HUMAN BIOLOGY AND MEDICAL

TERMINOLOGY(HBMT-106)
Nervous System Presented by Submitted To: Ms.Revathi.S.N.L
Dr. Muthyalaiah Revathi Yadav
Roll No:140422676004
Nervous system
• It is our body’s command center.

• It controls our movements, thoughts and automatic responses.

• It also controls our other body systems and process such as digestion, breathing and sexual
development(puberty).

• It regulates our body’s systems and allows you to experience your environment.
Nervous system :
• Our nervous system uses specialized cells called neurons to send signals, or
messages, all over your body. These electrical signals travel between your brain,
skin, organs, glands and muscles.
• Neuron conduct impulses that enable the body to interact with its internal and
external environments. There are various types of neurons. The tissues that
support the nerve cells is called neuroglia
• The 3 types of neuron are
Sensory Neuron
Motor Neuron
Inter Neuron
Neuron:

•
Parts of Nervous system:
• The nervous system has two main parts. Each part contains billions
of cells called neurons, or nerve cells.

• These special cells send and receive electrical signals through your
body to tell it what to do.

• There are two types of nervous system in our body

Peripheral Nervous System

Central Nervous System(CNS)

Peripheral Nervous System
• Our peripheral nervous system consists of many nerves that branch out from
your CNS all over your body.
• This system relays information from your brain and spinal cord to your
organs, arms, legs, fingers and toes.
• Your peripheral nervous system contains your:
• SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM which guides your voluntary movements.
• AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM which controls the activities you do without
thinking about them.
Somatic nervous system:
• Somatic afferent (sensory): carry
sensations from periphery to
spinal cord. Includes
exteroceptive (pain, temperature,
touch) & proprioceptive.
• Somatic efferent (motor):
communicate from spinal cord to
skeletal muscles
Autonomic nervous system:
• The autonomic nervous system is a component of the peripheral
nervous system that regulates involuntary physiologic processes
including heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, digestion.

• It has two division

Sympathetic NS

Parasympathetic NS
Functions of sympathetic and Parasympathetic
NS:
Central nervous System:
• The central nervous system consists of the brain and the spinal cord.

• It is part of the overall nervous system that also includes a complex

network of neurons, known as the peripheral nervous system.

• The nervous system is responsible for sending, receiving, and

interpreting information from all parts of the body. The nervous
system monitors and coordinates internal organ function and responds
to changes in the external environment.
• The central nervous system (CNS) functions as the processing center
for the nervous system.

• It receives information from and sends information to the peripheral

nervous system.

• The brain processes and interprets sensory information sent from the
spinal cord

• Both the brain and spinal cord are protected by a three-layered

covering of connective tissue called the meninges.
• Within the central nervous system is a system of hollow cavities
called ventricles. The network of linked cavities in the brain cerebral
ventricles is continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord.

• The ventricles are filled with cerebrospinal fluid, which is produced by

specialized epithelium located within the ventricles called the choroid
plexus.

• Cerebrospinal fluid surrounds, cushions, and protects the brain and spinal
cord from trauma. It also assists in the circulation of nutrients to the brain.
BRAIN- LATERAL VIEW:
• The brain is the control center of the body. It has a wrinkled appearance due
to bulges and depressions known as gyri and sulci. One of these furrows,
the medial longitudinal fissure, divides the brain into left and right
hemispheres. Covering the brain is a protective layer of connective tissue
known as the meninges

There are three main brain divisions:

• Forebrain

• Midbrain

• Hindbrain
Forebrain:
• The forebrain is by far the largest brain division.

• It includes the cerebrum, which accounts for about two-thirds of the

brain's mass and covers most other brain structures.

• The forebrain consists of two subdivisions called the telencephalon

and diencephalon.

• The olfactory and optic cranial nerves are found in the forebrain, as
well as the lateral and third cerebral ventricles.
Forebrain:
Telencephalon:
• A major component of the telencephalon is the cerebral cortex, which is
further divided into four lobes.
• These lobes include the frontal lobes, parietal lobes, occipital lobes, and
temporal lobes.
• The cerebral cortex contains folded bulges called gyri that create
indentations in the brain.
• Functions of the cerebral cortex include processing sensory information,
controlling motor functions, and performing higher-order functions such as
reasoning and problem-solving.
Basal Ganglia:

• Involved in cognition and voluntary movement

• Diseases related to damages of this area are Parkinson's and

Huntington’s

Cerebral Cortex:

• Outer portion (1.5mm to 5mm) of the cerebrum

• Receives and processes sensory information

• Divided into cerebral cortex lobes

Frontal Lobes: The prefrontal cortex, premotor area, and motor area of the brain.
These lobes function in voluntary muscle movement, memory, thinking, decision-
making, and planning.

Parietal Lobes: Responsible for receiving and processing sensory information.

These lobes also contain the somatosensory cortex, which is essential for processing
touch sensations.

Occipital Lobes: Responsible for receiving and processing visual information from
the retina.

Temporal Lobes: Home of the limbic system structures, including the amygdala
and hippocampus. These lobes organize sensory input and aid in auditory
perception, memory formation, and language and speech production.
Diencephalon:
• The diencephalon is the region of the brain that relays sensory
information and connects components of the endocrine system with
the nervous system.

• The diencephalon regulates a number of functions including

autonomic, endocrine, and motor functions. It also plays a major role
in sensory perception.
• Thalamus : A limbic system structure that connects areas of the
cerebral cortex that are involved in sensory perception and movement
with other parts of the brain and spinal cord.

• The thalamus also plays a role in the control of sleep and wake cycles.
Hypothalamus: Acts as the control center for many autonomic functions
including respiration, blood pressure, and body temperature regulation.

• This endocrine structure secretes hormones that act on the pituitary gland to
regulate biological processes including metabolism, growth, and the
development of reproductive system organs.

• As a component of the limbic system, the hypothalamus influences various

emotional responses through its influence on the pituitary gland, skeletal
muscular system, and autonomic nervous system.
MIDBRAIN :
• The midbrain is the area of the brain that connects the forebrain to the hindbrain.
The midbrain and hindbrain together compose the brainstem.

• The brainstem connects the spinal cord with the cerebrum. The midbrain regulates
movement and aids in the processing of auditory and visual information.

• The oculomotor and trochlear cranial nerves are located in the midbrain. These
nerves control eye and eyelid movement. The cerebral aqueduct, a canal that
connects the third and fourth cerebral ventricles, is also located in the midbrain.
MIDBRAIN:
Tectum: The dorsal portion of the midbrain that is composed of the
superior and inferior colliculi.

These colliculi are rounded bulges that are involved in visual and
auditory reflexes.

The superior colliculus processes visual signals and relays them to the
occipital lobes.

The inferior colliculus processes auditory signals and relays them to the
auditory cortex in the temporal lobe.
Cerebral peduncle: The anterior portion of the midbrain consisting of large
bundles of nerve fiber tracts that connect the forebrain to the hindbrain.
• Structures of the cerebral peduncle include the tegmentum and crus cerebri.
The tegmentum forms the base of the midbrain and includes the reticular
formation and the red nucleus.
• The reticular formation is a cluster of nerves within the brainstem that relay
sensory and motor signals to and from the spinal cord and the brain.
• It aids in the control of autonomic and endocrine functions, as well as
muscle reflexes and sleep and awake states. The red nucleus is a mass
of cells that aids in motor function.
HINDBRAIN:
• The hindbrain is composed of two subregions called the metencephalon and
myelencephalon.
• Several cranial nerves are located in this brain region. The trigeminal, abducent,
facial, and vestibulocochlear nerves are found in the metencephalon.
• The glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory, and hypoglossal nerves are located in the
myelencephalon. The fourth cerebral ventricle also extends through this region of
the brain.
• The hindbrain assists in the regulation of autonomic functions, maintaining
balance and equilibrium, movement coordination, and the relay of sensory
information.
HINDBRAIN:
METENCEPHALON:
• The metencephalon is the upper region of the hindbrain and contains the pons and
cerebellum.

• The pons is a component of the brainstem, which acts as a bridge connecting the
cerebrum with the medulla oblongata and cerebellum. The pons assists in the
control of autonomic functions, as well as states of sleep and arousal.

• The cerebellum relays information between muscles and areas of the cerebral
cortex that are involved in motor control. This hindbrain structure aids in fine
movement coordination, balance and equilibrium maintenance, and muscle tone.
Myelencephalon:
• The myelencephalon is the lower region of the hindbrain located
below the metencephalon and above the spinal cord. It consists of
the medulla oblongata.
• This brain structure relays motor and sensory signals between the
spinal cord and higher brain regions.
• It also assists in the regulation of autonomic functions such as
breathing, heart rate, and reflex actions including swallowing and
sneezing.
ANY QUERIES
THANK YOU