Sociology Assignment

Dawood Khan

Sir Naveed Waheed 11/11/23

Q1: health and illness are the issues in our society briefly explain the preventive
action will take by the human through your guideline in your locality.
Healthy habits prevent germs and infectious diseases from spreading. Learn, practice, and
teach healthy habits.

Handle and Prepare Food Safely:

 Food can carry germs. Wash hands, utensils, and surfaces often when preparing any
food, especially raw meat. Always wash fruits and vegetables. Cook and keep foods
at proper temperatures. Don’t leave food out – refrigerate promptly.

Wash Hands Often:

 One of the most important healthy habits to prevent the spread of germs is
to clean your hands. Our hands can carry germs, so it is important to wash
them often, even if they don’t look dirty.

When to Wash Your Hands

Make sure to clean your hands before and after:

 Using the bathroom or changing diapers

 Eating
 Cooking or serving food
 Treating a cut or wound
 Contact with a sick person
 Putting on and removing protective equipment like a face mask

Clean your hands after these actions:

 Coughing, sneezing, or blowing your nose

 Touching another person’s hands or touching an animal or pet
 Handling garbage
Touching frequently touched areas (doorknobs) or contaminated items (dirty
laundry or dishes).

How to Wash Hands with Soap and Water

 Wet hands and apply soap.

 Rub hands for at least 20 seconds. Scrub all surfaces.
 Rinse hands.
 Dry hands with a clean cloth or paper towel. If in a public place, use the
paper towel to turn off the faucet. Then, throw in the trash.

*When helping a child, wash their hands first, and then your own.

How to Clean Hands with Hand Sanitizer

 Use hand sanitizer if soap and water are not available and if your hands do
not look dirty. To be effective, hand sanitizer must have at least 60% alcohol
content.
 Apply hand sanitizer to both hands.
 Rub hands covering all surfaces until dry. If your hands dry before 10
seconds you did not use enough. Apply more and repeat.

Clean And Disinfect Commonly Used Surfaces:

 Germs can live on surfaces. Cleaning with soap and water is usually enough.
However, you should disinfect your bathroom and kitchen regularly. Disinfect other
areas if someone in the house is ill. You can use an EPA certified disinfectant (look
for the EPA registration number on the label) or a bleach solution.

Cough And Sneeze into a tissue or your sleeves:

 If you are sick, the air that comes out of your mouth when you cough or sneeze may
contain germs. Someone close by can breathe in your air, or touch a surface
contaminated with your germs, and become ill. Cough or sneeze into a tissue or
your shirt sleeve-not into your hands. Remember to throw away the tissue and wash
your hands. You can wear a face mask when you are sick with a cough or sneezing
illness.
Don’t Share Personal Items:

 Avoid sharing personal items that can’t be disinfected, like toothbrushes and razors,
or sharing towels between washes. Needles should never be shared, should only be
used once, and then thrown away properly.

Stay Home When Sick:

 hen you are sick, stay home and rest. You will get well sooner, and will not spread
germs.

Q2: Briefly explain in your own words that you understand the
concept of sociology.

Sociology is a social science discipline that focuses on studying and understanding

human society, social behavior, and the interactions between individuals and
groups. It explores how societies are organized, how social norms and institutions
shape people's lives, and how individuals are influenced by their social
environments.

Sociologists examine various aspects of social life, such as culture, social inequality,
social institutions (such as family, education, and government), social change, and
the dynamics of social interactions. They use research methods like surveys,
interviews, observations, and statistical analysis to gather data and draw
conclusions about society.

The goal of sociology is to gain insights into patterns and structures of social life, to
understand how society influences individuals and vice versa, and to identify and
analyze social problems and issues. Sociologists apply their knowledge to better
comprehend social phenomena, address social challenges, and contribute to the
development of policies and interventions aimed at improving society.

Overall, sociology provides a framework for understanding the complexities of

human behavior within social contexts and sheds light on the ways in which society
shapes and is shaped by individuals and groups.
Q3: briefly describe the three approaches to the study of sociology.

The three major sociological theories that new students learn about are the
interactionist perspective, the conflict perspective, and the functionalist perspective.
And each has its own distinct way of explaining various aspects of society and the
human behavior within it. Taking a moment to compare and contrast sociological
theories can provide further context.

Interactionist Perspective

Many sociological theories are what’s called macro-sociology — looking at the big
picture. For instance, macro-sociology might consider how a social problem like
poverty would be influenced by various social institutions. By contrast, micro-
sociology is focused on the dynamics involved between smaller groups of individuals.

The interactionist perspective is a good example of micro-sociology. This theory is

sometimes called the symbolic interactionist perspective because it argues that our
behaviour is deeply influenced by definitions and symbolic meanings. And it is our
symbolic interactions with other members of the community which creates those
definitions and meanings. Our sense of self, being influenced by social interaction, is
also influenced by the way others choose to label us. Because the labels others give us
provide us with a new view of ourselves.

As such, the interactionist perspective emphasizes the fact that humans react to their
perceived definition of their circumstances, as opposed to what you might call an
objective evaluation. If we were absolutely positive the world was ending at a
particular time and date, whether or not it was a true belief, it would influence our
behaviour in a significant way. As a result, the things we consider real are capable of
being real in consequence, even if our beliefs are incorrect.

Functionalist Perspective

By contrast, the functionalist perspective is a more traditional example of macro-

sociology. It has a heavy emphasis on the interconnected relationships between
various systems within society. In other words, it tends to be more concerned with
how part and whole influence each other. And those parts have to cooperate and work
together in order to keep society in a state of balance.
Family values, education, knowledge, and culture play an important role in
communicating values to young people. Within this perspective, all the various
aspects of a society are considered functional if they help social stability, or
dysfunctional if they do not. But what is social stability? Even among functionalists,
you’ll find an array of answers.

And some circumstances are more challenging to identify than others; some aspects of
society can even contribute and detract from social instability at the same time. For
instance, crime is associated with social instability. But it can also be functional by
promoting shared moral bonds, social cohesion, and occasionally helping to readjust
social norms. Learn more about sociological theories about crime.

Conflict Perspective

While functionalism shows us a cooperative picture of society, the conflict

perspective looks at society as being composed of groups with their own distinct
interests. This theory originates from Karl Marx, who viewed human society as
undergoing a series of different stages of economic development.

At the stage of industrialization, separate classes of people emerge, those who earn
wages (proletariat) and those who own the means of production (bourgeoisie.) The
bourgeoisie then use their disproportionate influence to rearrange society to their
advantage, and maintain power differences by using their control over social
institutions to turn them to their own advantage. Some conflict perspective theorists
will claim progress is a zero-sum game, and progress for one group can only come at
the expense of another. Others disagree.

Importantly, conflict theory is not limited to ideas of class. You can define groups in
various different ways, along religious, racial, gender, or political lines. In each case,
the members of those groups will tend to pursue what is in the interests of their group.
And in each case, conflict theory asks us to look at which groups have power
presently, and who is benefiting from currently-existing social arrangements. For
example, men and women suffer from different types of cancer, at different rates. But
how does research funding get allocated?

Q4: Explain the role of government to cope up the health and disease issues.
The role of government in addressing health and disease issues is crucial.
Governments have the responsibility to promote and protect public health by
implementing policies, regulations, and programs. They allocate resources for
healthcare infrastructure, such as hospitals, clinics, and research facilities, and support
healthcare professionals in delivering quality care.

Governments also establish public health agencies to monitor and control the spread
of diseases, conduct research, and develop preventive measures. They create and
enforce health regulations, such as food safety standards and vaccination
requirements, to safeguard the population's well-being. Additionally, governments
often play a role in providing healthcare services, either directly through public
healthcare systems or indirectly by subsidizing private healthcare.

Q5: Differentiate the three components of medical sociology.

Medical sociology consists of three main components:

1. Social Structure and Health: This component focuses on how social structures, such
as social class, race, gender, and age, influence health outcomes. It examines how
social inequalities and disparities affect access to healthcare, health behaviors, and
health outcomes.

2. Social Interaction and Health: This component examines the social processes and
interactions that shape health-related behaviors and experiences. It analyzes doctor-
patient interactions, healthcare decision-making, and the influence of social networks
and support systems on healthcare utilization and adherence.

3. Health and Illness as Social Constructs: This component explores how health and
illness are socially defined and constructed. It investigates the impact of cultural
beliefs, social norms, and societal perceptions on the understanding and management
of health and illness.

Q6 briefly describe the four types of diseases.

There are four main types of diseases:

1. Infectious Diseases: These are caused by pathogenic microorganisms, such as

bacteria, viruses, parasites, or fungi. Examples include influenza, tuberculosis,
malaria, and HIV/AIDS.

2. Chronic Diseases: Chronic diseases are long-lasting and typically develop and
progress slowly. They often result from a combination of genetic, lifestyle, and
environmental factors. Examples include heart disease, diabetes, cancer, and chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

3. Genetic Disorders: These are caused by abnormalities or mutations in an

individual's genes or chromosomes. They can be inherited or result from spontaneous
genetic changes. Examples include Down syndrome, cystic fibrosis, and sickle cell
anemia.

4. Mental Health Disorders: Mental health disorders affect a person's emotional,

psychological, and behavioral well-being. They can range from mild to severe and
impact a person's thoughts, feelings, and functioning. Examples include depression,
anxiety disorders, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder.

Q7 explain the functional is functionalist prospective on health and illness.

The functionalist perspective views health and illness as crucial components of
maintaining social order and stability within a society. According to functionalists, the
healthcare system and the overall state of health are essential for the proper
functioning of society.

Functionalists argue that a healthy population is necessary for society to operate

smoothly. When individuals are healthy, they can fulfill their social roles and
contribute to the functioning of various social institutions, such as the economy,
education, and family. Good health enables individuals to be productive, participate in
work and other activities, and maintain social cohesion.

From a functionalist perspective, the healthcare system is seen as a critical institution

that plays several important roles. First, it diagnoses and treats illnesses, aiming to
restore individuals to a healthy state. This function is essential to ensure that
individuals can resume their social roles and contribute to society.

Second, functionalists highlight the preventive aspect of the healthcare system. They
argue that healthcare institutions and professionals promote healthy behaviors and
provide education on disease prevention. By emphasizing preventive measures, such
as vaccinations, regular check-ups, and health screenings, the healthcare system aims
to maintain the overall health of the population and prevent the spread of diseases.

Third, functionalists emphasize the role of the healthcare system in socializing

individuals into adopting healthy norms and behaviors. They argue that healthcare
professionals, along with other social agents like family and schools, teach individuals
about the importance of maintaining good health and adhering to medical advice. This
socialization process helps individuals conform to societal expectations regarding
health and illness.
Lastly, functionalists recognize the role of the healthcare system in providing social
support to individuals during illness. They highlight the importance of healthcare
professionals in offering care, comfort, and reassurance to patients. This support not
only helps individuals recover physically but also addresses their emotional and
psychological needs, contributing to their overall well-being.

In summary, the functionalist perspective on health and illness emphasizes the role of
health in maintaining social stability and the functioning of society. It views the
healthcare system as a critical institution that diagnoses and treats illnesses, promotes
preventive measures, socializes individuals into adopting healthy behaviors, and
provides social support to patients. According to functionalists, a healthy population is
vital for the smooth operation of various social institutions and the overall well-
being of society.

Q8: discuss the sociologist sociological approaches like functionalist conflict

and interactionist

Sociologists use different theoretical approaches to understand and explain social

phenomena. Three major sociological perspectives are: functionalism, conflict theory,
and interactionism.

Functionalism, also known as structural functionalism, sees society as a complex

system of interrelated parts that work together to maintain stability and order.
According to this perspective, society is like a living organism, and each part plays a
role in the overall functioning of the system. Functionalists focus on the functions and
dysfunctions of social institutions, how they contribute to the maintenance of society,
and how they shape individual behavior. They seek to understand how these
institutions meet the needs of society and ensure its stability.

Conflict theory, on the other hand, emphasizes the role of power and inequality in
society. According to this perspective, society is characterized by competition and
conflict between different social groups and classes. Conflict theorists argue that
social institutions and structures perpetuate and reproduce inequality, and they focus
on how dominant groups maintain their power and privilege over subordinate groups.
This approach also examines social change and how it is driven by struggles for
power and resources.

Interactionism, or symbolic interactionism, focuses on the ways in which individuals

interact and communicate with each other in everyday social life. This perspective
emphasizes the importance of symbols, meanings, and interactions in shaping society.
Interactionists study how people interpret and give meaning to their social world, and
how these meanings are negotiated through social interactions. They also examine
how individuals construct and maintain their identities and roles through social
interactions.

Each of these sociological approaches offers valuable insights into different aspects of
society and social life. While functionalism provides a macro-level understanding of
social order and stability, conflict theory offers a critical perspective on power and
inequality, and interactionism focuses on the micro-level dynamics of social
interaction and meaning-making. By using these different theoretical perspectives,
sociologists are able to analyze and understand the complexities of society from
multiple angles.

Q9: at each stage of socialization the child internalizes a system of roles not just
one role socialization consists of four stage is from infancy to adulthood
explain in 1 to 2 lines.

Socialization consists of four stages: infancy, childhood, adolescence, and adulthood.

At each stage, a child internalizes a system of roles and expectations that shape their
behavior and identity as they grow and develop.