POWER SYSTEMS

PART 5

ANJU P A

Power System Subject Expert

 REMEMBER NOTES:DIESEL PLANT
 Convert Chemical energy (diesel ) to electrical energy
 Capacity of diesel engines 75-3750 Kw 2 to 50 MW
 Maximum temperature developed in a diesel engine 2000 -2500 °C
 speed of the diesel engine 1000 – 3000 rpm.
 Starting of High output diesel engines by air compressor
 Operating cost of power plant is lower , lubrication cost high
 Heating value of diesel 10000 kcal/kg
 temperature of cooling water leaving engine should not exceed. 40 °C
 Fuel injection pump inject the oil from day tank in to the engine
cylinder at a high pressure of about 100 bar.
 supercharger is to increase the pressure of the air provided to the
engine to increase the power of the engine
 Muffler -are provided on the exhaust line to reduce the pressure &
reduce noise
 Zeolite softener- Lime or lime soda treatment treat makeup water to
remove scale forming impurities
 REMEMBER NOTES:
 Two-stroke engines – 2stroke one revolution ,
o one power stroke per 360° rotation of crank shaft ,
o absence of valve

 Four strokes – 4stroke 2revolution ,

o one power stroke in every 720° rotation of crank shaft

 Base load stations -

• Low capital cost
• The load should be supplied continuously.
• Low maintenance cost.
• Low operating cost.
 peak load plant -
• Should be started quickly.
• Low operating cost.
• It has a low capital cost.
• Low maintenance cost.
 cooling is preferred for large turbine generator Hydrogen cooling
 REMEMBER NOTES:POWER PLANT
Steam power plant - thermal efficiency is quite low.
o normally operate at high speeds
o fuel transportation is the major problem
o Major share of power produced in India
Hydroelectric - Cheapest plant in operation and maintenance
o take long period in erection and installation
o free from environmental problem
o generate power at unpredictable or uncontrollable time
o least time in starting from cold condition to full load operation
Nuclear plants -maximum capital cost.
o needs highly skilled/qualified engineers for its operation
Diesel engine. Power supplied in Ships
o peak load plant/ emergency plants / standby plants
o plant cannot have single unit of 100 MW capacity
 Variable load on power plants

● Variation in load from time to time due to uncertain demands of the

consumers

● Effects of variable load:

o Need additional equipments – to vary input fuel supply as per demand

o Need alternators of different capacity (an alternator works at maximum

efficiency at its rated capacity)

o Increase in production cost

 Load curve

● Curve showing the variation of load on power station with respect to time.

● Daily load curve : Load variation during the whole day are recorded half

hourly or hourly and plotted against time.

Evening peak

Morning peak
Off peak Off peak
hours hours
 Daily load curve

● Area under the daily load curve : Number units(kWh) of energy

generated in that day
● Highest point of daily load curve : maximum demand on the station in
that day
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑦 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒(𝑘𝑊ℎ)
● Average load on the station in that day :
24 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠

𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑦 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒(𝑘𝑊ℎ)

● Load factor :
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑
 Benefits of load curve

o Helps in selecting the size and number of generating units – size selected

to fit the load curve. (because at rated capacity of a unit, we get operation
at or near maximum efficiency)

o Helps in preparing the operation schedule of the station

(operation schedule – sequence or time for which various generating
unit will be put in operation)
 load duration curve

● load elements of a load curve are arranged in the order of descending

magnitudes
● maximum load is represented to the left and decreasing loads are

represented to the right

● gives the minimum load present throughout the specified period.
● It authorises the selection of base load and peak load power plants.
● Integrated Load duration curve

• total number of units generated for the given demand.

• The ordinate represents the demand in kW or MW and abscissa
represents the units(kWh) generated at or below a given
demand(in kW or MW).

● Mass curve

• This curve is plotted with units(kWh) as ordinate and time as

abscissa.
• This curve gives the total energy consumed by the load up to a
particular time in a day.
 Base load and peak load

● Load curve has two parts – base load and peak load

● Base load: constant load occurs through out the day.

● Peak load: various peak demands above the base load.

Peak load

Base load
 Comparison – Base load plants & Peak load plants

Base load plants: Peak load plants

For constant supply of power For providing excess amount of

energy

More efficient plant is used here Less efficient plants can be used

Input source is available in plenty Input source availability is less

Eg: nuclear, thermal, hydel, run off Eg: pumped storage, run off river with
river without pondage etc. pondage, wind, hydel, thermal etc.
 Load curve of a power station has always:

A zero slope B positive slope

C negative slope D all of the above

If the daily load curve is divided by 24, what
does this curve represent:

A. Average load for the

B. Connected load.
day

C. Maximum demand. D. Demand factor.

THANK YOU