NAME: Jonas Carlo J.

Viray
TEACHER: Mr. Alvin Cerdo Carollo Ramos
SUBJECT: Science, Technology and Society

Identify at least 10 things from the ancient period and developed during modern era

1. Wheel and Axle

Who is the creator?

- Ancient Origin: Date back to around 3500 BC (Mesopotamia). The wheel was invented
in the 4th millennium BC in Lower Mesopotamia (modern-day Iraq), where the Sumerian
people inserted rotating axles into solid discs of wood. It was only in 2000 BC that the
discs began to be hollowed out to make a lighter wheel. This innovation led to major
advances in two main areas.

What are the materials being used in his/her creation?

- During that time, the materials used for wheels were primarily wood. The early wheels
were essentially solid disks made from a single piece of wood, with a hole in the center
for an axle. This simple design allowed for smoother transportation of goods and
facilitated the development of wheeled carts and chariots.

What is the current evolution or development of his/her creation?

- Modern Evolution: Advanced materials like alloys and composites are now used for
durability and efficiency. Wheels are integral to modern transportation, and axle design
has evolved for various applications, including vehicles, machinery, and aerospace. The
evolution of wheel technology later involved improvements such as metal rims, spokes,
and eventually the use of different materials for specific parts of the wheel to enhance
 durability and efficiency. However, in the very early stages of wheel invention, wood was
the predominant material used.

2. Writing Systems (e.g., Cuneiform, Hieroglyphics)

Who is the creator?

- Ancient Origin: Cuneiform (Mesopotamia), around 3400 BC.

What are the materials being used in his/her creation?

- Materials: Clay tablets, papyrus, stone, etc., depending on the civilization.

What is the current evolution or development of his/her creation?

- Modern Evolution: Writing has transitioned from physical mediums to digital formats.
Advanced digital writing technologies include keyboards, touchscreens, speech
recognition, and sophisticated word processing software.

3. Metallurgy

Who is the creator?

- Ancient Origin: Prehistoric, around 6000 BC.

What are the materials being used in his/her creation?

- Materials: Initially copper and later bronze (copper and tin alloys).

What is the current evolution or development of his/her creation?

 - Modern Evolution: Metallurgy has evolved to include a wide range of metals and alloys,
including steel, aluminum, titanium, and various specialized alloys with enhanced
properties. Advanced manufacturing processes like 3D printing have revolutionized metal
fabrication.

4. Agricultural Tools (e.g., Plow)

Who is the creator?

- Ancient Origin: The plow dates back to around 3000 BC (Mesopotamia).

What are the materials being used in his/her creation?

- Materials: Initially wood and later iron for the plowshare.

What is the current evolution or development of his/her creation?

- Modern Evolution: Agricultural tools have become highly mechanized, with materials
evolving to high-strength steel and lightweight alloys. Precision farming technologies,
automation, and robotics have further revolutionized modern agriculture.

5. Architecture and Construction (e.g., Arch, Dome):

Who is the creator?

- Ancient Origin: Arch - ancient Mesopotamia (around 4000 BC); Dome - ancient Rome
(around 27 BC).

What are the materials being used in his/her creation?

- Materials: Stone, brick, and mortar for arches; stone, concrete, and bricks for domes.
What is the current evolution or development of his/her creation?
- Modern Evolution: Architecture has become more diverse and innovative with the use of
advanced materials such as reinforced concrete, steel, glass, and sustainable materials.
Computer-aided design (CAD) and Building Information Modeling (BIM) are widely
used for design and planning.

6. Glassmaking

Who is the creator?

- Ancient Origin: Ancient Mesopotamia (around 3500 BC).

What are the materials being used in his/her creation?

- Materials: Silica sand, soda, and lime for basic glass production.

What is the current evolution or development of his/her creation?

- Modern Evolution: Glass production has diversified with specialized glasses for various
applications like optical fibers, tempered glass for smartphones, fiber-reinforced
composites, and smart glass that can change transparency.

7. Printing (e.g., Woodblock Printing, Moveable Type):

Who is the creator?

- Ancient Origin: Woodblock printing in ancient China (around 868 AD).

What are the materials being used in his/her creation?

 - Materials: Woodblocks for woodblock printing; movable metal type for movable type
printing.
What is the current evolution or development of his/her creation?

- Modern Evolution: Printing technologies have advanced significantly with digital

printing, offset printing, 3D printing, and Nano scale printing, allowing for high-speed
and precise printing on various materials.

8. Navigation and Maritime Technology

Who is the creator?

- Ancient Origin: Navigational instruments like the astrolabe date back to ancient Greece
(around 150 BC).

What are the materials being used in his/her creation?

- Materials: Wood, metal, and later compasses using magnetic materials.

What is the current evolution or development of his/her creation?

- Modern Evolution: Navigation has seen a massive evolution with GPS (Global
Positioning System) using satellites, sophisticated sonar systems, advanced materials for
shipbuilding, and automation for navigation and safety.

9. Surgical Instruments:

Who is the creator?

- Ancient Origin: Ancient civilizations like Egypt and India (pre-5th century BC).
What are the materials being used in his/her creation?

- Materials: Early instruments were made of materials such as bronze, copper, and iron.

What is the current evolution or development of his/her creation?

- Modern Evolution: Surgical instruments have evolved to use stainless steel and other
biocompatible materials. Advances include minimally invasive surgery with specialized
instruments and robotic-assisted surgical devices.

10. Clocks and Timekeeping:

Who is the creator?

- Ancient Origin: Sundials and water clocks used in ancient civilizations (dates vary).

What are the materials being used in his/her creation?

- Materials: Sundials were made from stone or metal; water clocks used ceramic or metal
containers.

What is the current evolution or development of his/her creation?

- Modern Evolution: Clocks have evolved from mechanical to electronic and now atomic
clocks, enabling highly accurate timekeeping. Digital displays and synchronization
through networks are common in modern timekeeping devices.
Give ten technological advancement and prehistoric technology and differentiate the ten
prehistoric technology being invented and it's new form now

Fire-making and Control:

Prehistoric: Early humans used friction and flint to create fire.

Modern: Matches, lighters, and advanced fire-starting tools.

Wheel:

Prehistoric: Simple wooden wheel used for transportation.

Modern: Advanced wheels and tires for various vehicles and machinery.

Agricultural Tools:

Prehistoric: Primitive hand tools for planting and harvesting crops.

Modern: Tractors, combines, and advanced agricultural machinery.

Housing Construction:

Prehistoric: Basic shelters made from sticks, leaves, and animal hides.
Modern: Structurally engineered buildings using a variety of materials like concrete, steel, and
glass.

Communication:

Prehistoric: Simple gestures, smoke signals, and drums for communication.

Modern: Internet, smartphones, telephones, and satellite communication systems.
Weapons and Hunting Tools:

Prehistoric: Stone-tipped spears, arrows, and simple traps.

Modern: Firearms, advanced archery equipment, and sophisticated hunting tools.

Clothing and Textiles:

Prehistoric: Animal hides and plant fibers for clothing.

Modern: Fabrics made from a wide range of materials and advanced manufacturing techniques.

Navigation:

Prehistoric: Celestial navigation and landmarks.

Modern: GPS systems and advanced navigation software.

Transportation:

Prehistoric: Walking, animal-drawn carts, and simple boats.

Modern: Cars, airplanes, trains, ships, and space travel.

Medicine and Healing:

Prehistoric: Herbal remedies and basic first aid.

Modern: Advanced pharmaceuticals, surgical procedures, and medical imaging technologies.

Identify the following

1. Science

- In the context of the subject "Science, Technology, and Society" (STS), the term
"science" typically refers to the systematic study of the natural and physical world,
 employing methods such as observation, experimentation, and analysis to understand
phenomena and formulate theories or models. The study of "science" in STS involves
understanding not only the methods and practices of science but also the social, cultural,
political, economic, and ethical dimensions that influence scientific research, its
applications, and its implications for individuals and communities. It often includes
analyzing the roles and responsibilities of scientists, the public perception of science, the
funding and regulation of scientific research, and the ethical considerations related to
scientific advancements.

2. Technology

- In the context of the subject "Science, Technology, and Society" (STS), the term
"technology" typically refers to the application of scientific knowledge and principles to
create tools, devices, systems, and processes that improve or enhance the capabilities of
individuals or society as a whole. In STS, technology is not simply seen as a collection of
devices or machines, but rather as a complex, interconnected system embedded within the
larger social, cultural, economic, and political context. This subject explores the
interrelationships between science, technology, and society, examining how
technological advancements influence and are influenced by social and cultural values,
ethics, policies, and behaviors.

3. Society

- In the context of the subject "Science, Technology, and Society" (STS), "society" refers
to the broader understanding and study of how science and technology interact with and
impact society as a whole. This subject explores the intricate relationship between
scientific advancements, technological innovations, and the social, cultural, economic,
and political contexts in which they are developed and utilized. The STS subject seeks to
foster critical thinking and a holistic understanding of how science and technology are
intertwined with societal dynamics, encouraging students to consider the broader
implications and responsibilities associated with scientific and technological progress.
WHAT ARE THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD?

The scientific method is a systematic approach used by scientists to acquire knowledge and
understanding about the natural world through observation, experimentation, and analysis. It
involves a series of steps or processes that help ensure the reliability and validity of scientific
research. While the specific steps may vary slightly depending on the field or context, the
general scientific method typically consists of the following steps:

1. Observation and Questioning:

- Begin by making observations of the natural world and asking a specific, clear, and
testable question based on those observations.

2. Hypothesis
- Formulate a hypothesis, which is a proposed explanation or prediction for the observed
phenomenon. The hypothesis should be specific, falsifiable, and based on existing knowledge
or theories.

3. Prediction
- Develop specific predictions or expectations that can be tested based on the hypothesis.
Predictions help guide the design of experiments and observations.

4. Experimentation or Data Collection

- Design and conduct controlled experiments or gather data through observations, surveys,
or other methods. Collect relevant data to test the predictions and validate or refute the
hypothesis.

5. Analysis
- Analyze the collected data using appropriate statistical and analytical methods to draw
conclusions and identify patterns or trends. Compare the results with the predictions made
based on the hypothesis.
 6. Conclusion
- Based on the data analysis, draw conclusions regarding whether the data supports or
contradicts the hypothesis. Assess the significance and implications of the findings.

7. Communication and Peer Review

- Share the results of the study through scientific papers, presentations, or other forms of
communication. Other scientists review the research, replicate the experiments, and provide
feedback to validate the findings and ensure their accuracy and reliability.

8. Iteration and Revision

- If necessary, refine the hypothesis, experiment design, or methods based on feedback and
further experimentation. The scientific method often involves a cyclical process of refining
and expanding knowledge.

It's important to note that the scientific method encourages objectivity, replication of
experiments, skepticism, and the use of empirical evidence to form conclusions about the
natural world. Additionally, scientific inquiry is an ongoing, dynamic process that leads to a
deeper understanding of various phenomena and their underlying principles.

WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN HYPOTHESIS AND THOERY?

A hypothesis and a theory are both fundamental concepts in the scientific method, but they serve
different roles and have different levels of support and development within the scientific process.

1. Hypothesis

- A hypothesis is a specific, testable statement or prediction about a phenomenon or

relationship between variables in a scientific study.

- It is a tentative explanation or proposal based on limited evidence or observations.

 - Hypotheses are typically formulated before conducting experiments or collecting data to
guide the research.

- They are subject to testing and experimentation to either support or refute them.

- A hypothesis is a starting point for scientific investigation and is often formulated in an "if-
then" format.

2. Theory

- A theory is a well-substantiated and comprehensive explanation of a natural phenomenon

based on a vast body of evidence.

- It is a broader and more generalizable explanation that has withstood rigorous testing and
scrutiny over time.

- A theory integrates multiple hypotheses, laws, and observations into a cohesive framework
that explains how and why things happen.

- Theories are supported by a large body of experimental data, observations, and evidence from
various sources and disciplines.

- They are considered to be the highest level of confidence in the scientific community and are
not easily overturned unless compelling evidence emerges to challenge or refine them.

In summary, a hypothesis is a specific, testable prediction or statement made to guide a scientific

investigation, while a theory is a well-established and thoroughly tested explanation that
encompasses a wide range of observations and evidence within a particular field of study.
Theories represent the most advanced and accepted understanding of how natural phenomena
work based on the current state of scientific knowledge.
 REFERENCE

https://www.citeco.fr/10000-years-history-economics/the-origins/invention-of-the-wheel#

https://www.britannica.com/technology/history-of-technology/Technology-in-the-ancient-world

https://pressbooks.pub/anne1/chapter/the-modern-world-and-sts/#

https://www.oldest.org/ancient/ancient-technology/

https://www.britannica.com/technology/history-of-technology

https://blog.tkelevator.com/ten-technological-advances-changing-the-world-and-how-we-live-in-
it/

https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/ancient-art-civilizations/ancient-near-east1/the-
ancient-near-east-an-introduction/a/cuneiform#

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/09/170901113607.htm#

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-hccc-worldhistory2/chapter/new-agricultural-tools/

https://whatson.cmog.org/exhibitions-galleries/origins-glassmaking

https://study.com/learn/lesson/chinese-woodblock-printing-history-process.html#

http://www.waterencyclopedia.com/Mi-Oc/Navigation-at-Sea-History-of.html

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6077085/

https://www.paymoapp.com/blog/timekeeping-devices/
https://www.thoughtco.com/clock-and-calendar-history-1991475

https://majorsandminors.dasa.ncsu.edu/science-technology-society/

https://www.studocu.com/ph/document/don-honorio-ventura-technological-state-university/
science-technology-and-society/science-technology-and-society/23191135

https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-meaning-of-science-technology-and-society

http://catalog.mit.edu/schools/humanities-arts-social-sciences/science-technology-society/

https://web.colby.edu/st112wa2018/2018/02/09/what-is-sts-6/

https://hss.sas.upenn.edu/undergraduate/science-technology-society-major

https://www.slideshare.net/ChristianNelDomingue/introduction-to-science-technology-and-
society

https://www.britannica.com/science/scientific-method

https://www.sciencebuddies.org/science-fair-projects/science-fair/steps-of-the-scientific-method

https://byjus.com/biology/difference-between-hypothesis-and-theory/#

https://merriam-webster.com/grammar/difference-between-hypothesis-and-theory-usage

https://www.indeed.com/career-advice/career-development/theory-vs-hypothesis