, 288 in far-field acoustic model, 49–51
of mollusk shell and bone, 60
CVD, 392–394 monochromatic aberrations and,
of nacre, 61, 63–64, 350, 352–353
IBAD, 388 9–10
of spider silk, 260
introduction to, 383–384 with photonic crystals, 275–276
of staggered arrangement, 64
MBE, 395–396 Rayleigh scattering and, 273
Tournament selection, 436
OAD, 388–389 of structural colors, 372
Transmission electron microscopy
PLD, 387–388 subwavelength, 325
(TEM), 410, 417
PVD, 384–392 Wavy tablet, 64–68
Transparent moth-eye ARC,
sputtering, 385–387 Weevil, 375–376
320–324
thermal/electron beam Weft, 255–256
Transverse tubular system, 143
evaporation, 384–385 Weightlifting, for animal Olympians,
Trial-and-error development,
thermal/electron-beam xxii–xxiii
199–201
evaporation, 385 Weiner-type, of block-oriented model,
Tricalcium phosphate (TCP),
Velcro, 256–257 98–99
164, 180
Vicinal water chemistry, 195–196, Well-defined surface chemistry,
Trichiurus lepturus. See Hairtail
201–202 203–205
Trifluoroacetic acid, 371
Vikings, 224–225 Wenzel state, 414
Trimethylaluminum (TMA),
Viscoplastic energy dissipation, 63 Wet etching, 306, 314–315
402, 419
Viscosity, 196, 257–258, 367–368 Wet-lay process, 251
Troponin-tropomyosin complex, 141
Visible wavelength, 19–20 Wettability
Turing, Alan, 431
Vision sensors ALD and, 414
Two-dimensional strip theory, 129
developments with, 29–32 biological response to
Two-point boundary value
housefly and, 27–29 hydrophilicity and, 203
problem, 91
image distance and, 3–5 of blood factor XII, 212–214
Tyndall blue, 272–273
imaging and eyes, 2–18 gas discharge surface treatment
navigation in large groups and, 202–203
U and, 336 surface modification for
UAV. See Unmanned aerial vehicle neural superposition eye and, biocompatibility and, 201–203
UKF. See Unscented Kalman filter 30, 32 well-defined surface chemistry
Ukiyo-e (Japanese art form), 291 object distance and, 3–5 and, 204
Ultraviolet light (UV), 234, 369 optics for, 3–11 Whale, xxii
Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), 30, visual processing of, 22–27 Whooper swan, xxi
INDEX 465
Wikipedia, 340 Woven yarns, 249–250, 260 knitted, 249
Williams’ four components of Wright brothers, 116 natural fibers for, 255
biocompatibility, 197–198 woven, 249–250, 260
Wing loading, 110
Wings. See also Flapping wings;
X Yarn-spinning machine, 248–249
Young’s modulus, 62, 65, 90
Xenogeneic, 162, 166, 178
specific flying animals
X-ray diffraction, 260, 279, 418–420
in microflyers, 111–112
Wood duck, 270 Z
Wool fiber, 248, 254 Y Z-discs, 141–142
Wound healing, by chitosan, Yarn, 248, 255 Zemax, 18
147–148 braided, 249 Z-line, 143–144

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Index

A in noise-exploitation in Air Force Research Laboratory, 109

of reflection, 10 Application specific integrated circuit Autopilot, 237, 241

F Flat tablets, 64–65 Full-state feedback control laws, 92

microflyers and, 109–110 Joints, 86–87 Liana, 344

Multilayers Nacreous pigments, 268–270, 294–297 Neuromuscular action potentials,

Polycarbonate (PC), 68–69, 306 Potassium, 39–40 Rate-based encoding, 42–43

Skeletal muscle, 140–141 Spherical aberrations, 9–10 with self-healing, 347

Tissue regeneration limitations, 126, 221–222, 230, 336–337 VLSI sensor, 30

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