Army Vision: By 2028, a World-Class Army that is a source of National Pride

HEADQUARTERS
ARESCOM TRAINING SCHOOL
ARMY RESERVE COMMAND, PHILIPPINE ARMY
Camp Riego De Dios, Tanza, Cavite

ATS/3 Date Updated: 01 June 2021

STUDENT HANDOUTS References: SP 4-034

IMPROVISED EXPLOSIVE DEVICE (IED) AWARENESS

Selection of Explosives

Select explosives that fit the particular purpose, based on their relative
power. Consider all characteristics when selecting an explosive for a particular
demolition project. See Technical Manual (TM) 9-1300-214 for detailed
information on military explosives. Table 1.1 (page 1-2) contains significant
information regarding many of the explosives described below.

1. Domestic Explosives

a. Ammonium Nitrate is the least sensitive of the military

explosives. It requires a booster charge to successfully initiate detonation.
Because of its low sensitivity, ammonium nitrate is a component of many
composite explosives (combined with a more sensitive explosive). Ammonium
nitrate is not suitable as cutting or breaching charges because it has a low
detonating velocity. However, because of its excellent cratering affects and low
cost, ammonium nitrate is a component of most cratering and ditching charges.
Commercial quarrying operations use ammonium nitrate demolitions extensively.
Pack ammonium nitrate in an airtight container because it is extremely
hygroscopic (absorbs humidity). Ammonium nitrate or composite explosives
containing ammonium nitrate are not suitable for underwater use unless packed
in waterproof containers or detonated immediately after placement.

b. Pentaerythrite Tetranitrate (PETN) is a highly sensitive and very

powerful military explosive. Its explosive potential is comparable to cyclonite
(RDX) and nitroglycerin. Boosters, detonating cords, and some blasting caps
contain PETN-nitrocellulose composite (M118 sheet explosive) as demolition
charge. The PETN explosive is a good underwater demolition because it is almost
insoluble in water.

c. Cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX) is also a highly sensitive

and very powerful military explosive. It forms the base charge in the M6 electric
and M7 non-electric blasting caps. When RDX is desensitized, it serves as a sub-
booster, bursting charge, or demolition charge. The principal use for RDX is in
composite explosives, such as Composition A, B, and C explosives. RDX is
available commercially under the name cyclonite.

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d. Trinitrotoluene (TNT) is the most common military explosive. It

may be in composite form, such as a booster, bursting, or a demolition charge,
or in a non-composite form. Since TNT is a standard explosive, it is used to rate
other military explosives.

e. Tetryl is an effective booster charge in its non-composite form

and bursting or a demolition charge in composite forms. Tetryl is more sensitive
and powerful than TNT. However, RDX and PETN –based explosives, which have
increased power and shattering effects, are replacing tetryl and composite
explosives containing tetryl.

f. Nitroglycerin is one of the most powerful high explosives. Its

explosive potential is comparable to RDX and PETN. Nitroglycerin is highly
sensitive and extremely temperature sensitive. Military explosives do not use
nitroglycerin because of its sensitivity. Do not use commercial dynamites in
combat operations.

g. Black Powder is the oldest-known explosive and propellant. It

is a composite of potassium or sodium nitrate, charcoal and sulfur. Time fuses,
some igniters and some detonators contain black powder.

h. Amatol is a mixture of ammonium nitrate and TNT. It is a

substitute for TNT in bursting charges. Some older Bangalore torpedoes use 80-20
amatol (80 percent ammonium nitrate and 20 percent TNT). Because amatol
contains ammonium nitrate, it is a hygroscopic compound. Keep any explosives
containing amatol in airtight containers. If properly packaged, amatol remains
viable for long periods of time, with no change in sensitivity, power, or stability.

i. Composition A3 is a composite explosive containing 91

percent RDX and 9 percent wax. The purpose of the wax is to coat, desensitize
and bind the RDX particles Composition A3 is the booster charge in some newer
shaped charges and Bangalore torpedoes. High explosive plastic (HEP)
projectiles may also contain Composition A3 as a main charge.

j. Composition B is a composite explosive containing

approximately 60 percent RDX, 39 percent TNT, and 1 percent wax. It is more
sensitive than TNT. Because of its shattering power and high rate of detonation,
Composition B is the main charge in shaped charges.

k. Composition B4 contains 60 percent RDX, 39.5 percent TNT,

and 0.5 percent calcium silicate. Composition B4 is the main charge in newer
models of Bangalore torpedoes and shaped charges.

l. Composition C4 (C4) is a composite explosive containing 91

percent RDX and 9 percent non-explosive plasticizers. Bursters charges
composed of C4 are effective in temperatures between 70 to 170 degrees
Fahrenheit; however, C4 loses its plasticity in the colder temperatures.

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m. Tetrytol is a composite explosive containing 75 percent tetryl

and 24 percent TNT. It is the explosive component in demolition charges. Booster
charges require different mixtures of tetryl and TNT. Tetrytol is more powerful than
its individual components, is better at shattering than TNT, and is less sensitive
than tetryl.

n. Pentolite is a mixture of PETN and TNT. Because of its high

power and detonating rate, a mixture of 50-50 pentolite (50 percent PETN and
50 percent TNT) makes an effective booster charge in certain models of shaped
charges.

o. Dynamites.

1) Standard Dynamite. Most dynamites, with the notable

exception of military dynamite, contain nitroglycerin plus varying combinations
of absorbents, oxidizers, antacids, and freezing-point depressants. Dynamites
vary greatly in strength and sensitivity depending on, among other factors, the
percentage of nitroglycerin they contain. Dynamites are for general blasting
and demolition, including land clearing, catering and ditching, and quarrying.

2) Military Dynamite is composite explosive that contains

75 percent RDX, 15 percent TNT, and 10 percent desensitizers and plasticizers.
Military dynamite is not as powerful as commercial dynamite. Military dynamite’s
equivalent strength is 60 percent of commercial dynamite. Because military
dynamite contains no nitroglycerin, it is more stable and safer to store and
handle than commercial dynamite.

2. Foreign Explosives

a. Composition. Foreign countries use a variety of explosives,

including TNT, picric acid, amatol and guncotton. Picric acid is similar to TNT, but
it also corrodes metals and thus forms extremely sensitive compounds.

WARNING:

1) Do not use picric acid in rusted or corroded metal

containers.

2) Do not handle picric acid. Notify explosive ordnance

disposal (EOD) personnel for disposition.

b. Use. You may use the explosives of allied nations and those
captured from the enemy to supplement standard supplies. Only expert
demolitionists should use such explosives and then only according to instructions
and directives of commanders. Captured bombs, propellants, and other
devices may be used with own military explosives for larger demolition projects,
such as pier, bridge, and tunnel and airfield destruction. Most foreign explosive
blocks have cap wells large enough to receive US military blasting caps. Since
foreign explosives may differ from US explosives in sensitivity and force, test shots

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should be made to determine their adequacy before extensive use or mixing

with US-type explosives.

Section 1-2 Service Demolition Charges

Block Demolition Charges. Block demolition charges are prepackaged,

high-explosive charges for general demolition operations, such as cutting,
breaching, and cratering. They are composed of the high explosive TNT, tetrytol,
Composition-C series, and ammonium nitrate. Block charges are rectangular in
form except for the 40-pound, ammonium-nitrate block demolition charge,
military dynamite, and the ¼-pound TNT block demolition charge, which are all
cylindrical in form. The various block charges available are described in the text
that follows, as well as Table 1-2. See TM 43-0001- 38 for detailed information
about demolition charges and accessories.

1. TNT Block Demolition Charge.

a. Characteristics. TNT block demolitions, shown in Figure 1-1, are

available in three sizes (Table 1.2). The ¼ pound block is issued in a cylindrical,
waterproof, olive-drab cardboard container. The ½ pound and 1 pound blocks
are available in similar rectangular containers. All of the three charges have
metal ends with a threaded cap well in one end.

Figure 1.1 TNT block demolition charges

b. Use. TNT block demolition charges are effective for all types of
demolition work. However, the ¼ pound charge is primarily for training purposes.

c. Advantages. TNT demolition charges have a high detonating

velocity. They are stable, relatively insensitive to shock or friction, and water
resistant. They also are conveniently sized, shaped and packaged.

d. Limitations. TNT block demolition charges cannot be molded

and are difficult to use on irregularly shaped targets. TNT is not recommended for
use in closed spaces because one of the products of explosion is poisonous
gases.

2. M112 Block Demolition Charge

a. Characteristics. The M112 block demolition charge consists of

1.25 pounds of C4 packed in an olive-drab, Mylar-film container with a pressure-
sensitive adhesive tape on one surface The tape is protected by a peel able

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paper cover. Table 1.2 (page 1-7) lists additional characteristics of the M112
block.

b. Use. The M112 block demolition charge is used primarily for

cutting and breaching. Because of its high cutting effect and its ability to be cut
and shaped, the M112 charge is ideally suited for cutting irregularly shaped
targets such as steel. The adhesive backing allows you to place the charge on
any relatively flat, clean, dry surface with a temperature that is above the
freezing point. The M112 charge is the primary block demolition charge presently
in use.

WARNING: Composition C4 explosive is poisonous and

dangerous if chewed or ingested; its detonation or burning produces poisonous
fumes. Cut all plastic explosives with a sharp steel knife on a non-sparking
surface. Do not use shears.

c. Advantages. You can cut to shape the M112 block

demolition charge to fit irregularly shaped targets. The color of the wrapper
helps camouflage the charge. Molding the charge will decrease its cutting
effect.

d. Limitations. The adhesive tape will not adhere to wet, dirty,

rusty, or frozen surfaces.

3. M118 Block Demolition Charge

a. Characteristics. The M118 block demolition charge, or sheet

explosive, is a block of four ½-pound sheets of flexible explosive packed in a
plastic envelope. Twenty M118 charges and a package of 80 M8 blasting cap
holders are packed in a wooden box. Each sheet of the explosive has a
pressure-sensitive adhesive tape attached to one surface. Table 1.2 (page 1.7)
lists additional characteristics for the M118 charge.

b. Use. The M118 charges are designed for cutting, especially

against steel targets. The sheets of explosive are easily and quickly applied to
irregular and curved surfaces and are easily cut to any desired dimension. The
M118 charge is effective as a small breaching charge but, because of its high
costs, it is not suitable as a bulk explosive charge.

c. Advantages. The flexibility and adhesive backing of the

sheets allow application to a large variety of targets. You can cut the ½- pound
sheets to any desired dimension and apply them in layers to achieve the desired
thickness. The M118 charge is not affected by water, making it acceptable for
underwater demolitions.

d. Limitations. The adhesive tape will not adhere to wet, dry,

rusty, or frozen surfaces.

4. M186 Roll Demolition Charge

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a. Characteristics. The M186 roll demolition charge, shown in

Figure 1.2, (page1-10) is identical to the M118 block demolition charge except
that the sheet explosive is in roll form on a 50-foot, plastic spool. Each foot of the
roll provides approximately a half pound of explosive. Included with ea roll are
15 M8 blasting cap holders and a canvas bag with carrying strap. Table 1.2
(page 1-7) lists additional characteristics of the M186 charge.

Figure 1.2 M186 roll demolition charge

b. Use. Use the M186 roll demolition charge in the same manner
as the M118 block demolition charge. The M186 charge is adaptable for
demolishing targets that require the use of flexible explosives in lengths longer
than 12 inches.

c. Advantages. The M186 roll demolition charge has all the

advantages of the M118 block demolition charge. You can cut the M186
charge to the exact lengths desired.

d. Limitations. The adhesive backing will not adhere to wet, dirty,

rusty, or frozen surfaces.

5. Forty-Pound Ammonium-Nitrate Block Demolition Charge

a. Characteristics. Figure 1.3 shows the 40-pound, ammonium-

nitrate block demolition charge or cratering charge. It is a watertight, cylindrical
metal container with approximately 30 pounds of an ammonium-nitrate-based
explosive and 10 pounds of TNT-based explosive booster in the center, next to
the priming tunnels. The two priming tunnels are located at the outside of the
container, midway between the ends. One tunnel serves as a cap well for
priming path, with the detonating cord passing through the tunnel and knotted
at the end. There is a cleat between the tunnels to secure the time blasting fuse,
electrical firing wire, or detonating cord. There is a metal ring on the top of the
container for lowering the charge into its hole. Table 1.2 (page 1-7) lists
additional characteristics for the 40- pound, ammonium-nitrate block demolition
charge.

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Figure 1.3 Forty-pound, ammonium-nitrate cratering charge

b. Use. This charge is suitable for cratering and ditching

operations. Its primary use is as a catering charge, but it also is effective for
destroying buildings, fortifications, and bridge abutments.

c. Advantages. The size and shape of this charge make it ideal

for cratering operations. It is inexpensive to produce compared to other
explosives.

d. Limitations. Ammonium nitrate is hygroscopic. When wet, it will

not detonate. To ensure detonation, use metal containers showing no evidence
of water damage. Detonate all charges placed in wet or damp boreholes as
soon as possible.

6. M1 Military Dynamite

a. Characteristics. M1 military dynamite is an RDX-based

composite explosive containing no nitroglycerin (Figure 1.4). M1 dynamite is
packaged in ½-pound, paraffin-coated, cylindrical paper cartridges, which
have a nominal diameter of 1.25 inches and a nominal length of 8 inches. Table
1.2 lists additional characteristics for M1 military dynamite.

b. Use. M1 dynamite’s primary uses are military construction,

quarrying, ditching, and service demolition work. It is suitable for underwater
demolitions.

Figure 1.4 M1 military dynamite

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c. Advantages. M1 dynamite will not freeze or perspire in

storage. The M1 dynamite’s composition is not hygroscopic. Shipping containers
do not require turning during storage. M1 dynamite is safer to store, handle, and
transport than 60-percent commercial dynamite. Unless essential, do not use
civilian dynamite in combat areas.

d. Limitations. M1 dynamite is reliable underwater only for 24

hours. Because of its low sensitivity, pack sticks of military dynamite well to ensure
complete detonation of the charge. M1 dynamite is not efficient as a cutting or
breaching charge.

Section 1-3 Special Demolition Charges and Assemblies

1. Shaped Demolition Charge.

The shaped demolition charge used in military operations is a

cylindrical block of high explosive. It has a conical cavity in one end that directs
the cone-lining material into a narrow jet to penetrate materials (Figure 1.5). This
charge is not effective underwater, since any water in the conical cavity will
prevent the high-velocity jet from forming. To obtain maximum effectiveness,
place the cavity at the specified standoff distance from the target, and
detonate the charge from the exact rear center, using only the priming well
provided. Never dual prime a shaped charge.

2. M180 Demolition Kit (Crate ring).

a. Characteristics. This kit consists of an M2A4 shaped charge, a

modified M57 electrical firing device, a warhead; a rocket motor, a tripod, and
a demolition circuit (Figure 1.8). The shaped charge, firing device, and warhead
are permanently attached to the launch leg of the tripod. The rocket motor and
the demolition circuit (packed in a wooden sub pack) are shipped separately.
The kit weighs approximately 165 pound (74.25 kilograms). TM 9- 1375-213-12-1
provides the assembly procedures, operational description, and maintenance
instructions for the M180 kit.

Figure 1.8 M180 demolition Kit Assemblies

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b. Use. The M180 is designed to produce a large crater in

compacted soil or road surfaces, but not in reinforced concrete, arctic tundra,
bedrock, or sandy soil. The charge produces a crater in two stages. The shaped
charge blows a pilot hole in the surface. Then, the rocket-propelled warhead
enters the hole and detonates, enlarging the pilot hole. Up to five kits can be set
up close together and fired simultaneously to produce an exceptionally large
crater. Up to 15 kits can be widely spaced and fired simultaneously for airfield
pocketing.

WARNING: Regardless of the number of kits used, the

minimum safe distances for the M180 crate ring kit are 1,200 meters for
unprotected personnel and 150 meters for personnel under overhead cover.

c. Detonation. When firing the M180, use the M34 50-cap

blasting machine. Figure 1.8 M180 demolition kit assemblies

Section 1-4 Demolition Accessories

1. Time Blasting Fuse.

The time blasting fuse transmits a delayed spit of flame to a non-

electric blasting cap. The delay allows the soldier to initiate a charge and get to
a safe distance before the explosion. There are two types of fuses: the M700 time
fuse and safety fuse. Although safety fuse is not often employed, it is still
available.

a. M700 Time Fuse. The M700 fuse is a dark green cord, 0.2
inches in diameter, with a plastic cover (Figure 1.9). The M700 burns at an
approximate rate of 40 seconds per foot. However, test the burning rate as
outlined in Chapter 2 (paragraph 2-1b (1), page 2-2). Depending on the date of
manufacture, the cover may be smooth or have single yellow bands around the
outside at 12- or 18-inch intervals and double yellow bands at 60- or 90- inch
intervals. These bands accommodate hasty measuring. The outside covering
becomes brittle and cracks easily in arctic temperatures. The M700 time fuse is
packaged in 50-foot coils, two coils per package, five packages per sealed
container, and eight containers (4,000 feet) per wooden box (30 1/8 by 15 1/8
by 14 7/8 inches). The total package weighs 94 pounds

Figure 1.9 M700 time fuse

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Figure 1.10 Safety fuse

b. Safety Fuse. Safety fuse consists of black powder tightly

pped w several layers of fiber and waterproofing material. The outside
covering becomes brittle and cracks easily in arctic temperatures. The burning
rate may vary for the same or different rolls (30 to 45 seconds per foot) under
different atmospheric and climatic conditions. This fuse may be any color, but
orange is the most common (Figure 1.10). Since safety fus6.42111

2. Detonating Cord.

a. Characteristics. The American, British, Canadian, and

Australian (ABCA) approximately 0.2 inches in diameter, weighs approximately
18 pounds per 1,000 feet, and has a breaking strength of 175 pounds.
Detonating cord is functional in the same temperature range as plastic
explosive, although the cover becomes brittle at lower temperatures. Moisture
can penetrate the explosive filling to a maximum distance of 6 inches from any
cut or break in the coating. Water-soaked detonating cord will detonate if there
is a dry end to allow initiation. For this reason, cut off and discard the first 6 inches
of any new or used detonating cord that non-electric blasting caps are crimped
to. Also, leave a 6-inch overhang when making connections or when priming
charges.

b. Use. Use detonating cord to prime and detonate other

explosive charges. When the detonating cord’s explosive core is initiated by a
blasting cap, the core will transmit the detonation wave to an unlimited number
of explosive charges. Chapter 2 explains the use of detonating cord for these
purposes.

Figure 1.11 Detonating cord

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c. Precautions. Seal the ends of detonating cord with a

waterproof sealant when used to fire underwater charges or when charges are
left in place several hours before firing. If left for no longer than 24 hours, a 6-inch
overlap will protect the remainder of a line from moisture. Avoid kinks or sharp
bends in priming, as they may interrupt or change the direction of detonation
and cause misfires. Avoid unintended cross-over of the detonating cord where
no explosive connection is intended. To avoid internal cracking do not step on
the detonating cord.

3. Blasting Caps.

Blasting Caps are for detonating high explosives. There are rated in
power, according to the size of their main charge. Commercial blasting caps
are normally Number 6 or 8 and are for detonating the more sensitive explosives,
such as commercial dynamite and tetryl. Special military blasting caps (M6
electric and M7 nonelectric) ensure positive detonation of the generally less
sensitive military explosives. Their main charge is approximately double that of
commercial Number 8 blasting caps. Never carry blasting caps loose or in
uniform pockets where they are subject to shock. Separate blasting caps
properly. Never store blasting caps with other explosives. Do not carry blasting
caps and other explosives in the same truck except in an emergency
(paragraph 6-11, page 6-10) truck except in an emergency (paragraph 6-11,
page 6-10).

WARNING: Handle military and commercial blasting caps carefully,

as both are extremely sensitive and may explode if handled improperly. Do not
tamper with blasting caps. Protect them from shock and extreme heat.

a. Electric Blasting Caps. Use electric blasting caps when a

source of electricity, such as blasting machinery or a battery, is available. Both
military and commercial caps may be used. Military caps (Figure 112, page 1-6)
operate instantaneously. Commercial caps may operate instantaneously or
have a delay feature. The delay time of commercial caps for military
applications ranges from 1 to 1.53 seconds. Electric caps have lead wires of
various lengths. The most common lead length is 12 feet. Electric caps require 1.5
amperes of power to initiate. The standard-issue cap is the M6 special electric
blasting cap. TM 43-0001-38 gives additional information on blasting caps.

WARNING: Do not remove the short-circuiting shunt ready to

test the cap. Doing this prevents accidental initiation by static electricity. If the
cap has no shunt, twist the lead’s bare ends together with at least three 180-
degree turns to provide a shunting action.

b. Non-electric Blasting Caps. Initiate these caps with time-

blasting fuse, a firing device, or detonating cord (Figure 1.13). Avoid using non-
electric blasting caps to prime underwater charges because the caps are hard
to waterproof. If necessary, waterproof non-electric blasting caps with a sealing
compound. The M7 special non-electric blasting cap is the standard issue. The

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open end of the M7 special non-electric blasting cap is flared to allow easy
insertion of the time fuse. TM 43-0001-38 gives additional information on blasting
caps.

4. M1A4 Priming Adapter.

The M1A4 priming adapter is a plastic, hexagonal-shaped device,

threaded to fit threaded cap wells. The shoulder inside the threaded end will
allow time blasting fuse and detonating cord to pass, but the shoulder is too
small to pass a military blasting cap. To accommodate electric blasting caps,
the adapter has a lengthwise slot that permits blasting cap lead wires to be
quickly and easily installed in the adapter (Figure 1.14).

5. Blasting Cap Holder.

The M8 blasting cap holder is a metal clip designed to attach a

blasting cap to a sheet explosive (Figure 1.15). These
clips are supplied with M118 sheet demolition charges and M186 roll
demolition charges. The M8 blasting cap holder is also available as a
separate-issue item in quantities of 4,000.

Figure 1.15 M8 Blasting cap holder

Figure 1.16 M1 Detonating-cord clips

Landmine and Booby Traps

1. Landmine is a device filled with high explosive or chemical intended

for placement on the ground or beneath the surface. It is designed to destroy or
damaged vehicles, hinder movement of enemy personnel or contaminate
strategic areas. This may be detonated when its target touches or moves near it
or by remote control.

2. Classified According:

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a. To Purpose:

1) Service - such as APERS and AT Mine.

2) Practice - have the same features and weight as the
service min they represent. Usually, they contained small amount of explosive or
smoke composition so as to simulate the function of SVC Mine.

b. To Filler:

1) High Explosive - such as TNT, TETRYTOL, C-4, Comp B

2) Chemical - mustard gas, choking gas or Phosgene.
3) Inert - are completely empty as used for practice in
handling.

c. To Use:

1) APERS Mine - M14 (Blast Type), M16A1 (Bounding Type),

M18A1 (Fixed Directional Type)

2) Anti-Tank Mine - Heavy Metallic, Heavy Non-Metallic

Light Type, Off-Route.

3. Identification:

In the case of Service AT Mines, the designation HE (High Explosive)

appears in the nomenclature and it’s painted with yellow while Practice Mines
are marked PRACTICE, INERT or EMPTY.

4. Two Types of Landmines:

a. Apers Mine - are designed primarily to kill, wound and or

delay the movement of enemy troops. It consists of an amount of explosive
generally less than one (1) pound on a container filled with a fuze. The fuze is
activated by pressure or release of pressure, by pull on a trip wire or by cutting a
taut trip wire. This is actually initiated by various type of fuzes that serves to
transform mechanical action such as pressure on the fuze. For example, like
Detonating Fuze provides an explosive force which detonates the high explosive
charge. Also, an igniting fuze provides a burning action which ignites the
propelling charge of a bounding type APERS Mine.

b. Anti-Tank Mine - are designed primarily to restrict or delay

movement of enemy vehicles, thereby cutting the track of a tank halting it or by
piercing its belly or side. It is an explosive device place in or slightly below the
surface of the ground. It contains an explosive charge, wedging between 5 and
15 kg. If designed to be actuated by pressure, this will set off by weight between
100 and 300 kg.

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1) M15/M19 - (Blast Type AT Mines) - derived their

effectiveness through the blast caused by detonation of HE. These mines usually
produce as M-Kill but there may be some instances where a K-Kill will result.

2) M21 - (Self-Forging Frag AT Mine) - utilized a direct

energy (Shaped-charge like) designed to penetrate the underside of the
vehicles armor, spray shrapnel throughout the inside and kill the crew. This results
normally a K-Kill.

3) M24 - (Off-Route AT Mine) - is a horizontal effect mine

designed to penetrate the site of a vehicle and produce a K-Kill.

Booby Trapping/Improvisation

Booby Trap is an explosive charge which explodes when an unsuspecting

person disturbs an apparently harmless objects or presumably safe set. This can
be set off by means of direct action of the victim.

Booby Trap Mine - a mine attached to an anti-lift device.

1. Parts of Booby Trap

a. Bait

b. Explosive Device - this gives the lethal action in mine itself.

1) Firing Device - who initiates the firing.

2) Detonator - detonates the main charge.

3) Main Charge - gives the main power to a mine when

explodes.

4) Usually, we can only use booby trapping or

improvisation when a certain mine especially AT Mine equipped with an Anti-
Personnel device, in addition to its main fuze is fitted with one or more secondary
fuzes, these are intended to act as an anti-lift device and to cause the mine to
explode when an attempt is made by the enemy to remove the mine. In the
case of heavy service or practice AT Mines, a secondary fuze consists of a firing
device and the activator. In the case of light SVC MINE or PRACTICE AT MINES a
firing device is fitted with a non-electrical blasting cap. SECONDARY FUZES may
be fitted to an AT Mine or to another mine or explosive charge laid beneath or
besides it. MINES CHARGES AND FIRING DEVICES in such an arrangement are
connected by wire are so laid to avoid detection, thus attempted for removal
enemy causes the whole mine to explode.

5) Improvisation - all types of landmines are subject to a

variety of improvised uses in combination with each other, with all types of

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explosive charges and firing devices, with bombs or artillery projectiles or with
dummy mines.

6) Methods of booby trapping:

a) Anti-lift Device - a device arranged to detonate

the mine attached to it or to detonate another mine or charge nearby if the
mine is disturbed.

b) Anti-Handling Device - a device which is integral

to a mine which will cause the mine to explode if it is disturbed or moved or
attempt to neutralize.

c) Anti-Clearance Device - a device designed to

slow down the clearance or clearing of minefield by making disturbance of the
mine extremely dangerous and difficult.

7) Booby Traps Effect:

a) Blast - by using regular demo blocks or explosives

for trapping.

b) Fragmentation - almost any type of explosive

ordnance may be used as main charge like mortar shell or artillery shell.

8) Rules In Installing Booby Trap:

a) Place booby trap where enemy take advantage

of such human behavior characteristics a habit of curiosity like desired for
comfort.

b) Remove the positive safety pin from the firing

device last.

9) How to Neutralize Booby trap:

a) Always respect the ingenuity, ability and

intelligence of the enemy.
b) Never expose more personnel than necessary.
c) View each BT with caution and respect.
d) Never touch any mechanism until you have
examined it thoroughly.
e) Never use force.
f) When removing the main charge of a trap be
sure than it is not trapped.
g) Rest your men frequently.

10) Booby trap is Initiated by:

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a) Mechanical action
b) Chemical or clockwork mechanism

11) Detecting BT (Methods of Locating)

a) Visual
b) Probing
c) Electric

12) Material Needed in BT

a) Explosive
b) Firing Device
c) Detonator
d) Time Fuze
e) Detonating Cord- when needed

2. Firing Device

A device used to initiate a train of fire for detonation of demo

charges, booby trap or mine usually, but not necessarily as part of a non-
electrical system.

NOTE: When a firing device is used as a secondary fuze for booby

trapping in AT Mines, a blasting cap is not used.

When a firing device is used with APERS Mine or Light AT Mines a

blasting cap is used with the firing device.

A firing device is a separable item of issue. it must be requisitioned

separately from landmines or from demo charges which are used for making
improvised landmines.

a. Aim of Firing Device - is to prevent the mine from exploding

until it is acted upon by the type of contactor influence to which the firing
mechanism is designed to respond.

b. Types of Firing Device:

1) M5 - Pressure Release Type

2) M3 - Pull Release Type
3) M1 - Pull Type
4) M1 - Pressure Type
5) M1 - Delay Type

a) Pressure Type is used in setting up booby traps

with a pressure about 20 lbs on the pressure cap acts to release the spring-
loaded firing pin that fires the primer.

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b) Pressure Release Type is a mechanical device

used to actuate anti-tank Mines equipped with supplementary fuze or cap wells.

c) Pull Release Type is a mechanical device

actuated by either an increase or decrease release tension in a taut trip wire.

d) Delay Type is a chemical device used with delay

action mines and demo block.

e) Pull Type is a mechanical device actuated by

pull on a trip wire.

c. Essential Parts of Firing Device

1) Safety Pin
2) firing Pin
3) Celluloid Protector
4) Body
5) Coupling Base
6) Primer and the Firing Pin Spring

d. Firing Devices Are Actuated by Means of:

1) Pressure
2) Releasing pressure which has been previously applied
3) Pulling a trip wire
4) Breaking a wire
5) Passage of time
6) Electric impulse

3. Safety Precautions

Laying APERS and AT Mines and installing anti-removal devices,

booby trapping and improvisation are specialized operations performed only by
well-trained troops. All types of mines must be handled with care at all times.

4. Care and Handling

a. As fuzes, primers, detonators, activators and firing devices

contain particularly sensitive explosives, protect boxes containing these items
against shock, friction and high temperatures.

b. Protect mines and components in their packing against

moisture.

c. Raise packed mines stacked in the dunnage.

d. Do not open packing boxes containing mines or components

within 100 feet of any magazine or at AMMO dump.

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e. Do not remove safety pins, safety forks, safety clips and similar
devices for preventing initiation of mine while being handled until just before
arming. In disarming armed mines, restore safety devices.

Fuzes

A device that initiates the detonation of explosives or firing device

attached either to APERS or AT Mine. They are used to activate mines. This will
only function when a load is applied to the fuze pressure plate. Pressure on the
plate causes the firing pin to be driven into the fuze detonator, exploding it, it
turns this explodes the booster and the main charge. AT Mines employ boosters
to amplify the explosive force of the detonator in the fuze and to assure initiation
of the main charge of the mine. Most AT Mine are provided with secondary fuze
wells for use in booby trapping. This usually consists of a standard firing device
thread into an activator which serves as an adapter-detonator for firing device.
This will also perform the function of an adapter for the firing device.

1. Types of Fuzes Employed in Mines

a. Mechanical
b. Chemical
c. Friction
d. Electrical
e. Special fuzes:

1) Double impulse is designed to defeat rollers, ploughs

and flails (Mine Sweepers). The first pressure applied to the fuze arms it and the
second actuates it in order to explode the mine.

2) Sustained pressure the same double impulse, however,

the pressure of the fuze has only a second to requires its cause the actuation.

3) Magnetic influence same as a and b and over clearing

methods such as Fuel Air Explosive (FAE) and Projected Line Charge (PLC). The
fuze is actuated by a pre-determined change in the earth magnetic field. This
fuze can discriminate or can distinguish between tanks and vehicles.

4) To summarize this Special Fuzes, they can really defeat

all mine clearance by using mechanical means such as ploughs, flails or rollers
(Mine Sweeper) because of its powerful functions and designations.

2. Detonating Fuze provides an explosive which detonates the HE

charge.

3. Igniting Fuze provides a burning action which ignites the propelling

charge.

4. Types of Initiating Action

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a. Pressure
b. Pull Tension Release
c. Pressure release
d. Timer run down (delay type)
e. Electrical
f. Others are:

1) Vibrations
2) Magnetic Impulse
3) Frequency Induction
4) Audio Frequency

Mine and Counter Measures Operations

1. Two types of Countermine Measures:

a. Offensive are measure taken to prevent the successful laying

of mines by the enemy. They may be achieved by:

1) Aggressive patrolling.
2) Use of surveillance, target acquisition and night
observation devices.
3) Land clearing
4) Artillery and air strikes

In aggressive patrolling will deter enemy mine laying

activity within patrol range.

Night observation devices are useful for detecting

enemy minelaying activity and directing offensive action against it.

Land clearing makes the enemy's task of laying mines

undetected more difficult and makes clearance of enemy minefields easier.

Artillery and Air strikes, especially night strikes against

targets located by STANO devices, disrupt enemy minelaying activity.

b. Defensive are measures taken to reduce the effect of

minelaying and may be achieved by:

1) Training
2) Correct troop movement
3) Correct vehicle movement

Prior to the arrival into the area, reinforcements and

new troops should be trained in enemy mine warfare tactics and should be
familiarized with enemy equipment. Training should include information on the
types of enemy mines which may be encountered, enemy anti-lift devices,

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areas of mine employment and procedures for neutralizing enemy mines. All
personnel should receive refresher training on detection search techniques.

In troop movement, safe distances between troops

must be maintained. Troops must not be allowed to bunch up and in mine
areas, should be spaced as widely as is practicable.

The speed and spacing of vehicle should be varied to

make the effective initiation of command detonated mines more difficult. If
possible, vehicles should avoid travelling singularly. The flooring of the vehicle
should be covered with sandbags or a layer of heavy rubber matting or similar
materials.

2. Methods of Detection

a. Visual
b. Probing
c. Electrical
d. Mines removal technique

Visual things to be considered:

a. Presence of tripwires.
b. Signs of road repairs.
c. Signs placed on trees, post or stakes.
d. Wires leading away from the side of the road.
e. Odd features in the ground or pattern does not present in
nature.
f. Civilians
g. Pieces of wood or debris on road.
h. Patterns or objects which might be used as a sighting line.

Probing by the use of probing rod - must be bronze in made not

sparkling tools.

Electrical by the use of Mine Detector.

Mines Removal Technique by means of Hand Removal, detonation

in place or by removal of rope or wire.

3. Some Considerations in Mine Detection

a. Likely Locations:

1) Covered resting place along routes

2) Bypass route
3) Assembly areas and ambush points
4) Road craters and obstacles
5) Stocks of fuel and supplies materials

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6) Railway system
7) Sides of roads and tracks
8) Around defensive position

b. Indications of mines:

1) Disturbed grounds
2) Trampled earth or vegetation
3) Damaged or dead vegetation
4) Improvised minefield markings
5) Trip wires
6) Partial roadblocks
7) Empty mine or containers
8) Dead animals with obvious wounds

Detonator - is an explosive set off by the heat or concussion

produced by the fuze. They are used to magnify the explosive force generated
by the fuze and transfer the force to the booster or the main charge.

Booster - is an additional step in the explosive chain that magnifies

the force of the detonator and transfer it to the main charge. Not all mines
require boosters and in many cases, the force of the detonator alone is sufficient
to set off the main charge.

Activator - is a combination of detonator/booster and is used in

setting up secondary explosive chains such as those used for anti-handling
devices.

Main Charge - is the bulk of explosive used in the mine. It is designed

to produce casualties and destruction by blast, fragmentation or chemical
agents.

Mine - is detonated when an initiating action causes the fuze to

function, thereby starting an explosive chain. An explosive chain begins the fuze
produces heat or concussion caused by mechanical, chemical, friction or
electrical means and applied to the detonator. The detonator sets off the
booster or the main charge. If the explosive chain is broken at any point, the
mine may not explode.

4. Four Major Components of Conventional Landmine

a. Fuze
b. Detonator/Booster
c. Main Charge
d. Mine Body

5. Safety In Laying

a. No person or vehicle is to enter the laid portion of a minefield.

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b. Mine laid by hand are to be armed only after they have been
placed in the ground.

c. Safety tapes may be used as an additional safety measures.

6. Safety During Clearance

a. Never use force, if force is necessary for an operation, do not

proceed.

b. Always neutralize known anti-personnel and anti-tank mines

before lifting or move them.

c. Examine wire to both ends.

d. Never pull a slack tripwire or cut any tripwire until neutralized.

e. Neutralize anti-personnel mines before you lift them.

7. Laying

a. Pattern is the laying of mines into a fixed relationship to each

other.

b. Random laying is the laying of mines without regard to

pattern.

c. Mils is the unit of measurement used in laying a minefield.

d. Clearance is the removal or destruction of mines in a

minefield or part of a minefield.

e. Breaching is the securing of a passage through an enemy

controlled minefield by clearing, neutralizing or disarming by means of:

1) Hand
2) Explosive
3) Mechanical

f. Neutralizing is the process of making a mine safe by rendering

its fuze of igniter inoperative.

g. Disarming is the action of making a mine safe by removing

the fuze or igniter.

********** End **********

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