CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION
This project discusses a
Campus Based Private Branch
Automatic Exchange (PABX)
Tie
providing switched
communications to a number of
different users, within two
buildings.
The campus based PABX tie
platform allows rapid
adaptation of communications
infrastructure
and facilities to meet
operational challenges brought
on by customer demand,
regulatory
changes, and organizational
staffing needs.
1.0 BACKGROUND OF THE
STUDY
Recent advances in Computer
and Telephony integration has
further created the opportunity
to
explore multimedia to enhance
communication in large
organizations, such as academic
institutions.
A Private Automatic Branch
Exchange (PABX) is a
telephone exchange or
switching system
that serves a private
organization, performs
concentration of central office
lines or trunks and
provides intercommunication
between large numbers of
telephone stations in the
organization.
[3]
 The central office lines
provide connections to the
public switched telephone
network (PSTN)
and the concentration aspect of
a PABX permits the shared use
of these lines between all
stations
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
This project discusses a
Campus Based Private Branch
Automatic Exchange (PABX)
Tie
providing switched
communications to a number of
different users, within two
buildings.
The campus based PABX tie
platform allows rapid
adaptation of communications
infrastructure
and facilities to meet
operational challenges brought
on by customer demand,
regulatory
changes, and organizational
staffing needs.
1.0 BACKGROUND OF THE
STUDY
Recent advances in Computer
and Telephony integration has
further created the opportunity
to
explore multimedia to enhance
communication in large
organizations, such as academic
institutions.
A Private Automatic Branch
Exchange (PABX) is a
telephone exchange or
switching system
that serves a private
organization, performs
concentration of central office
lines or trunks and
provides intercommunication
between large numbers of
telephone stations in the
organization.
[3]
The central office lines
provide connections to the
public switched telephone
network (PSTN)
and the concentration aspect of
a PABX permits the shared use
of these lines between all
stations
CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND INFORMATION

Until the internet, the telephone was the most ground breaking communications

technology ever introduced to the business world. Today, despite the internet’s

usefulness and prevalence, the telephone continues to be a staple communications

system around the world, refined and enriched rather than deprecated by advancing

technology (Armstrong, 2012). The telephone, as either a base technology or a

conceptual form for the technology to take, is not going to go away. And this is a

good thing, because there are so many advantages of utilizing phone systems even

within campuses.

The telephone rings, it jingles our psyches, jangles our nerves. We are seduced

and soothed, rattled and betrayed by it. Wherever it is-on the desk or street corner,

the high seas or highway, in our bathrooms or briefcases-it has, for a machine, an

allure like no other" (Gwathmey and Stern,1994). The telephone is a technology

that has become an integral part of our life since it was invented in 1876 by
Alexander Graham Bell. The telephone allows the sender and the receiver to be in

direct contact without being physically in each other's presence through a receiver

and a transmitter. The sender and the receiver can be separated by vast distances

but their communication is still direct and no interference is required through a

messenger. True communication requires back and forth speaking and listening

interaction and then providing a response informed by what has been heard

(Franklin, 1999). One aspect that is lacking from communication through a

telephone is a face to face interaction which allows the interpretation of body

language. This is the main difference between oral communication and electronic

communication.

Communication is the key to nearly everything, of course, and campuses or higher

education is no exception. For the foreseeable future, the desktop telephone is

likely to remain a ubiquitous office communication tool (Judith and Mark, 2009).

The land line telephone service provided to faculty and staffs will be financially

sustainable over the years.

However, the way desktop telephone connects within a campus network keeps

changing as more institutions replace their separate copper and VoIP based tie

lines with Microwave. Uses of microwave are hardly new. They have been utilized

since the mid-1980s when microwave transmissions were beamed about by

complex and powerful transmitting units that required Federal Communications

Commission (FCC) licenses and radios and antennas costing $40,000 to $50,000

(Prakash, 2001). Today, wireless systems can deliver up to 100 Mb/s speeds at 40

miles distance, and speeds are increasing.

1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT

In the institutions, there is no functional telephone network infrastructure to

connect the faculties dispersed at various locations within the campus. There is

also a communication gap between campuses of a university located at various site

within a state. This would be avoided, if a telephone network is designed,

configured and implemented to connect these faculties or campuses together so

that they can communicate. Some departments have existent telephone network

facilities.

1.3 OBJECTIVES

 To design a telephone local area network (LAN) for faculties/departments

within a university.

 To implement a telephone local area network (LAN) for faculties/ departments

within a university.

 To design a campus based PABX network.

 To implement a campus based PABX network that will propel communication

between faculties and departments within a university.

1.4 JUSTIFICATION OF STUDY

There is need for voice communication among faculties or campuses in tertiary

educational institutions. This enables efficiency and fast transfer of information.

The use of microwave PABX tie line is highly needed in the deployment of a

campus based PABX. With microwave based PABX tie line, there is primary

advantage of fast communication between buildings with no recurring costs other

than periodic maintenance expenses. That means installation costs can be

amortized within a year or two in most cases by eliminating fees to telephone

companies. Wireless installations enjoy another advantage over cable in that they

represent a one-time capital cost that can benefit a school district for many years.

This scenario is far more likely to attract grant money than the situation where a

school is making recurring payments to a service provider—typically the telephone

company—for leased lines (Prakash, 2001).

1.5 SCOPE OF STUDY

The proposed campus based PABX network is limited to Federal University of

Technology Owerri. The departments under study are; department of

Electrical/electronic engineering department and Postgraduate school. The campus

PABX network takes into account the design and physical implementation of the
network. The Electrical/electronic departments have an existing local telephone

network whereas the project takes into account the design and implementation of

the prototype telephone network at postgraduate school. The schools have a

separate telephone LAN and are connected together using a radio.

 CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW

2. 0 TELEPHONE NETWORK CONCEPT

Telephone network is a telecommunication network used for telephone calls

between two or more parties. In order to get a telephone call to travel from one

place to another, it must pass through the telephone network. These networks

consist of many parts, operated by different companies, but are inter-connected

using common signaling methods. Physical components required for telephone

networks are: Transmission Facilities, Local Loop, Interoffice facilities (IOF),

Switching Systems, Customer Premise Equipment (Jalalur, 2008).

Telephone network is subdivided into two major kinds of networks. They are:

 Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN)

It is the traditional telephone network that provides Plain Old Telephone Service

(POTS). That is, the network that anyone could access by circuit- switch

connection. This connection is the dedicated service that can guarantee the reliable,

accessible and quality service. The network focus is on circuit-based, or

connection-oriented, systems designed for delivery of one universal service – voice

(Internetsociety, 2015). It serves as internet for telephones.

 Private Telephone Network

It is a type of telephone network within an enterprise that switches calls within the

enterprise on local lines, while allowing all users to share a certain number of

external lines to the central office. The network employs Private Automatic Branch

Exchange (PABX) as its core switching element (Wikipedia, 2012).

Fig 1: A typical telephone network

2.1 WHAT IS PABX SYSTEM?

A Private Automatic Branch Exchange (PABX) is a telephone system within

an enterprise that switches calls between enterprise users on local lines while

allowing all users to share a certain number of external phone line

(TechTarget, 2015). Most medium-sized and larger companies use PABX

because it's much less expensive than connecting an external telephone line to

every telephone in the organization.

The main purpose of a PABX is to save the cost of requiring a line for each user to

the telephone company's central office.

2.2 HISTORY OF PABX

Three distinct generations of private branch exchanges (PBX) have appeared

(Ronnel, 2013).

 Pre-1970: The first PBX was massive switchboards, tended to receptionist who

manually connected circuits and lines. It was called Private Manual Branch

Exchange (PMBX).

 Mid-1970: At mid-1970, the automated switches entered market, making said

processes more efficient. Business yet to adopt private telephone network began

to recognize the incentives, thus automated switchboard slowly displaced

manual systems. At this point, the PBX was called Private Automatic Branch

Exchange (PABX).

 Post 1990: In the 1990s, PBX systems underwent several changes. In 1995,

researchers sought for a way to transfer audio and video files over the internet,

succeeding a year later and introducing VoIP to the world. From this point

forward, IP-PABX grew in popularity. Integrated system digital network

 (ISDN) PABXS systems also appeared around this time, presenting modern

features like conferencing calling and call forwarding.

2.3 OVERVIEW OF CAMPUS BASED PABX NETWORK

A campus based PABX network refers to a private telephone network seen in a

university environment. A university may have one campus or various campuses

scattered within a state or beyond. In Nigeria and beyond, various scholars have

written on private telephone networks of enterprises which deploy multiple PABXs

at different locations. However little attention has been paid to implementation of

telephone networks in campuses.

It can easily be argued that a campus is an organization and hence

whatever is employed in telephone network of enterprises should be employed in

the campus network. As good as it sounds, a campus network although an

organization, have a different network structure as opposed the network structure

of the enterprise telephone network.

Pharck (2015) on introduction to telephony and PABX systems asserted

that “organizations supporting a network of geographically dispersed PBXs often

use tie trunks (lines) to interconnect them”. Phrack further stated that “Tie trunks

are usually leased from the common carrier; however, a private microwave

arrangement can be established”.

 Dirk and Alan (2015), in their paper on Ethernet applications and how

microwave radios can play a part noted two various means of establishing PABX

tie trunks for connecting PABX together to form a private telephone network

between organization having various branches. These methods are: use of analog

tie lines and use of digital tie lines (which includes VoIP and microwave). The

paper went further to explain how a telephone network of a school with various

campuses can be implemented using a microwave radio, affirming what phrack

said about the use of private microwave to achieve a tie line.

2.4 PABX TIE LINE

The concept of connecting multiple field offices phone systems together is

not knew. Indeed this is the purpose of PABX tie or PABX tie trunk as often

called. Two PABXs can be connected by a privately leased telephone line, and

calls can be made between PABXs using this "TIE line". Tie lines provide a cost-

effective way to route calls and communications, and are often used to connect

corporate offices located in different cities (Cisco, 2009).

When two or more PABXs are connected by tie lines, they can create a

"private network" which is independent of the public network (i.e., the telephone

company and its lines). Calls can be handled between extensions of the PABXs

without using the services of a telephone company, even though the PABXs may

be installed in different locations.

 TIE lines can also be used in conjunction with central office (CO) lines. This

allows an outside caller to call one PABX and be connected to an extension in a

different PABX, or allows an extension user to make a call to an outside party

which is routed first through another PABX in the private network. Routing calls

this way can be very cost-effective. For example, an employee in Lagos can make

a call to a customer in Abuja by routing the call through the PABX in the

company's Abuja office. In such a case the call will be billed to the Abuja office as

a local call.

NOTE: in this write up, it was assumed that the lines used in the private telephones

network are leased by PSTN or ISPs for long distant tie lines or owned by the

organization in cases where tie lines between the PABX are few kilometers away.

It was also assumed that the calls are just between the PABX ie, non to central

office (CO).

2.4.1 EVOLUTION OF PABX TIE

The PABXs were developed to solve a very common problem. Originally, all calls

placed had to go through the public network. This meant that if you were calling a

colleague who was sitting just a couple of feet away, then you would have to pay

the price of a local call. The idea of cost effective communications within an

organization was what lead to the development of PABXs (Bourne, 2011).

Consequently this same idea of cost effective communication lead to the

development of PABXs tie over remote locations.

Below is discussed the various tie line methods and in the order in which they

technologically evolved.

2.4.1.1 ANALOG TIE LINE

The first tie line was an analog line made of copper wire. The voice transmission

over the analog tie line can be carried over a two- wire or four -wire path

(Vanguard, 2004). When two wire path or tie line is used, the Tip transmits voice

traffic while the Ring receives voice traffic. Whereas in four – wire path or tie line,

the Tip/Ring leads transmit voice traffic while Tip1/Ring1 receives voice traffic.

Analog tie line makes use of E & M signaling (Wikipedia, 2015).

In Figure 2, two-wire E & M type I tie line connect PABX A and B. From the

PABX, the Tip leads transmit voice traffic while Ring receives voice traffic.

Signaling information is transmitted on the M lead and received on the E lead.

Fig 2: A two wire E & M type 1 tie line

The analog tie line can be two or more lines depending on the access level as

shown below (TTC, 2009).

Fig 3: Analog Tie Lines

Vanguard (2004) in understanding voice solution stated that “E&M tie

trunk circuits are used in known systems to provide two analog voice frequency

(VF) between systems per circuit” meaning that this analog trunk lines carry a

single channel of voice call per line making the line less flexible. This inflexibility

made analog trunk line only sufficient for small organizations which requires only

few of those lines. Another limitation pointed out by Vanguard is that the greater

the distance the analog signal (voice) has to travel the more likely it picks up

enough noise and distortion that the original speech becomes difficult to

understand. In addition, analog voice that is carried over long distances is

attenuated, which means that the volume goes down.

2.4.1.2 DIGITAL TIE LINE

Recently many tie lines in use to link PABXs together are digital tie lines. Digital

tie lines are mostly preferred because they are more dependable and are less

sensitive to noise and distortions. According to Vanguard (2004), the inherent

benefits of digital voice are:

• Digital voice quality is independent of distance.

• Digital voice can be multiplexed onto one channel; this reduces equipment and

cost.

• Digital trunk lines can replace the cost of six to eight analog trunk lines.

In the deployment of PABX tie using digital tie lines, the PABX continues

to provide analog interfaces to the phones, however, it will require digital

interfaces to connect to digital tie lines. The analog-to-digital conversion function

may be performed by a digital PABX or an analog PABX may connect to a

channel bank or multiplexer that multiplexes multiple voice calls onto a digital

data stream. The channel bank or multiplexer performs the following functions:

• convert an analog voice into digital voice using pulse code modulation (PCM)

• multiplex the digital voice and signal together onto one data stream

• transmit the data stream over a digital trunk

From the example shown figure 4 below, the digital PABX at the receiving end de-

multiplexes the received data stream and converts the digital voice back to analog

before forwarding to the subscriber loop.

Fig 4: channel bank and multiplexers in a digital tie line

There are two types of digital data streams, T1 and E1 (Vanguard, 2004). A

T1 or Digital signal 1 (DS-1) channel bank or multiplexer first converts analog

voice into digital voice using Pulse Code Modulation (PCM). The resulting 8-bit

sample is then combined or multiplexed with 23 other 8- bit samples onto a single

frame. Each 8-bit sample within the frame occupies a timeslot or a Digital signal

(DS0).
Fig 5: T1 multiplexing

In total there are 193 bits per T1 frame; 192 bits of voice data (24 x 8-bit

samples) and 1 bit, the F bit, is used for framing. The framing bit is used to

synchronize the multiplexer and de-multiplexer. Timeslot 24 can also be used for

supervisory signaling.

Sampling theorem also known as Nyquist sample states that “in order for a band-

limited signal to be reconstructed fully, it must be sampled at a rate V ≥ 2B”.

Therefore, the sample rate for human voice is 8000samples/second (ie 4Hz is the

voice bandwidth).

Sampling rate for one timeslot = Sampling rate × number of sample bit

= 8000samples/ second × 8bits = 64000bits/seconds.

Sampling rate for the frame = 64000bits/second × 24timeslots per frame

 = 1,536,000bits/second.

T1 speed = 1,536,000bits/second + 8000sample/second of framing bit

= 1544000bits/second.

E1 framing is similar to T1 framing. However, in the case of E1 digital voice

transmission, 30 8-bit voice samples are multiplexed into one E1 frame. In total,

there are 256 bits per E1 frame; 240 bits of voice data (30x8), 8 bits for signaling,

and 8 bits for framing. Calculating E1 speed in the same manner as T1, E1=

2,048,000 bits/second.

Cisco (2009) on the article Tie line service argued that “A private network can be

established using the following digital interface methods”

METHODS PORT (CHANNEL) AVAILABLE NETWORK

TYPE SERVICES SPECIFICATION

T1 line TIE(E &M) TIE line service Digital (64kps*24

channel)

PRI line QSIG (master or slave)  TIE line Digital (ISDN 23B +

service D)

 QSIG services

VoIP Not Assignable  TIE line Internet protocol

 service (IP)

 QSIG Service

 IP data send/

receive

Tie line service can be used on a private network that is established using

ISDN (PRI) lines programmed to implement the QSIG protocol (Cisco, 2009). The

terms D and B channel are most often associated with the ISDN digital interface.

However, D-channel generally refers to the channel that carries signaling and B-

channel refers to the channel that carries voice traffic. Therefore if Common

Channel (QSIG) signaling is used on a T1 interface, the T1 frame is said to have

23B+D channels, where there are 23 channels or timeslots that carry voice and 1

timeslot that carries signaling. Similarly, the E1 frame has 30B+D channels. QSIG

is a type of CCS signaling designed for use between two private exchanges (Cisco,

2009). QSIG supports voice and data.

Rajesh (2011) in his lecture on telecomm trunk lines was of the view that “For

larger organizations that require a lot of tie trunk lines, procuring additional analog

trunks might not be a practical idea as they need to buy separate (perhaps multiple)

analog trunk cards to terminate these lines in their PBX”. He went further to
suggest that “These organizations can procure a digital line called PRI/ E1 (In

Europe/ Asia) or T1 (In America)”. Each T1 and PRI / E1 line can carry up to 24

and 30 channels of voice communications simultaneously as mentioned previously.

On each PABX, a PRI / E1/ T1 Card is needed to terminate this PRI/ E1/ T1 line in

those PBX.

Fig 6: T1 tie line using QSIG channel

Javed (2004) in his lecture on Internet engineering at kent state university gave a

statistics of all the digital lines sold by Telco companies. It’s as shown in the table

below.
Fig 7: Different digital lines

Vangie (2015) in his definition on VoIP stated that “Voice over Internet

Protocol is a category of hardware and software that enables people to use

the Internet as the transmission medium for telephone calls by sending voice data

in packets using IP rather than by traditional circuit transmissions of the PSTN.

One of the advantages of voice over IP is the ability to easily and inexpensively

connect remote systems together (Eric et al, 2010).

An IP-PABX or Hybrid-IP PABX is used on a private network to implement

Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP). On this type of network, information is sent

over the private network in IP packets, which allows voice as well as data to be

sent to other devices in the private network. Each IP PABX (ie VoIP gateway) in

the private network is connected to a local area network through a switch. A LAN

can consist of PABXs, computers, servers, routers, etc. Each LAN is connected to
the private network by a router, which is used to direct voice and data to the routers

of other PABXs as shown in the figure below.

Fig 8: VoIP tie line

VoIP tie line is often leased by Internet service providers (ISP). The ISP

network is made up inter-connected routers. The connection between the

organization and the ISP network is usually a T1/E1 connection using fiber optics

cable. Fiber optics cable has the ability to transmit video, data, and voice.

However, the newest method of achieving a digital tie line in a private

telephone network is through the use of point-to-point microwave radios. The

network of various point - to-point microwave radio is referred to as microwave

radio relay.

Sugavanesh (2011) in his journal on microwave radio relay systems said that

“Microwave radio relay is a technology for transmitting digital and analog signals,
such as long-distance telephone calls and the relay of television programs to

transmitters, between two locations on a line of sight radio path. In microwave

radio relay, radio waves are transmitted between the two locations with directional

antennas, forming a fixed radio connection between the two points. Long daisy-

chained series of such links form transcontinental telephone and/or television

communication systems.”

In using microwave radio to achieve a PABX tie line, a point-to-point or

multi point connection is created between the radios of each microwave connected

to the PABX. The radio is interfaced to the PABX using RJ 45 to RJ 11 converter.

The microwave radio makes use of Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave

Access (WiMAX) frequency which ranges from 2-6 GHz. A PABX tie using

microwave can cover up to 48km and beyond. It is equally used as T1 or E1

carrier.
Fig 9: A PABX tie using microwave

One unique difference between the analog and digital tie line methods discussed

thus far is that the tie lines are achieved using a cable whereas, whereas in

microwave the tie line is achieved using a radio.

2.5 BENEFITS OF USING MICROWAVE IN A CAMPUS BASED PABX

Dirk and Alan (2015) on traditional transmission media for networking and

telecommunications outlined the following as the benefits of using microwave in a

campus telephone network.

1. Eliminate Leased Line Costs

One application associated with microwave is to replace the use of leased line in a

private network (Kitty and Lilian, 2007). This means that a one-time purchase of

microwave radios can replace those reoccurring costs with a payback from one to

two years.

2. Abundant Bandwidth

The latest technologies in microwave can provide for large amounts of data

transfer. It is unlikely that the data capacity for these new radios will ever be

exceeded. This is especially true in Ethernet applications where data is bursty

and does not require full-time network access.

3. Path Protection

using leased lines from each campus to the telephone company (or ISP) makes

each campus vulnerable to network outages due to hardware failures. With

microwave radio, a ring network can be established where traffic from each

campus is relayed from campus to campus in a complete circle. If the

connection between any two campuses should be lost, traffic can automatically

be rerouted around the ring in the opposite direction to reestablish the

connection.

4. Path Reliability

Most telephone companies offer 99.9% reliability on each connection – an

average of about 1 hour unavailability per year. A properly designed microwave

path typically offers 99.999% reliability – 5 minutes per year unavailability. In

a ring configuration even in the rare event of equipment failure traffic will be

rerouted to bypass the damaged equipment.

5. Faster Network Rollout and Implementation

With the use of microwave, there is no need of digging trenches which takes

time and demands a lot of labour. This makes the network installation very fast.

2.5.1 IS MICROWAVE THE ONLY MEANS TO ACHIEVING PABX TIE

IN A CAMPUS NETWORK?
The question that might be hovering over the mind of the readers is; is microwave

the only way to achieve a PABX tie in a campus network? The answer is no but it

is the most preferred. In PABX tie deployment, copper cable (twisted-pair and

coax), fiber optics and microwave can be used as mentioned earlier. However the

use of copper cable and fiber optics faces limitation which makes them lose

attraction for use in a campus based PABX.

Rakib and Zaigham (2009) in analysis and planning microwave link to

established efficient wireless communications argued that “Microwave radio offers

a number of compelling advantages over copper cable/fiber based transmission”.

The various advantages pertaining to the wide use of microwaves as described by

Rakib and Zaigham are as follows:

1. Rapid Deployment – Microwave link can installed less than a day.

2. Reliability - In Radio communication MF/HF band, varies widely with time,

weather condition and giving rise to fading effect. But a microwave frequencies,

there is less fading since the propagation of microwaves from transmitter to

receiver takes place by line of sight propagation.

3. No Right-of-Way Issues – Microwave radio can over come barrier such as

railways, road and ponds as well and avoiding taking any permission to establish

the communications and introduce time delay or cost.

4. Flexibility – At minimal or even no cost microwave link capacity can easily

increase. If network needs any changes radios can be redeployed based one

customer demand.

5. Easily Crosses City Terrain – In many cities there enormously restricted street

digging to in install any cable/fiber in this situation Microwave radio is the best

solution.

6. Operator Owned Infrastructure - no dependence on competitors.

7. Required negligible operational costs.

8. Radio infrastructure is already acquired by many networks in existing radio

transmission towers, rooftops, and cellular masts.

9. Microwave radio can be repaired in minutes instead of hours or days where as

the cable systems takes long time to fault diagnosis and fix it. 10. In natural

disasters microwave link can give better flexibility.

2.5.2 APPLICATIONS OF MICROWAVE SYSTEM A PABX NETWORK

Microwave system in a private telephone network is commonly used by multinode

or multilocation customers (kitty and Lilian, 2007). Some examples include:

 A health care facility with clinics scattered through a state or territory

 A university with multiple campuses

 A retail location with clinics and hospitals scattered throughout a state or

territory

 A bank with multiple branches

2.6 INTRA COMMUNICATION EQUIPMENTS IN CAMPUS PABX

NETWORK.

Communication equipment used in a Campus PABX system varies depending on

the transmission media used in deploying the PABX tie. This implies that the

communication equipment required when VoIP is used will be different from when

microwave radio or just a copper cable is used. However, this section describes the

communication equipment of campus PABX with the mind that microwave radio

is used for the PABX tie.

Communication equipment used in the campus telephone network is hierarchical

(Cisco_CCNA, 2010). They are categorized in layers which are access layer, and

core layer respectively.

 Access layer

The Access Layer provides a connection point for end user devices (ie telephones)

to the network and allows multiple hosts to connect to other hosts through a

network device, usually a PABX switch.

 Distribution layer
The Distribution layer provides a connection point for separate networks and

controls the flow of information between the networks. It typically contains

Microwave radios. Distribution layer controls the amount of traffic that flows to

and fro the access layer of different networks as shown in the Fig below.

Fig 10: Communication equipment in a Campus network

2.7 CHALLENGES ASSOCIATED WITH THE USE OF MICROWAVE

RADIO IN A CAMPUS PABX NETWORK

Microwave radio stands as the backbone of the Campus PABX network; hence

there is need to identify its challenges and tackle it. This section identifies its

challenges and outlines measures on how it can be tackled.

2.7.1 Regulatory Licensing Requirement

The amount of bandwidth that one can realize out of the very large microwave

spectrum is often limited by regulations as much as by technology (kitty and lilian,

2007). Before deploying a microwave system outside a private campus, the person

ought to obtain license to operate that system in all environments. In a private

territory, an unlicensed bands can be used, but if the public domain is to be

crossed using licensed spectrum, personnel’s in charge must first be granted

approval by your spectrum management agency to operate within a given

frequency allocation.

2.7.2 Potential Environmental Restrictions

Some communities are very concerned about the potential health hazards of

microwave and create legislation or council laws that prohibit placement of such

systems. In addition, some communities are very sensitive to the unsightliness of

towers and argue that the value of real estate will drop if they are constructed.

Therefore, several companies specialize in building camouflaged towers. When a

tall tree, a church steeple, a light post, or a chimney is seen, it could be a wireless

tower disguised to protect an aesthetic balance.

2.7.3 Susceptibility to environmentally caused distortions

Microwave is subject to the uncertainties of the physical environment. Metals in

the area, precipitation, fog, rainfall, and a number of other factors can cause

reflections and therefore degradations and echoes. The higher (in elevation) it is
moved away from land-based systems, the better the performance because there is

less intrusion from other land-based systems, such as television, radio, and police

and military systems.

2.7.4 Line-of-sight requirement

Microwave requires line of sight and is a highly directional beam. Microwave

requires a clear, unobstructed view, and it can't move through any obstacles, even

things one wouldn't think would be obstacles, such as leaves on a tree.

Technologies that depend on line of sight may work brilliantly in areas that have

the appropriate terrain and climate, and they may not perform very well where

there are many obstacles or where there is a lot of precipitation. Furthermore, line

of sight is restricted by the curvature of the earth, which interrupts the line of sight

at about 90 miles (144 km). However, new spectrum utilization techniques such as

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) permit non-line-of-sight

operation, greatly expanding the use of microwave.

2.8MICROWAVE POINT-TO-POINT RADIO LINK PARAMETERS

2.8.1 PATH PROFILE

A path profile is a graphical representation of the path traveled by the radio wave

between the two ends of a link (SAF, 2002). After the prospective sites are chosen,
the path profile is the first step to ensuring the feasibility of the path. The path

profile determines the location and the height of the antenna at each end of the

link, and it insures that the link is free of obstruction such as hills and not subject

to propagation losses from radio antenna, such as multipath reflection (SAF, 2002).

Because the atmosphere has a refractive index gradient that tends to bend radio

waves back toward the earth, the radio horizon is usually greater than the optical

horizon. The standard propagation model assumes an equivalent earth radius equal

to 4/3 the actual radius (Jay et al, 2008). To capture this effect on the path profile, a

4/3 earth profile is used.

Microwaves have a lower frequency than optical light and therefore, behave

differently in response to environmental conditions. Radio line-of-sight requires

more clearance than optical line-of-sight to accommodate the characteristics of

microwave signals. An electromagnetic wave does not travel in a straight line: the

wave spreads out as it propagates. Also, the individual waves that make up a radio

signal do not travel at the same phase velocity. A French physicist Augustine

Fresnel defined the propagation of a radio wave as a three-dimensional elliptical

path between the transmitter and receiver. Fresnel divided the path into several

zones based on the phase and speed of the propagating waves.

Fig 11: Fresnel Zone

The size of each Fresnel zone varies based on the frequency of each radio

signal and the length of the path. As frequency decreases, the size of the Fresnel

zone increases. As the length of the path increases, the size of the Fresnel zone also

increases. A Fresnel zone radius is greatest at the midpoint of the path. Therefore

the midpoint requires the most clearance of any point in the path.

There are many software packages available that have terrain data and can

create a path profile from a set of latitude/longitude coordinates. But these

programs can only indicate for certain if a link will not work due to terrain

obstruction. However, a clear path on paper is not a guarantee that the link will

work, since it does not show trees or buildings, because even a “clear” link might

have 80-foot trees in the way that could block the signal. Therefore it is advisable

to use the software alongside with personal site survey.

2.8.2 FREE SPACE LOSS

Free space loss is the expected attenuation of a signal as it travels away from the

transmitting device. Before determining if a link is feasible, at first the free space

loss must be calculated. When a signal radiates from the antenna, it spreads out

over an increasingly larger distance (SAF, 2002). As the area covered increases,

the power density or the amount of the power per unit area decreases. This

effectively weakens the radio signal. According to SAF (2002), the formula for

calculating the free space loss is as shown below.

FSL = 32.44 + 20logF + 20logD

Where:

F= frequency, MHZ

D= Distance between link endpoints, KM

The Free Space Path Loss model is used in determining transmitter and

receiver separation. The transmitter power can be changed to increase separation

distance (Rakib and Zaigham, 2009).

2.8.3 Link Budget

Shaping and calculating all the power gain and loss in a transmission system is

known as link budget (Rakib and Zaigham, 2009). It identifies the total of power

form transmitter that is required to broadcast a signal with a definite Signal to

Noise Ratio - SNR and satisfactory Bit Error Rate - BER. Path loss, distortion,

failure by rain, connectors’ losses, cable losses and antenna gain are the aspects

which are obligatory to be taken into the consideration though estimation of link

budget.

Fig 12: Link Budget

According to Jay et at., (2008) A simplified link budget can be calculated

using the Equation below.

Pr = Pt + Gt - Lfs - Lo - Lc + Gr

Where:

Pr = received signal power in dBm

Pt = transmit power in dBm

Gt = transmit antenna gain in dBi

FSL = free space loss in dB = 22 + 20 log10(d/λ), where d is the path length and λ

is the radio carrier wavelength

Lo = all other path losses including diffraction loss and rain attenuation

Lc = cable and waveguide losses

Gr = receive antenna gain in dBi

Receiver Sensitivity (Rx): The minimum RF signal power required at the input of a

receiver for certain performance.

To determine if a link is feasible, compare the calculated receive signal level (Pr)

with the receiver sensitivity threshold (Rx). If the receiver signal level is greater

than or equal to the receiver sensitivity threshold then the link may be feasible

since the signal should be strong enough to be successfully interpreted by the

receiver.

2.8.4 FADE MARGIN AND LINK AVAILABILITY

Fade margin is the difference between the unfaded receive signal level and

receiver sensitivity threshold. Each link must have sufficient fade margin to protect
against path fading that weakens the radio signals. Fade margin is the insurance

against unexpected system outages.

Fade margin is directly related to link availability, which is the percentage of time

that the link is functional. The path or link availability is a function of the radio

frequency, fade margin, path length, and local climate (Jay et al., 2008). The

percentage of time that the link is available increases as the fade margin increases.

A link with little or no fade margin may experience periodic outages due to path

fading phenomena.

Path fading occurs more frequently in flat, humid environments than in rough, dry

locations (SAF, 2002). Therefore, a link in flat and humid area requires a greater

fade margin to achieve the same level of link availability as a link in a rocky and

dry location. When calculating link performance the climate factor must be taken

in consideration.

The International Telecommunication Union publishes reports with empirical

models of required fade margin for different parts of the world. Designers use

these reports to ensure adequate fade margins. A typical design requirement is

99.995%, which is equal to an expected outage of 26 minutes per year.

According to Jay et al., (2008) the required signal amplitude for a particular path-

availability can be found via the Equation below.

Preq = -174 + 10 log10 (Bn) + NF + C/Nreq + FM

Where:

Bn = equivalent noise bandwidth of the receiver in Hz

NF = receiver noise figure in dB

C/Nreq = required carrier-to-noise ratio for a particular bit-error rate

FM = fade margin to account for fading and rain attenuation, usually 25 to 40 dB

2.9 ADAPTIVE MODULATION IN MICROWAVE LINK

In microwave radio systems adaptive modulation is introduced for point to point

digital communication to give more capacity to user over air throughout the period

of good transmission conditions, where the path conditions will adapt dynamically

the modulation level of radio link. (staurt and harris, 2008).

Automatic Transmit Power Control – ATPC is an adaptive technique which has

been used in microwave radio system to lowers the output power when

circumstances are good to lessen power utilization and network interface. If

channel is suffering from fading then the power will be automatically increase in
order to maintain the required level of performance link. ATPC is taken further by

adaptive modulation by scheming of output power and modulation level

dynamically, to regulate the link ability to fit with transmission conditions.

2.9.1 KEY BENEFITS

Adaptive Modulation (AM) enables the service providers to easily grow the

existing capability of links without increasing the size of antenna, no need of

hardware changes and license conditions. Licensed radio links usually designed to

carry system availability due to transmission give rise to outages of purely 99.9%,

which means that the radio link will not be available for approximately 50 minutes

in a year. For rest of the time the fading margin is essentially unexploited.

Therefore, it is kept in reserve. The unexploited margin comes at elevated price,

requiring radio links to be smaller duration, larger antennas or link capability to be

inadequate than required. Whereas, adaptive modulation permit excessive use of

fade margins to significantly increase the radio link capability for a smaller or no

extra cost (Staurt and Harris, 2008)

2.12 EFFECTS OF DISTANCE AND SIGNALING IN PABX

INTEROPERABILITY

It is important for communications systems to work with systems and devices

made by other manufacturers. PABX interoperability is a property of a PABX

system, whose interfaces are completely understood, to work with other products

or systems, present or future, without any restricted access or implementation.

A growing global trend is deregulation of telecommunications systems,

particularly telephone call switching systems. With deregulation, new common

carriers are entering the telephone call switching business. These carriers, as well

as established carriers, are seeking to extend their services to new customers,

markets, and nations. However, a difficult problem facing such carriers is

interconnecting their equipment with systems available in these new markets and

nations (lev et al., 2000). The new customers, markets and nations often use

signaling systems and protocols that are different from the protocols that are

customary or popular in Nigeria.

In telephony, "signaling" refers to the exchange of call control information

between the phone switch and the caller. The purpose of a signaling system is to

transfer control information, or signaling units, between elements in a

telecommunications system. Early signaling systems carried the control signals on

the same circuit as the user traffic. For example, older in-band signaling systems

use this approach. Newer signaling systems, such as Common Channel Signaling

System 7 (SS7), use a separate channel for signaling information. These systems

are called common channel signaling (CCS) systems because a separate (common)

channel is used for signaling. Some call this approach "out of band" signaling and
it is preferred to in-band signaling because it is more efficient and robust. For

example, out of band signaling offers faster call setup times, more efficient use of

voice circuits, support for intelligent network services, and improved control over

fraudulent network usage.

Other signaling schemes can be used with T1 and E1 circuits. For example, in

some forms of CAS every T1 frame or E1 frame is a voice/bearer/traffic channel in

which signaling is carried in "stolen" bits and DTMF tones are transmitted in the

voice/bearer/traffic channel.

Generally, Common Channel Signaling (CCS) is employed to pass signaling

information in an SS7 network. However, other methods can be used to pass more

information in the T1/E1 frame, such as Channel Associated Signaling (CAS).

Channel Associated Signaling uses one bit (called the F bit) per frame to pass

special data. Channel associated signaling information is included within each

voice channel on a digital link. For example, Dual Tone Multi Frequency tones

may be passed in-band across the voice channel.

The effect of signaling in PABX interoperability is incompatibility of signaling

systems. Common channel signaling systems and signals are inherently

incompatible with Channel associated signaling systems and signals. An attempt to

connect a call originating from a Common channel signaling system to a Channel

associated signaling system can lead to unpredictable results at either the calling

end of the circuit or the called end of the circuit.

Based on the foregoing, there is a clear need in the field to resolve interworking

issues between networks using Channel associated signaling (CAS) and Common

Channel signaling (CCS) systems. However, in the project carried out by lev et al.,

(2000), he described how this issue of incompatibility of signaling system between

two PABX can be tackled through conversion of signals in the CAS protocol to

signals using a CCS protocol.

As regards to distance and its effect on PABX interoperability, the cost of

connecting these PABX is largely a function of the location of each endpoint or

end user and the distance and the geography between the two points. Cost

increases with an increase in distance and vice versa.

 CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY

3.0 CAMPUS PABX NETWORK

Campus PABX network is designed for Federal university of technology owerri

(FUTO). The design is limited to department of electrical/electronic engineering

and post graduate school. The proposed design portrayed fundamental design goals

which are: Scalability, Availability, Security and Manageability. The essential

components of a campus PABX network are a local telephone area network and

microwave line of sight. Consequently, a telephone LAN is designed for each

department before the interconnection link. The campus PABX is designed using

Edraw Max version 7.8. It is 2D business technical diagramming software which

help create flowcharts, organizational charts, mind map, network diagrams, floor

plans, workflow diagrams, business charts, and engineering diagrams. It offers

flexibility due to its ability to cover wide range of diagrams making it dynamic. It
also has the possibility of adding a chosen topology to a network model thereby

bringing a design to life. The block diagram of the campus based PABX is as

shown below.

Fig 3.1: Block diagram of a campus based PABX network

3.2 DESIGN OBJECTIVES

The Network design is based on a three pronged objective:

 To analyze the existing design of electrical/electronic department telephone

local area network.

 To design a prototype local telephone area network of postgraduate school.

 To design a campus based PABX that would support and implement a protocol

at would ensure connectivity and scalability between electrical/electronic

telephone LAN and post graduate telephone LAN.

3.3 NETWORK REQUIREMENTS

3.3.1 Electrical/electronic engineering department telephone LAN

In the existing design of the EEE telephone LAN, the hierarchical model was

employed. This is shown in fig 3.2. The hierarchical model satisfies the needs of

the network in term of performance and scalability. A hierarchical network is

easier to manage and expand. Hierarchical network involves dividing the network

into discrete layer. The hierarchical model is made up of two layers: access layer

and distribution layer. The advantages of using the hierarchical model are

summarized with the following points:

 Scalability: Hierarchical networks scale very well. The use of two main

distribution frames, excess intermediate frame port and two pair cable in the

design allows scalability of the design as the network grows. This is because

each instance of the layer is consistent, hence expansion is easy to plan and

implement. That means as more office intermediate distribution frames are

added to accommodate the load from the access layer, main distribution frame

can be added to handle additional load on the distribution layer.

 Performance: Communication performance is enhanced by avoiding

transmission of data through low performing intermediary intermediate

distribution frames. Voice is sent from aggregated 10 pair cable from the access

layer to the distribution layer at faster rate. Because distribution layer performs

their operation at very high speeds through the help of 25 pair Amphenol cable,

no contention for the network bandwidth occurs. This leads to better network

performance.

 Security: Security is improved and easier to manage. PABX system at the

distribution layer can be configured with port security option that provides control

over which port is use to access the PABX system over the network using the

console. Security options for access privileged can also be configured at the

PABX.

 Manageability: Manageability is relatively simple on a hierarchical network.

Each layer of the hierarchical model performs specific functions that are consistent

throughout the layer. At the distribution layer, the PABX systems have two main

distribution frames with wiring at MDF 1 replicated at MDF 2. This is to ensure

manageability of the distribution layer especially during maintenance. Deployment

of new PABX system is also simplified because PABX configuration can be

copied between devices with very little modification.

The department of electrical/electronic engineering is made up of 25 offices.

They are 6 offices in the ground floor, 3 offices in the second floor and 17 offices

at the second floor. In the existing design of EEE telephone LAN, a hybrid

topology was used which consists of a star and bus topology where the office

intermediate distribution frame serves as the central hub and the cable linking the

intermediate distribution frame (IDF) to the MDF as Bus serving as a backbone

cable to the entire host in the EEE telephone LAN. Network requirement of

offices at the EEE department are explained in the section below.

3.3.1.1 OFFICES AT GROUND FLOOR

The electrical and electronic department has six offices with minimum of two

staffs per office in the ground floor. Each office has one telephone connected to

the network. For the ground offices the IDF is placed at one office while the

telephones at other offices (within the ground floor) terminate at that IDF. A spare

pair of the cat3 UTP cable was reserved for redundancy purposes and for easy

scalability of the network in case of network growth. The telephone LAN at the

ground floor is comprised of wired network.

Access layer design for EEE department provides connectivity for network hosts ie

the telephone. All the telephone systems in the various offices are connected using

a cat3 2 pair unshielded twisted pair (UTP) cable to the distribution IDF located at

office 1 (Dr.Mrs. Achumba’s office). The IDF has 10 ports. A minimum of

54mb/s throughput exists between the telephones and distributor switch. A

backbone cable called 10 pair UTP runs from the IDF to the MDF.

At the distribution layer, the ground floor MDF situated at the conference room

located on the second floor. This was where the first floor and second floor IDF

also terminated. The MDF is a 48 port and it is not configurable. The hybrid PABX

had two serial 24 ports with a trunk port and main processing card.

3.3.1.2 OFFICES AT FIRST FLOOR

The offices at first floor had three offices with one staff in each of the office. Each

office has telephone for accessing the network. All the telephones located at the

offices in that floor were connected to the IDF on the same floor 1.The telephone

LAN at the first floor was comprised of only wired network.

The Access layer design for the ground floor at EEE department was applicable to

offices at first floor. The first floor distribution switch was also located at office 7

(Dr.Mrs. Ezeh office). The distribution layer design of ground floor telephone

LAN was also applicable to first floor.

3.3.1.3 OFFICES AT SECOND FLOOR

The offices at second floor of EEE department are seventeen in number. Each

office has a telephone system attached to it for accessing the network. All the

telephones located at the offices in that floor were connected to the IDF on the
same floor 2.The telephone LAN at the first floor was comprised of only wired

network.

The Access layer design of offices located at ground and first floor is applicable to

second floor offices. However in the second floor, there were three IDFs. The first

IDF connecting 5 offices was located at the conference room. The second IDF

connecting 8offices where located at office 15 (Engr. CJ office) and the third IDF

connecting 4 offices where located office 22 (Engr.Dr.Ononiwu office). The

distribution layer design of ground and first floor telephone LAN is also applicable

to the second floor.

3.3.2 POST GRADUATE SCHOOL PROTOTYPE TELEPHONE LAN

The post graduate school is made up of seventeen (17) offices. There are seven

offices at the ground office and 10 offices at the first floor. For Post graduate

school a prototype design of a telephone LAN is employed. The design

incorporates only distribution layer. In the design only a single telephone located at

the Dean’s office is connected to the PABX switch locate at the Dean’s office too.

The PABX is an 8 port plug and play switch. The design is as shown below.

3.3.2.3 Interconnectivity of EEE department and postgraduate telephone LAN

The EEE department and postgraduate telephone LAN are connected through the

use of PABX tie line established over a microwave radio. This network constitutes
a campus PABX network. EEE department Staffs connected to their telephone

LAN are able to access the prototype telephone LAN at postgraduate school and

vice versa. The PABX tie lines constitute the core layer.

The Core Layer is a high-speed backbone layer. It is responsible for transporting

large amounts of data between multiple end networks ie telephone LANs of EEE

department and PG school. Core Layer devices typically include very powerful,

high-speed microwave radios. The main goal of the Core Layer is to transport data

quickly.

In the Core layer design, the EEE microwave radio is mounted 45 feet above the

ground level using a pole stapled on the roof of EEE department. The bandwidth of

the radio is “”. The connection to the PABX is achieved using an RJ 45 to RJ 11

inorder to interface the microwave radio with the EEE PABX switch.

The PG microwave radio is mounted 55 feet above the ground level using a pole

stapled on the roof of PG school. The connection of microwave radio to the PG

PABX is the same as that of EEE PABX. The microwave radio is deployed in such

a way that point to point radio link can be achieved between the PG school and

EEE department. The general design involving the access layer, distribution layer

and core layer using Edraw Max version 7.8 is as shown below.

3.4 NETWORK EQUIPMENT SPECIFICATION

 Mitel 2000 series PABX switches:

 Panasonic telephones:

 7 port distribution switch:

 Microwave radio:

 Cables:

 Poles and Brackets:

 Connectors:

3.5 CAMPUS PABX DESIGN IMPLEMENTATION

3.5.1 SITE SURVEY

Before undertaking the installation work, a site survey was carried out inorder to

determine where the outdoor unit and indoor unit of the microwave radio machine

of PG school and EEE department will be placed. In the bid of achieving a good

line of sight a path profile was used to check the terrain data but due to

unreliability of the software, physical observation and tuning of the radios where

carried out too until a good line of sight got established.

Another survey was carried out inorder determine where the PG school PAB X

will be installed. The Dean’s office was chosen because it was well protected from

the rain and dust and also well air conditioned. Before installing it, the power

backup, and power connections and earthing where checked and verified.
3.5.2 CABLING
In the existing EEE telephone LAN structure cabling was employed. The offices at

each floor had a horizontal cabling terminated require IDFs using cat3 unshielded

twisted pair. The cabling took into consideration sources of electromagnetic

interference from florescent path and electrical line path and hence avoided it by

keeping atleast standard minimum 12 inch distance away from the paths. Cable

runs where kept as short as possible to prevent signal attenuation. The outgoing

IDF cables are the telephone cables attached to the outgoing ports of the IDF. For

the telephone cabling 2 pair cat3 cable was used. However, only one pair is

required to carry voice, making the other pair redundant. The outgoing IDF cables

and their port connections is as shown below.

Wire color Pair Tip/Ring Port

White blue/ blue 1 Tip1/Ring 1 1
White orange/ orange 1 Tip1/Ring 1 1

A vertical cable ran from the IDFs to the MDFs. The maximum distance between

the IDFs and the MDF 2 is 100 meters to avoid attenuation. The incoming IDF

cables ie 10 pair UTP and its ports connection is as shown in the table below

Wire color Pair Tip/Ring port

White blue /blue 1 Tip 1/Ring 1 1
White orange/ orange 1 Tip 2/Ring 2 2
White green/ green 1 Tip 3/Ring 3 3
White brown/ brown 1 Tip 4/Ring 4 4
White slate/slate 1 Tip 5/Ring 5 5
Red blue/blue 1 Tip 6/Ring 6 6
Red orange/ orange 1 Tip 7/Ring 7 7
Red green/ green 1 Tip 8/Ring 8 8
Red brown/ brown 1 Tip 9/Ring 9 9
Red slate/slate 1 Tip 10/Ring 10 10

Therefore the capacity of each IDF can only be exhausted if 10 telephone cables

(ie 10 pair) are connected to it.

The outgoing MDF cables are the 10 pair running to the IDFs. The MDF Is

comprised of five IDFs making it 50 ports whereas the PABX is 48 port extension

cards, hence making port 25 and port 50 unusable. The incoming MDF cable from

the PABX is an Amphenol cable. It is a 25 pair cable with its serial pins connected

to the 24 port extension card of the PABX and the other end terminated at the

MDF 1. The amphenol cable takes 25 ports of the MDF 1. Another amphenol cable

runs from the second 24 serial port extension card on the PABX to the remaining

25 ports. the same connection on the MDF 1 is replicated on the MDF 2 using 10

pair cable running from the outgoing port of MDF 1 to the incoming of MDF 2.

From the outgoing port of MDF 2, 10 pair cable runs to the IDFs at various offices.

The schematic diagram is as shown below;

The incoming MDF cable ie 25 pair and its ports connection is as shown in the

table below
The cabling employed in the prototype telephone LAN of the PG school is not a

structured cabling moreover it is just a simple network. In the PG school, the

PABX is connected to a directly to a single telephone using a patch cable.

However, if a proper telephone LAN is to be implemented at the PG school,

structured cabling in the existing EEE department telephone LAN will be

applicable to the PG school.

For each microwave radio used, vertical distribution of the cat 5 unshielded twisted

pair cable was employed. The cable connects the indoor unit often referred to as

power over Ethernet (POE) to the outdoor unit of the microwave radio. A vertical

distribution was also used in connecting the indoor unit of the microwave to the

EEE department and PG school PABX respectively.

3.5.3 ASSIGNMENT OF EXTENSION NUMBERS

The extension numbers of the hosts ie the telephones is obtained using extension

number configured on the PABX. For the existing EEE telephone LAN, a three

digit extension number was configured. With three digit extension number, more

than 500 hosts can be accommodated on the network. Although this is way too far

from the number of host needed but it’s been used to ensure scalability of the

network. Table below summarizes the extension number format used in the EEE

telephone LAN.

OFFICES EXTENSION NUMBER

Offices at ground floor 301-306

Offices at second floor 201-203

Offices at second floor 101-118

Contiguous numbering was used to enable easy recalling and reconfiguration of the

number when needed.

The extension number format for PG school prototype telephone LAN is as shown

below

Office Extension number

Dean’s office 101

3.5.4 CONFIGURATIONS

Configurations are commands given to devices to enable them function and also

communicate with devices attached to them. The PABX and microwave radio

provides a command line which enable commands to be entered that will program

the device to start operating. The configuration at EEE PABX is specific to it

moreover the PG PABX is plug and play. However, the configuration at EEE

microwave radio is applicable to PG school.

3.5.4.1 PABX configuration

To access the EEE PABX interface, a universal serial bus (USB) cable where

connected between the PABX system and laptop used to access its interface. The

following where configured on the PABX;

  Extension number

 Console port

 Date and time

 Password

3.5.4.2 Microwave Radio configuration

 CHAPTER FOUR

RESULTS

In this chapter, results of telephone calls from offices at EEE department to PG

school and vice versa were shown inorder to verify the connectivity and

performance of the network.

4.1 CALL RESULT

To obtain the call result, a telephone connected to an office at each floor of EEE

department was used to dial the telephone at PG school. If the call from the office

to PG school telephone goes through and a communication is established, the test

result is a successful response otherwise it is a failed response. On the other hand a

call result was also obtained by using the telephone located at the PG school to dial

an extension number of a particular telephone located at each floor of the offices in

EEE department.

TEST 1: In this test the telephone at office 1 located in the ground floor of EEE

department building is used to dial the extension number of the telephone at PG

school.
RESULT 1: fig 4.1 shows the interface of the called extension number located at

the PG school. The test result shows that communication was successful. No echo,

choppy voice or delay speech was noticed.

TEST 2: In this test the telephone at office 7 located in the first floor of EEE

department building is used to dial the extension number of the telephone at PG

school.

RESULT 2: Fig 4.2 shows the interface of the called extension number located at

the PG school. The test result shows that communication was successful. No echo

choppy voice or delay speech was noticed.

TEST 3: In this test the telephone at office 15 located in the second floor of EEE

department building is used to dial the extension number of the telephone at PG

school.

RESULT 3: Fig 4.3 shows the interface of the called extension number located at

the PG school. The test result shows that communication was successful. No echo

choppy voice or delay speech was noticed.

TEST 4: In this test the telephone at PG school is used to dial the extension

number of a telephone located at the ground office 1in EEE department.

RESULT 4: Fig 4.4 shows the interface of the called extension number located at

the EEE department office 1 in the ground floor. The test result shows that
communication was successful. No echo choppy voice or delay speech was

noticed.

TEST 5: In this test the telephone at PG school is used to dial the extension

number of a telephone located in the EEE department, first floor, office 6.

RESULT 5: Fig 4.5 shows the interface of the called extension number located at

the EEE department office 6 in the ground floor. The test result shows that

communication was successful. No echo choppy voice or delay speech was

noticed.

TEST 6: In this test the telephone at PG school is used to dial the extension

number of a telephone located in the EEE department, first floor, office 9.

RESULT 6: Fig 4.6 shows the interface of the called extension number located at

the EEE department office 9 in the ground floor. The test result shows that

communication was successful. No echo choppy voice or delay speech was

noticed.
 CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 SUMMARY

A campus PABX network has been designed using Edraw Max version 7.8 and

implemented using microwave radio. Microwave radio is a flexible and cost-

effective alternative for transmission of voice, data, and video services in all parts

of a fixed or wireless mobile network, including applications for the backhaul or

direct access services. With the scale and flexibility of today’s new radio

technology, implementing a microwave network is more economical and easier

than ever. A typical microwave link can be installed in just a few days.

Enhancements in wireless technology have also allowed higher order modulation

schemes to be implemented that offer spectral efficiencies not possible in higher

frequency radios just a few years ago. These efficiencies permit less bandwidth for

the same capacity or higher capacities within the same bandwidth compared to

older models. All this gives network designers and operators many more choices to

build and maintain their networks.

Microwave radio Incorporated in the implementation of campus based PABX also

provides fixed wireless products for the next generation “converged” networks.

5.2 RECOMMENDATION FOR FURTHER STUDY

The campus based PABX network was implemented between two distant 1km

apart which is not too far. It is recommended that further work be done on creating

a Campus PABX network that are more kilometers apart inorder to maximize the

capability of a microwave radio which has the ability to cover a range up to 60km

and accommodate a converged network. Also it is recommended that further

research be carried on how a microwave radio modulation can be obtained so that

spectral efficiency can be utilized in course of implementing a campus PABX

network.
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